As in other policy areas, the US Energy Policy Toward Central Africa after 2001 promises a new beginning for energy relations between the two regions. A new beginning designed to increase the United States' access to Central African energy sources, but also supposedly to ensure that in qualitative terms US approaches to energy security become more conducive to development.This article examines the three ostensibly core dimensions of the US evolving policy in Central Africa. First, the incorporation of the region into the US external energy security policy. Second, the claimed coherence between development and energy security aims in Central Africa. And third, the governance dimensions of how energy sectors are managed in Central Africa. It highlights the incipient potential for an approach to energy that is sensitive to issues of development and good governance. In this sense, Africa compares favorably to US energy policies in other regions. But the overall record is patchy. The article examines how the US energy security has influenced the US foreign policy toward Sub-Saharan Africa. The article examines the link between energy security, development and governance policies.Key words: Central Africa; the United States; energy policy.
This article examines the phenomenon of energy policy as one of the important components of the European Union's security.It includes the analysis of the main documents constituting the legal framework of the EU's energy policy. The main problems and challenges in the energy industry that the EU must address are discussed. It also contains an analysis of the reasons for treating energy policy as one of the components of European Union security. The main research methods and approaches are: systematic approach, method of analysis and synthesis, method of induction. ; У цій статті розглядається феномен енергетичної політики як одного із важливих компонентів безпеки Європейського Союзу. Були проаналізовані основні документи, що складають нормативно-правову базу енергетичної політики ЄС. Розглянуті основні проблеми та виклики у паливноенергетичному секторі, які повинен вирішувати Євросоюз. Також, стаття містить аналіз причин трактування енергетичної політики як одного із компонентів безпеки Європейського Союзу Основними методами та підходами дослідження є: системний підхід, метод аналізу та синтезу, метод індукції.
The energy policy of the Baltic States in the post-Soviet period, which aims to reduce energy dependence on Russia with an emphasis on promoting national interests is studied at the article.It is noted that the process of the energy sector' modernizationof Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia is aimed at strengthening energy security and creating conditions for energy independence, increasing the energy efficiency of economies of these countries. The main directions of the energy policy' implementation of the Baltic States are outlined.Attention is paid to the fact that modernization programs of the energy sector include the widespread introduction of energy saving technologies, in particular, the use of renewable energy sources. The conditions of functioning of the Baltic States' energy systems at the time of independence are considered. We are talking about energy, raw materials, infrastructure dependence on a single energy supplier – the Russian Federation. It is noted about the Baltic energy market interconnection plan(BEMIP).The importance of commissioning the LNG terminal in Klaipeda (Lithuania) and the construction of new projects for the transportation of natural gas – GIPL, Balticconnector іs emphasid.Peculiarities of synchronization of electric networks of the Baltic States with the Continental European Network (CEN) are analyzed.A brief description of the energy sector of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the conditions of independence has been made. It is noted about the EU's position on the development of the Baltic States'energy sector.It is emphasized that the Baltic States have managed to get the support of the EU in their efforts to strengthen energy security.It is concluded that due to the stable position of the Baltic States and the EU in the direction of implementing new projects for energy supply and energy sources, the Baltic States are partially getting rid of energy dependence from Russia.Thanks to EU assistance, the implementation of a common energy policy, the involvement of new partners, the renewal of energy supply routes, and the diversification of energy supply sources, the Baltic States are gradually moving away from energy isolation. ; У статті досліджено енергетичну політику країн Балтії у пострадянський період, яка спрямована на зниження енергетичної залежності від Росії з акцентом на просуванні національних інтересів. Простежено, що процес модернізації енергетичної сфери Литви, Латвії та Естонії направлений на посилення енергетичної безпеки і створення умов для енергетичної незалежності, підвищення енергоефективності економік зазначених держав. Окреслено головні напрями реалізації енергетичної політики країн Балтії. Звернуто увагу на те, що програми модернізації енергетичної галузі включають в себе широке впровадження енергозберігаючих технологій, зокрема,й використання відновлювальних джерел енергії. Розглянуто умови функціонування енергосистем країн Балтії в часи незалежності. Мова йде про енергетичну, сировинну, інфраструктурну залежність від єдиного енергопостачальника – Російської Федерації. Зазначено про План об'єднання Балтійського енергетичного ринку (BEMIP). Наголошено на важливості введення в дію терміналу СПГ у Клайпеді (Литва) і будівництві нових проєктів транспортування блакитного палива – GIPL, Balticconnector. Проаналізовано особливості синхронізації електромереж балтійських країн з континентальною європейською мережею (CEN). Здійснено стислу характеристику стану справ в енергетиці Естонії, Латвії, Литви в умовах незалежності. Зазначено про позицію ЄС щодо питання розвитку енергетичного сектору балтійських країн. Підкреслено, що країни Балтії зуміли заручитися підтримкою ЄС у своїх зусиллях щодо посилення енергетичної безпеки.Зроблено висновок проте, що саме завдяки проявленню стійкої позиції країн Балтії і ЄС у напрямі імплементації нових проєктів щодо постачання енергії та енергоносіїв, країни Балтії частково позбуваються енергетичної залежності з боку Росії. Завдяки сприянню ЄС, впровадженню спільної енергетичної політики, залученню нових партнерів, оновленню маршрутів постачання енергії, диверсифікації джерел постачання енергоресурсів країни Балтії поступово відходять від енергетичної ізоляції.
