ENERGIA é um ingrediente essencial para a vida na sociedade moderna. A ampliação da infra-estrututa energética do Brasil, tanto na sua produção como no consumo exigirá grandes investimentos. Daí a necessidade da presença do Governo no planejamento das atividades energéticas, que são geralmente implementados pela iniciativa privada. Esta presença é essencial para: 1. atender a demanda da sociedade por mais e melhores serviços de energia; 2. estimular a participação de fontes energéticas sustentáveis e duradouras; 3. priorizar o uso eficiente da energia para liberar capital aos setores mais produtivos da economia e preservar o meio ambiente; 4. utilizar o investimento em energia como fonte de geração de empregos e de estímulo à indústria nacional; 5. incorporar à matriz energética insumos importados quando isso resultar em vantagens comerciais e sociais ao país, inclusive através da abertura de exportação de produtos e serviços e, 6. produzir energia de diversas fontes, reduzindo o risco da eventual escassez de algumas delas de forma compatível com as reservas disponíveis no país. ; ENERGY is an essential ingredient to life in modern society. The expansion of Brazil's energy infrastructure, both for production and consumption, will demand large investments. This, in turn, requires government planning of energy-related activities, which are usually implemented by the private sector. This presence is essential for: 1. Fulfilling society's demand for more and better energy services; 2. Stimulating participation in sustainable and enduring energy sources; 3. Prioritizing efficient energy use in order to disengage capital for more productive areas of the economy and to preserve the environment; 4. Using investment in energy as a source of jobs and a stimulus to domestic industries; 5. Incorporating foreign inputs into the energy portfolio when it is commercially and socially advantageous for Brazil - including the exportation of energy products and services; and 6. Generating energy from various sources to reduce the risk of eventual shortages, in keeping with the country's available energy reserves.
Este artigo repassa a história e descreve a experiência acumulada em energia nuclear no Brasil, mostrando que as aplicações biomédicas, industriais e agrícolas desenvolveram-se bem no país, a partir dos anos 1950. Em seguida, o artigo demonstra que o país pode cobrir seu consumo de energia elétrica apenas com fontes renováveis de energia, sem recorrer a usinas nucleares de potência. Por fim, são analisados os argumentos comuns na imprensa, a favor e contrários às centrais nucleares, e são discutidos alguns aspectos comerciais e políticos do problema. São também examinadas as estratégias de vendas da indústria nuclear no Brasil. ; This article reviews the history and describes the experience on nuclear energy in Brazil, showing that nuclear technology applied to biomedical sciences, industry and agriculture has been largely developed in this country, from the year 1950 on. Then the paper shows that Brazil can cover its electricity consumption with only renewable energy sources, without nuclear power plants. Finally the arguments usually employed in the press, pro and against nuclear power plants are analyzed and some commercial and political aspects of the problem are commented. The sales strategy of the nuclear industry in Brazil is also commented.
Objective: This article analyzes the Cleantechs of the solar energy segment as a sustainable source of clean energy generation, which has grown in Brazil, albeit in an incipient way. The search for alternatives in the generation of electric energy has been the main reason why these startups have been sought, allied to the good climatic conditions found in the country during most of the year.Methodology: It uses the deductive method, through bibliographic research and scientific articles on the theme, as well as national legislation.Results: It is concluded that there will only be a sustainable consumption of clean energy when there is the possibility that more people will have access to this technology. For the time being, the compensation amounts will depend on the rates practiced by the concessionaires, which take into account a number of factors, including geographic position. The likelihood that there will be a cost reduction in the installation is still a distant project, but not impossible.Contributions: The research is relevant since there is a promising market in the field of clean energy generation and in terms of the forms and values of compensation for the energy returned in the network on solar panels. The use of this technology is within the perspective of the energy transition towards sustainable development.Keywords: Cleantechs; Solar energy; Electricity compensation system; Clean technologies; Sustainable development. RESUMOObjetivo: O presente artigo analisa as cleantechs do segmento de energia solar como fonte sustentável de geração de energia limpa, que tem crescido no Brasil, ainda que de forma incipiente. A busca por alternativas na geração de energia elétrica tem sido o principal motivo pelo qual essas startups vêm sendo procuradas, aliadas às boas condições climáticas encontradas no país na maior parte do ano.Metodologia: utiliza-se do método dedutivo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e artigos científicos acerca do tema, assim como legislação nacional.Resultados: Conclui-se que só se terá um consumo sustentável de energia limpa quando houver a possibilidade de que mais pessoas tenham acesso a essa tecnologia. Por enquanto, os valores de compensação dependerão das alíquotas praticadas pelas concessionárias, que levam em consideração uma série de fatores, inclusive de posição geográfica. A probabilidade de que haja redução de custos na instalação ainda é um projeto distante, mas não impossível.Contribuições: a pesquisa se mostra relevante vez que há um mercado promissor no ramo de geração de energia limpa e no tocante às formas e valores de compensação pela energia retornada na rede sobre painéis solares. A utilização dessa tecnologia situa-se dentro da perspectiva da transição energética rumo ao desenvolvimento sustentável.Palavras-chave: Cleantechs; Energia Solar; Sistema de compensação de energia elétrica; Tecnologias limpas; Desenvolvimento