Suchergebnisse

Die Einführung neuartiger Energietechnologien wird allgemein als der Schlüssel zur Senkung klimaschädlicher Treibhausgase angesehen. Allerdings ist die Abbildung derartiger Technologien in numerischen Modellen zur Simulation und ökonomischen Analyse von energie- und klimaschutzpolitischen Maßnahmen vielfach noch rudimentär. Die Dissertation entwickelt neue Ansätze zur Einbindung von technologischen Innovationen in energie-ökonomische allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle, mit dem Ziel den Energiesektor realitätsnäher abzubilden. Die Dissertation adressiert einige der Hauptkritikpunkte an allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen zur Analyse von Energie- und Klimapolitik: Die fehlende sektorale und technologische Disaggregation, die beschränkte Darstellung von technologischem Fortschritt, und das Fehlen von einem weiten Spektrum an Treibhausgasminderungsoptionen. Die Dissertation widmet sich zwei Hauptfragen: (1) Wie können technologische Innovationen in allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle eingebettet werden? (2) Welche zusätzlichen und politikrelevanten Informationen lassen sich durch diese methodischen Erweiterungen gewinnen? Die Verwendung eines sogenannten Hybrid-Ansatzes, in dem neuartige Technologien für Stromerzeugung und Eisen- und Stahlherstellung in ein dynamisch multi-sektorales CGE Modell eingebettet werden, zeigt, dass technologiespezifische Effekte von großer Bedeutung sind für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimaschutzmaßnahmen, insbesondere die Effekte hinsichtlich von Technologiewechsel und dadurch bedingten Änderungen der Input- und Emissionsstrukturen. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Dissertation, dass Lerneffekte auf verschiedenen Stufen der Produktionskette abgebildet werden müssen: Für regenerative Energien, zum Beispiel, nicht nur bei der Anwendung von Stromerzeugungsanlagen, sondern ebenso auf der vorgelagerten Produktionsstufe bei der Herstellung dieser Anlagen. Die differenzierte Abbildung von Lerneffekten in Exportsektoren, wie zum Beispiel Windanlagen, verändert die Wirtschaftlichkeit und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und hat wichtige Implikationen für die ökonomische Analyse von Klimapolitik. ; Energy technologies and innovation are considered to play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Yet, the representation of technologies in energy-economy models, which are used extensively to analyze the economic, energy and environmental impacts of alternative energy and climate policies, is rather limited. This dissertation presents advanced techniques of including technological innovations in energy-economy computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. New methods are explored and applied for improving the realism of energy production and consumption in such top-down models. The dissertation addresses some of the main criticism of general equilibrium models in the field of energy and climate policy analysis: The lack of detailed sectoral and technical disaggregation, the restricted view on innovation and technological change, and the lack of extended greenhouse gas mitigation options. The dissertation reflects on the questions of (1) how to introduce innovation and technological change in a computable general equilibrium model as well as (2) what additional and policy relevant information is gained from using these methodologies. Employing a new hybrid approach of incorporating technology-specific information for electricity generation and iron and steel production in a dynamic multi-sector computable equilibrium model it can be concluded that technology-specific effects are crucial for the economic assessment of climate policy, in particular the effects relating to process shifts and fuel input structure. Additionally, the dissertation shows that learning-by-doing in renewable energy takes place in the renewable electricity sector but is equally important in upstream sectors that produce technologies, i.e. machinery and equipment, for renewable electricity generation. The differentiation of learning effects in export sectors, such as renewable energy technologies, matters for the economic assessment of climate policies because of effects on international competitiveness and economic output.