Досліджено теоретико-методичні засади державної енергетичної політики. Розглянуто різні наукові погляди та методичні підходи щодо визначення сутності та змісту державної енергетичної політики. Визначено сутність та зміст державної енергетичної політики. Виокремлено механізми реалізації державної енергетичної політики. ; Problem setting. The Ukraine-2020 Sustainable Development Strategy provides for our country's leading positions in the world in terms of the determined vectors of the movement. Thus, the development vector envisages energy reform, and the energy independence program of Ukraine should be implemented within the security vector. Therefore, the state energy policy of Ukraine in the current conditions is intended to ensure further reformation of energy in the context of ensuring an adequate level of energy security of Ukraine. This testifies to the unconditional relevance of the study of the definition of theoretical and methodological principles for the implementation of the state energy policy.Recent research and publications analysis. The research of theoretical and methodological principles for the realization of the state energy policy was carried out by such scholars as Ilyash O., Kobilyanska L., Mazyarko I., Perebyinis V., Tsapko-Poddubna O. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, many questions concerning the definition of the essence and content of the state energy policy, as well as the selection of mechanisms for its implementation remains insufficiently researched.Paper main body. The Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 envisages the achievement of the state of a technically reliable, stable, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable supply of energy resources of the economy and the social sphere of the country, as well as creation of conditions for the formation and implementation of a policy of protection of national interests in the field of energy".The state energy policy should also comply with the principles of scientific substantiation and flexibility; integrity and orderliness; social responsibility and motivation; environmental friendliness and economy; Competitiveness and Innovation; legality and inevitability of punishment; transparency and openness; effectiveness and efficiency; informatization and de-bureaucratization.State energy policy is a deliberate, predictable, within the framework of the current legislation, the activities of state authorities and local self-government bodies through a set of mechanisms for its implementation, in order to create the appropriate conditions for: ensuring the processes of extraction, processing, transportation, storage, production, distribution, and rational use of energy resources; optimal diversification of sources and routes of energy supplies; formation of a competitive and investment-attractive energy market; Optimization and development of energy infrastructure; Ensuring Sustainable Innovation Development of the Energy Sector and Construction of New Energy Generation; ensuring energy security of the country; bringing energy closer to the needs of the society.Within the framework of the research, the following mechanisms for the implementation of the state energy policy were identified: political and administrative, legislative and normative, financial and economic, social and communication.The mechanism of implementation of the state energy policy is a set of principles, forms, methods, tools, tools, levers and incentives and the way (rules) of their use by the subject in relation to the object of the state energy policy by creating the appropriate conditions for ensuring: the processes of extraction, processing , transportation, storage, production, distribution, rational use of energy resources; optimal diversification of sources and routes of energy supplies; formation of a competitive and investment-attractive energy market; Optimization and development of energy infrastructure; Ensuring Sustainable Innovation Development of the Energy Sector and Construction of New Energy Generation; ensuring energy security of the country; bringing energy closer to the needs of the society.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, on the basis of the conducted research it can be concluded that only by ensuring the implementation at the state level of the above-stated goals, principles, methods and mechanisms of state energy policy will open additional opportunities for meeting the needs of society in energy resources in an economically justified and environmentally acceptable manner, as necessary preconditions for raising the living standards of the population. In addition, under the current conditions, the sustainable development of the energy industry of Ukraine, as an integral part of the European energy space, is the basis for the development of a competitive economy, a pledge of state sovereignty, and the issue of ensuring national energy security, which will be the subject of further scientific research.