sustentável. ; Objective: This article analyzes the Cleantechs of the solar energy segment as a sustainable source of clean energy generation, which has grown in Brazil, albeit in an incipient way. The search for alternatives in the generation of electric energy has been the main reason why these startups have been sought, allied to the good climatic conditions found in the country during most of the year.Methodology: It uses the deductive method, through bibliographic research and scientific articles on the theme, as well as national legislation.Results: It is concluded that there will only be a sustainable consumption of clean energy when there is the possibility that more people will have access to this technology. For the time being, the compensation amounts will depend on the rates practiced by the concessionaires, which take into account a number of factors, including geographic position. The likelihood that there will be a cost reduction in the installation is still a distant project, but not impossible.Contributions: The research is relevant since there is a promising market in the field of clean energy generation and in terms of the forms and values of compensation for the energy returned in the network on solar panels. The use of this technology is within the perspective of the energy transition towards sustainable development.Keywords: Cleantechs; Solar energy; Electricity compensation system; Clean technologies; Sustainable development. RESUMOObjetivo: O presente artigo analisa as cleantechs do segmento de energia solar como fonte sustentável de geração de energia limpa, que tem crescido no Brasil, ainda que de forma incipiente. A busca por alternativas na geração de energia elétrica tem sido o principal motivo pelo qual essas startups vêm sendo procuradas, aliadas às boas condições climáticas encontradas no país na maior parte do ano.Metodologia: utiliza-se do método dedutivo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e artigos científicos acerca do tema, assim como legislação nacional.Resultados: Conclui-se que só se terá um consumo sustentável de energia limpa quando houver a possibilidade de que mais pessoas tenham acesso a essa tecnologia. Por enquanto, os valores de compensação dependerão das alíquotas praticadas pelas concessionárias, que levam em consideração uma série de fatores, inclusive de posição geográfica. A probabilidade de que haja redução de custos na instalação ainda é um projeto distante, mas não impossível.Contribuições: a pesquisa se mostra relevante vez que há um mercado promissor no ramo de geração de energia limpa e no tocante às formas e valores de compensação pela energia retornada na rede sobre painéis solares. A utilização dessa tecnologia situa-se dentro da perspectiva da transição energética rumo ao desenvolvimento sustentável.Palavras-chave: Cleantechs; Energia Solar; Sistema de compensação de energia elétrica; Tecnologias limpas; Desenvolvimento sustentável.
Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization. ; Safe disposal of sewage sludge is one of the most pressing issues in the wastewater treatment cycle: at the European Union level, sludge production is expected to reach 13 Mt by year 2020. Sludge disposal costs may constitute up to, and sometimes above, 50% of the total cost of operation of a WWTP, and contribute to over 40% of its GHGs emissions. The most common disposal options at the moment are landfilling, disposal in agriculture (about 40% EU-wide), incineration or co-incineration, and use in the industrial production of bricks, asphalts and concrete. Sewage sludge, however, still contains beneficial resources such as nutrients, that can be recovered through specific processes (e.g. precipitation as struvite) and energy, recoverable through a variety of approaches. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of urban waste sludge was applied for the production of oil, (Syn)gas, and biochar that were afterwards characterized and compared to mainstream alternative fuels (biodiesels) and other material recovery options. Sustainability issues related to the production of biodiesel/biochars from urban wastewater treatment sludge are also discussed. The paper shows that waste urban sludge can indeed be a full component of the urban circular economy by allowing, if properly processed, recovery of energy resources at multiple levels: bio-oils (biodiesel), syngas and bio-char, all having definite advantages for final residues use and disposal. Biodiesel, in particular, allowing energy recovery as liquid fuel, offers a much more flexible and efficient utilization. ; A eliminação segura das lamas de esgoto é uma das questões mais urgentes no ciclo de tratamento de águas residuais: a nível da União Européia, espera-se que a produção de lamas atinja 13 Mt até o ano 2020. Os custos de disposição das lamas podem constituir-se e às vezes acima de 50% Custo total de operação de uma ETAR e contribui para mais de 40% das emissões de GEEs. As opções de eliminação mais comuns no momento são: aterro, eliminação na agricultura (cerca de 40% em toda a escala), incineração ou co-incineração, uso na produção industrial de tijolos, asfaltos, concreto. As lamas de esgoto, no entanto, ainda contêm recursos benéficos, como nutrientes, que podem ser recuperados através de processos específicos (por exemplo, precipitação como estruvita) e energia, recuperável através de uma variedade de abordagens. A pirólise assistida por microondas de lama de lixo urbano foi aplicada para a produção de petróleo, gás (Syn) e biochar que posteriormente foram caracterizados e comparados aos principais combustíveis alternativos (biodiesels) e outras opções de recuperação de materiais. São discutidos os problemas de sustentabilidade relacionados à produção de biodiesel / biochars de lamas de tratamento de águas residuais urbanas. O documento mostra que o lodo urbano residual pode de fato ser um componente completo da economia circular urbana, permitindo, se devidamente processado, a recuperação de recursos energéticos em vários níveis: bio-óleos (biodiesel), gás de síntese e bio-carbon, todos com vantagens definidas para o uso e eliminação de resíduos finais. O biodiesel, em particular, que permite a recuperação de energia como combustível líquido, oferece uma utilização muito mais flexível (e eficiente).