This report on key energy technologies is part of the work undertaken by the High-Level Expert Group to prepare a report on emerging science and technology trends and the implications for EU and Member State research policies. Senior Scientist BirteHolst Jørgensen, Risø National Laboratory, is responsible for the report, which is based on literature studies. Post Doc Stefan Krüger Nielsen, Risø National Laboratory, has contributed to parts of the report, including the description of the IEA energyscenarios, the IEA statistics on R&D and the description of the science and technology base of biomass. The study was commissioned in December 2004, and a first meeting was held in Brussels on 17 January 2005. A first draft was submitted on 28 March, asecond draft was submitted on 22 June 2005 and the final draft 22 September 2005 Valuable help and comments to earlier drafts of this report have been contributed by Scientific Officer Edgar Thielmann, DG TREN, Head of Department Hans Larsen, RisøNational Laboratory, Senior Asset Manager Aksel Hauge Pedersen, DONG VE, Consultant Timon Wehnert, IZT-Berlin, and Senior Scientist Martine Uyterlinde, ECN ; This report on key energy technologies is part of the work undertaken by the High-Level Expert Group to prepare a report on emerging science and technology trends and the implications for EU and Member State research policies. Senior Scientist Birte Holst Jørgensen, Risø National Laboratory, is responsible for the report, which is based on literature studies. Postdoc Stefan Krüger Nielsen, Risø National Laboratory, has contributed to parts of the report, including the description of the IEA energy scenarios, the IEA statistics on R&D and the description of the science and technology base of biomass. The study was commissioned in December 2004, and a first meeting was held in Brussels on 17 January 2005. A first draft was submitted on 28 March, a second draft was submitted on 22 June 2005 and the final draft 22 September 2005. Valuable help and comments to earlier drafts of this report have been contributed by Scientific Officer Edgar Thielmann, DG TREN, Head of Department Hans Larsen, Risø National Laboratory, Senior Asset Manager Aksel Hauge Pedersen, DONG VE, Consultant Timon Wehnert, IZT-Berlin, and Senior Scientist Martine Uyterlinde, ECN.

Publicly supported research and development during the last decades have provided technologies that are environmentally benign and can deliver energy security. Such technologies will be needed to manage policy changes ahead, e.g., stabilising greenhouse gas emissions. However, many of them are still too expensive or face other market barriers to commercial deployment. To realise the potential for a clean and secure energy system by deploying these technologies may therefore require government action to build markets for them.

Commercialization efforts to diffuse sustainable energy technologies (SETs) need to be sustainable in terms of replication, spread and longevity, and should promote goal of sustainable development. Limited success of diffusion through government driven pathways illustrates the need for market-based approaches to SET commercialization. This paper presents a detailed treatment of the pre-requisites for adopting a private sector driven "business model" approach for successful diffusion of SETs. This is expected to integrate the processes of market transformation and entrepreneurship development with innovative regulatory, marketing, financing, incentive and intermediary mechanisms. Further, it envisages a public-private partnership driven-mechanism as a framework for diffusion leading to technology commercialization.

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- About the Book Page -- About the Series Page -- Contents Page -- About the Editors and Authors Page -- Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 1 Judging the Health Risks of Energy Systems -- Introduction -- Coping Intellectually with Risk -- Risk Perception -- Confidence -- Conflicting Views -- Assessing Values -- Forecasting Public Response Towards Energy Systems -- Basic Perceptions -- Technical Problems -- Communication Problems -- Search for Rationality -- Implications -- Acknowledgement -- Notes -- References -- 2 Health Risks from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- Introduction -- Radiological Effluents -- Environmental Transport Models -- Radiation Dose Models -- Health Effects Models -- Uncertainties in Radiation Risk Assessment -- Collective Population Dose Commitments and Potential Health Impacts -- Occupational Radiation Risks -- Radiological Health Risks from Accidents -- Non-radiological Health Risks from Accidents -- Perspectives -- Risks Associated with Proliferation and Terrorism -- Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 3 Health Risks of Coal Energy Technology -- Introduction -- Coal Mining and Cleaning -- Accidental Injuries and Fatalities in Coal Mines and Coal Cleaning Plants -- Occupational Disease in Underground Coal Mining -- Estimating Health Risk in Coal Mining on a Unit Energy Basis -- Coal Transport -- Railroad Transportation -- Truck Transportation -- Barge Transportation -- Pipeline Transportation -- Coal Combustion -- Air Pollution -- Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) -- Trace Metals -- Radionuclides -- Occupational Health at Coal-Fired Power Plants -- Coal Conversion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- References -- 4 Health and Safety Impacts of Renewable, Geothermal, and Fusion Energy -- Introduction.

Sustainable Energy Technologies for Seawater Desalination provides comprehensive coverage of the use of renewable energy technologies for sustainable freshwater production. Included are design concepts for desalination and sustainable energy technologies based on thermodynamics, heat transfer, mass transfer and economics. Key topics covered include desalination fundamentals and models, desalination assessments using energy and exergy methods, economics of desalination and the optimization of renewable energy-driven desalination systems. Illustrative examples and case studies are incorporated throughout the book to demonstrate how to apply the concepts covered in practical scenarios. Following a coherent approach, starting from fundamentals and basics and culminating with advanced systems and applications, this book is relevant for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and non-engineering programs.