Досліджено теоретико-методичні засади державної енергетичної політики. Розглянуто різні наукові погляди та методичні підходи щодо визначення сутності та змісту державної енергетичної політики. Визначено сутність та зміст державної енергетичної політики. Виокремлено механізми реалізації державної енергетичної політики. ; Problem setting. The Ukraine-2020 Sustainable Development Strategy provides for our country's leading positions in the world in terms of the determined vectors of the movement. Thus, the development vector envisages energy reform, and the energy independence program of Ukraine should be implemented within the security vector. Therefore, the state energy policy of Ukraine in the current conditions is intended to ensure further reformation of energy in the context of ensuring an adequate level of energy security of Ukraine. This testifies to the unconditional relevance of the study of the definition of theoretical and methodological principles for the implementation of the state energy policy.Recent research and publications analysis. The research of theoretical and methodological principles for the realization of the state energy policy was carried out by such scholars as Ilyash O., Kobilyanska L., Mazyarko I., Perebyinis V., Tsapko-Poddubna O. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. However, many questions concerning the definition of the essence and content of the state energy policy, as well as the selection of mechanisms for its implementation remains insufficiently researched.Paper main body. The Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 envisages the achievement of the state of a technically reliable, stable, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable supply of energy resources of the economy and the social sphere of the country, as well as creation of conditions for the formation and implementation of a policy of protection of national interests in the field of energy".The state energy policy should also comply with the principles of scientific substantiation and flexibility; integrity and orderliness; social responsibility and motivation; environmental friendliness and economy; Competitiveness and Innovation; legality and inevitability of punishment; transparency and openness; effectiveness and efficiency; informatization and de-bureaucratization.State energy policy is a deliberate, predictable, within the framework of the current legislation, the activities of state authorities and local self-government bodies through a set of mechanisms for its implementation, in order to create the appropriate conditions for: ensuring the processes of extraction, processing, transportation, storage, production, distribution, and rational use of energy resources; optimal diversification of sources and routes of energy supplies; formation of a competitive and investment-attractive energy market; Optimization and development of energy infrastructure; Ensuring Sustainable Innovation Development of the Energy Sector and Construction of New Energy Generation; ensuring energy security of the country; bringing energy closer to the needs of the society.Within the framework of the research, the following mechanisms for the implementation of the state energy policy were identified: political and administrative, legislative and normative, financial and economic, social and communication.The mechanism of implementation of the state energy policy is a set of principles, forms, methods, tools, tools, levers and incentives and the way (rules) of their use by the subject in relation to the object of the state energy policy by creating the appropriate conditions for ensuring: the processes of extraction, processing , transportation, storage, production, distribution, rational use of energy resources; optimal diversification of sources and routes of energy supplies; formation of a competitive and investment-attractive energy market; Optimization and development of energy infrastructure; Ensuring Sustainable Innovation Development of the Energy Sector and Construction of New Energy Generation; ensuring energy security of the country; bringing energy closer to the needs of the society.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, on the basis of the conducted research it can be concluded that only by ensuring the implementation at the state level of the above-stated goals, principles, methods and mechanisms of state energy policy will open additional opportunities for meeting the needs of society in energy resources in an economically justified and environmentally acceptable manner, as necessary preconditions for raising the living standards of the population. In addition, under the current conditions, the sustainable development of the energy industry of Ukraine, as an integral part of the European energy space, is the basis for the development of a competitive economy, a pledge of state sovereignty, and the issue of ensuring national energy security, which will be the subject of further scientific research.