Isomorphism can be understood as the process that leads one population to resemble another in the same environmental conditions. Isomorphic pressures are felt differently depending on the size of the organization and can disturb the adoption of Energy Management Systems, such as ISO 50001. Given institutional differences, how can government´s coercive pressures impact the spread of ISO 50001 in each size group? To what extent can they influence the overall spread of certification? This article applies the Bass diffusion model to assess the ISO 50001 certification over the 2016-2040 period, using a system dynamics modeling approach. It proposes an extension of the diffusion model related to market stakeholder pressure, based on institutional theory. The results showed that financial and fiscal incentives provided the most significant impact on the overall number of certified industries. Large companies are the most relevant segment for certification without additional policies, while smaller ones benefit significantly from incentive programs. This study reinforces the relevance that stakeholders have in promoting greener standards and initiatives, and offers useful lessons on the dynamics of adopting energy management systems. ; O isomorfismo pode ser entendido como o processo que leva uma população a assemelhar-se a outra nas mesmas condições ambientais. As pressões isomórficas são sentidas de forma diferente dependendo do tamanho da organização e podem perturbar a adoção de Sistemas de Gestão de Energia, como a ISO 50001. Dadas as diferenças institucionais, como podem as pressões coercivas governamentais ter impacto na disseminação da ISO 50001 em cada grupo de tamanho? Em que medida podem influenciar a disseminação geral da certificação? Este artigo aplica o modelo de difusão de Bass para avaliar a certificação ISO 50001 durante o período 2016-2040, utilizando a modelagem de dinâmica de sistemas. É proposta uma extensão do modelo de difusão relacionado com a pressão dos stakeholders no mercado, com base na ...
This paper proposes as a principal objective shows that the situation of oil prices in the initial four months of 2020 in Colombia and in general in medium oil producing countries implies the opportunity to rethink the production structure and the energy matrix too. The causes of this drop in oil prices are presented and discussed, such as world demand, pressured in the months of March and April by the COVID-19 situation, the self-sufficiency of the United States and the energy transition in China. Some statistical data are then presented to reinforce the opportunity argument represented by the drop in prices of both fossil and alternative energy. At the same time, the environmental implications of exploiting unconventional oil reserves are questioned for the need of exploitation with non-conventional techniques such as fracking. In the end, a return to development banks is proposed to promote both economic diversification and the energy transition.
Portugal has recently approved the National Energy Strategy and the National Action Plan over Renewable Energies, enjoying since 2008 of a National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency. Nowadays it is recognized that the international coordination of the energy policies among the countries is crucial to fight climate changes in line with the environmental concerns of societies. In this way, the article discusses the Portuguese energy strategies in the framework of global economic interdependencies. Adapted from the source document.
Climate changes, national security & energy dependence are deeply related questions, so energy security is on the top of the international agenda. This article starts to debate the idea of energy security, than examine the energy security & dependence on the European Union set, & finally compare Portugal & Sweden. Adapted from the source document.
The next 40 to 50 years seem promising to Brazil, having in mind the long-term structural changes that allow, in general, development perspectives. From this assumption, this article analyses the demographic explosion, urbanization, energy issues and commodities as the challenges Brazil is facing in the coming years. Adapted from the source document.