The modern interpretation of energy policy is explained through the understanding and measurement of energy security. Energy policy is a deliberate activity connected with the adoption of governmental decisions concerning the guarantee of energy security of the entire population of the country. It is determined that energy policy is a combination of tools and methods for realization of certain strategicinterests of the population of the country in order to achieve the goals defined by the subject of the political process in a full-fledged social environment with full access and energy use. The process of formation of energy policy on the basis of the energy vision is revealed. The role of energy technologies in shaping energy policy is specified. ; Объяснено современную трактовку энергетической политики через понимание и измерение энергетической безопасности. Раскрывается процесс формирования энергетической политики на основе энергетического видения. Уточнение роль энергетических технологий в формировании энергетической политики. ; Пояснено сучасне трактування енергетичної політики через розуміння та вимір енергетичної безпеки. Розкрито процес формування енергетичної політики на основі енергетичного бачення. Уточнено роль енергетичних технологій у формуванні енергетичної політики.
The problems of Ukrainian energy complex are investigated in the article. The place of ecology-economy factors while forming balanced, ecologically-adjusted strategic planning of region is investigated. Providing juridical acts which have influence of region development are highlighted. Negative factors, worsening the state of industry and complicating solving of emerging questions are identified. The most important factors of reforming EU energy complex, which increased the competitiveness level on world energy market are summarized. Main conditions of region energy complex development, which allow reformate energy balance by increasing alternative sources and decrease energy deficit regions are figured out. ; В статье рассмотрены проблемы украинского энергетического комплекса во взаимосвязи с экологическими проблемами региона. Определена роль эколого-экономических факторов при формировании сбалансированного, экологически-согласованного стратегического планирования региона. Выделены ведущие государственные нормативные акты, которые имеют влияние на развитие региона. Определены отрицательные факторы влияния, которые ухудшают состояние отрасли и усложняют поиск способов решения острых вопросов. Обобщены основные факторы реформирования энергетического комплекса в Европейском Союзе, которые значительно повысили уровень ее конкурентоспособности на мировом рынке энергоресурсов. Сформированы основные предпосылки развития энергетического комплекса региона, которые позволяют переформатировать энергетический баланс, увеличив в нем альтернативные источники энергии и, соответственно, сократив количество энергодефицитных регионов. ; В статті розглянуті проблеми українського енергетичного комплексу у взаємозв'язку із екологічним проблемами регіону. Визначено роль еколого-економічних факторів при формуванні збалансованого, екологічно-узгодженого стратегічного планування регіону. Виокремлено провідні державні стратегічні нормативні акти, які впливають на розвиток регіону. Зазначено негативні чинники впливу, які погіршують стан галузі та ускладнюють пошук шляхів вирішення нагальних проблем. Узагальнено основні фактори реформування енергетичного комплексу у Європейському Союзі, які значно підвищили рівень конкурентоспроможності на світовому ринку енергоресурсів. Сформовано основні передумови розвитку енергетичного комплексу регіону, які дозволять переформатувати енергетичний баланс, збільшивши альтернативні джерела енергії в ньому, та скоротити кількість енергодефіцитних регіонів відповідно.
The article shows the main trends in world energy markets, which determine energy policy, summarizes the scope and strategic objectives. A comparative analysis of energy efficiency, availability of energy resource in region and individual countries was conducted. The structure and dynamics of the formation of energy sources in Ukraine, the structure of their use, import dependence were evaluated. Major activities that are included into the strategy energy efficiency were estimated. Pointed their strengths and weaknesses. The basic ways of improvement of the strategic objectives in terms of complex energy policy formation. It should be part of country Socio-economic Development Strategy and determine the basic guidelines for regional programs of energy efficiency, including national and regional energy efficiency indicators, effective mechanisms of its stimulation and adapt to the economic and political situation in the country. ; У статті здійснено порівняльний аналіз енергоефективності країн світу і джерел формування енергетичного продукту. Простежено тенденції в структурі енергетичних ресурсів України. Узагальнено основні стратегічні завдання політики створення енергоефективного суспільства в Україні, виявлено недоліки та запропоновано напрями вдосконалення
The subject of the study is increasing of energy efficiency in the Ukrainian economy and the specific features of domestic energy policy. The purpose of the study is proposed measures for increasing the efficiency of Ukraine's energy policy and improving the mechanism of economic cooperation in the energy sector of Ukraine and the EU. Research methods. The work uses the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, the method of data generalization. Results of work. The paper defines the problems of energy efficiency and energy saving in the Ukrainian energy sector. The instruments of regulatory, financial–economic, technical and infrastructural nature that must be implemented in Ukraine are proposed. Measures for reducing the energy dependence of Ukraine and the EU from external sources have been developed. Conclusions. The results of the study generalized in the following conclusions: problems of energy efficiency and energy saving in the Ukrainian energy sector were identified; ways of solving problems based on the use of a wide range of instruments of regulatory, techno–technological, financial– economic and infrastructural nature are offered.
Introduction. The growing interest in energy efficiency and energy dependence of countries stimulates the scientific community to explore and analyze the main determinants that influence changes in relevant processes. In particular, the generally accepted Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 include seven goals focused on available energy resources and energy efficiency through the development of green energy and clean technologies. In addition, in 2019, the EU and Ukraine began implementing the «European Green Agreement», which aimed to transition to a carbon-neutral economy and increase energy efficiency.The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of key determinants on energy efficiency policy of the national economy in the context of integration of the European Green Agreement.Research methods. It is necessary to note the main tools that were involved in the bibliometric analysis: databases Scopus and Web of Science (to analyze the trends of publishing activities); VOSviewer (to visualize the results of meta-analysis). The study used the Granger causality test to verify hypothesis on the casual relationships between the selected indicators. Data from the following databases were used: Eurostat, Ukrstat and the European Environment Agency.Results. The obtained results confirmed the bidirectional causality between energy efficiency and renewable energy, as well as the unidirectional causality between greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency.Perspectives. Requires further research on the developing of effective instruments for activating the green investment market.
The issues of energy security policy of Ukraine are highlighted in the context of search for regional collective forms of energy cooperation, which are based on common democratic principles. The attention is stressed on the energy policy of the European Union as forming factor for energy security policy of Ukraine. ; Освещаются вопросы построения политики энергетической безопасности Украины в контексте поиска региональных коллективных форм сотрудничества, основанных на общих демократических принципах. Внимание акцентируется на энергетической политике Европейского Союза как факторе творения политики энергетической безопасности Украины. ; Висвітлюються питання побудови політики енергетичної безпеки України в контексті пошуку регіональних колективних форм енергетичної співпраці, що спираються на єдині демократичні принципи. Акцентується увага на енергетичній політиці Європейського Союзу як фактора творення політики енергетичної безпеки України.
The article deals with the main factors of the Slovak-Russian cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, its dynamics and development prospects. The author analyzes the main energy strategies of both countries and the basic documents in the field of energy policy. Special attention is paid to political aspects of the Slovak-Russian cooperation in the nuclear energy industry. Slovakia has four operational nuclear reactors, two reactors at Mochovce are expected to be operational in 2020. Russian companies have a key role in supplying nuclear fuel to these nuclear power plants and providing all kinds of technical support. At the legislative level, the energy policy of the Slovak Republic is formed within the framework of the objectives of the European Union's energy policy, which envisage a high level of energy security and competitiveness. in practice, Slovakia is only deepening its dependence on the Russian Federation, undermining its own energy security and that of the European Union as a whole. Russia has widely used the practice of using energy as a means of political pressure The Russian government continues to stimulate nuclear reactor export with state funds. Many Slovak politicians also express their positive attitude towards deepening energy cooperation between the countries. Еhis is a clear confirmation of the high degree of Russian influence on the political elite of Central European countries. ; У статті досліджується економічна та політична складова словацько-російського співробітництва у сфері ядерної енергетики у кінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ століття. На сьогоднішній день у Словаччині діють чотири атомні енергоблоки та два будуть введені в експлуатацію у 2020 р. Ключова роль у забезпеченні поставок ядерного палива та технічного обслуговування належить саме російським компаніям. Це створює значні ризики для Словаччини, яка майже повністю залежна від російських енергоресурсів.
The article deals with the main factors of the Slovak-Russian cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, its dynamics and development prospects. The author analyzes the main energy strategies of both countries and the basic documents in the field of energy policy. Special attention is paid to political aspects of the Slovak-Russian cooperation in the nuclear energy industry. Slovakia has four operational nuclear reactors, two reactors at Mochovce are expected to be operational in 2020. Russian companies have a key role in supplying nuclear fuel to these nuclear power plants and providing all kinds of technical support. At the legislative level, the energy policy of the Slovak Republic is formed within the framework of the objectives of the European Union's energy policy, which envisage a high level of energy security and competitiveness. in practice, Slovakia is only deepening its dependence on the Russian Federation, undermining its own energy security and that of the European Union as a whole. Russia has widely used the practice of using energy as a means of political pressure The Russian government continues to stimulate nuclear reactor export with state funds. Many Slovak politicians also express their positive attitude towards deepening energy cooperation between the countries. Еhis is a clear confirmation of the high degree of Russian influence on the political elite of Central European countries. ; У статті досліджується економічна та політична складова словацько-російського співробітництва у сфері ядерної енергетики у кінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ століття. На сьогоднішній день у Словаччині діють чотири атомні енергоблоки та два будуть введені в експлуатацію у 2020 р. Ключова роль у забезпеченні поставок ядерного палива та технічного обслуговування належить саме російським компаніям. Це створює значні ризики для Словаччини, яка майже повністю залежна від російських енергоресурсів.
The subject. The article considers the current processes of implementation of European legislation in the field of sustainable energy development to the legislation. The purpose. The main aspects of fulfilling Ukraine's obligations in accordance with the requirements of Directive 2009/73 / EC «On common rules for the internal market in natural gas» and Directive 2012/27 / EC on energy efficiency are considered. Research methods. The reasons for the slow pace of development of legislative innovations to meet the requirements of the Association Agreement have been identified. In order to increase the level of implementation of European legislation in the field of sustainable energy development to the legislation of Ukraine, a number of measures have been proposed. Results of work. In the global dimension, the Ukrainian energy sector ensures the energy security of the European continent. However, in the field of sustainable energy development, issues are raised not only to meet the needs of mankind for energy resources, but also to reduce the destructive anthropogenic impact on the environment. Conclusions. Proposed measures are effective tools in the process of implementation of European legislation in the field of sustainable energy development to the legislation of Ukraine.
The issues of energy security policy of Ukraine are highlighted in the context of search for regional collective forms of energy cooperation, which are based on common democratic principles. The attention is stressed on the energy policy of the European Union as forming factor for energy security policy of Ukraine. ; Освещаются вопросы построения политики энергетической безопасности Украины в контексте поиска региональных коллективных форм сотрудничества, основанных на общих демократических принципах. Внимание акцентируется на энергетической политике Европейского Союза как факторе творения политики энергетической безопасности Украины. ; Висвітлюються питання побудови політики енергетичної безпеки України в контексті пошуку регіональних колективних форм енергетичної співпраці, що спираються на єдині демократичні принципи. Акцентується увага на енергетичній політиці Європейського Союзу як фактора творення політики енергетичної безпеки України.
