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How does the "Pinochet case" affect the Chilean democratic transition? This article intends to answer that question in relation to two specific points: (1) the consequences of the "case" for the recent memory & for the political imaginary; (2) an eventual unblocking of the political reforms as a result of the end of impunity. The London trial marks a turning point between the strategy of oblivion & that of remembrance. It has shown, nevertheless, the limitations of the political transition. To what extent the so-called transition is just the administration of an already consolidated state regime inherited from the past? Adapted from the source document.

Drawing from identity theory & the frustration-aggression hypothesis, the intrapsychic, interpersonal, & collective levels of social thresholds at the outbreak & end of wartime are analyzed, introducing the concept of "wargasm," a phenomenon characterized by socially sanctioned & politically violent emotions directed against internal & external enemies. At the outbreak of war, psychopaths, sociopaths, & other social outcasts experience happiness as the focus shifts away from their personal problems. Formal rhetoric creates a different mental state in the population. At the end of war, in the transition to peace, boredom & unfulfilled expectations may trigger a snowball effect threatening public order. The success of those wishing to maintain the wartime status quo depends on the political management of intergroup conflicts, distress, & economic circumstances. The British-Argentinian conflict over the Falkland Islands in 1982 illustrates the wargasm process. 47 References. Adapted from the source document.

Artículo de la sección: Estudios ; Este artículo ofrece un repaso somero a la historiografía sobre la Inglaterra moderna, resaltando su abundancia pero al mismo tiempo el peligro de especialización excesiva, que va causando cierta preocupación. La ambición de integrar las investigaciones sobre la sociedad, las mentalidades y la política en una visión más global de la evolución social conduce al estudio de las 'formas del poder'. Hay un nuevo énfasis en los elementos de continuidad en la sociedad inglesa. El desarrollo de la economía ya se revela como más paulatino, menos revolucionario de lo que se pensaba antes. Las mentalidades igualmente resaltan de los estudios recientes sobre la Reforma y la Guerra Civil como bastante conservadoras. Entonces la evolución social y cultural del país parece depender en gran medida del ejercicio del poder por una élite que ha sabido aprovecharse del mando por una serie de circunstancias coyunturales, durante la época confusa de la Reforma protestante y la Guerra Civil. El papel creciente del estado como fuente de control social habrá sido la auténtica revolución de la época moderna. Esta reorientación historiográfíca va acompañada por una atención creciente al papel del individuo, en vez de las tendencias o estructuras sociales, como clave de la explicación histórica. ; This article is a brief survey of current trends in the historiography of early modern England, noting the abundance of output as well as a concern over excessive specialisation. The ambition of bringing research on society, culture and politics together more as a way of explaining the mainstream of social change is leading to a new emphasis on 'forms of power'. There is a new stress on the elements of continuity in early modern England. Economic change is now presented as more gradual and less revolutionary than was once thought. English attitudes, as revealed in recent research on the Reformation or the Civil War, appear fairly conservative. So, social and cultural developments, rather than precipitating political change, look more like a response to the latter — to the particular direction given by elites who have managed to take control of the reins of power at particular turning points, such as the Reformation and the Civil War. The growing role of the state as a source of social control now seems to have been the real revolution of the early modern period. And there is a new concern to place the individual, rather than long-term trends, at the centre of historical explanation. ; Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granada

Tribe, an economics professor at the U of Keele, England, describes career influences on his economic theory & his membership in the Communist Party in GB in the 1960s. Tribe bitterly criticizes Margaret Thatcher & her government, accusing them of staging crises so they could appear as heroes in restructuring programs. Tribe discusses the differences between contemporary economics students trained in the US on neoclassical economics & those of his generation. He believes that economic systems that purport to be merely technical & neutral have failed. This points to the need to include political & ethical discourse within economic thought. 52 References. M. Pflum

En este artículo se analizan y comparan el National Currículum para la Educación Musical en Inglaterra y Gales y la Ley de la Generalitat Valenciana para la enseñanza de la música en la Educación Primaria. Después de detallar las semejanzas y diferencias encontradas entre los dos curricula, se presentan unas conclusiones que pueden ser de interés para los maestros dedicados a la educación musical. ; Abstract: This article analyses and compares the National Currículum far Music in England and Wales and the Education Laws of the Valencian Government far the teaching of music in primary schools. After detailing the similarities and differences between the two curriculums, the conclusions, which could be of interest to teachers specialising in music, are presented.

El exilio político fue un elemento de gran importancia en el desarrollo del liberalismo español. Alcalá Galiano, uno de los más famosos oradores del Trienio Liberal, sufrió esta experiencia en Londres. Desde entonces, su pensamiento comenzó un proceso de cambio: la vida política inglesa y sus relaciones con el círculo de seguidores de Bentham, le convencieron de las ventajas de la reforma social y del valor de la libertad de expresión y de asociación. De esta forma, él y otros liberales españoles abandonaron el mito de la revolución. ; Political exile was a very important component in the development of Spanish liberalismo Alcalá Galiano, one of the most famous speakers of the trienio Liberal, passed his experience in London. From that time onwards, his thought began a process of change: political life in England and his relationship with Benthamite circle convinced him about the advantages of social reform and the value of freedom of speech and association to transform the society. In this way, he and other Spanish liberals gave up the myth of revolution.

The comparison of economic attitudes in seventeenth-century Potosí and Boston, makes it necessary to reevaluate our concepts on the culture and development of Spanish America. New England merchants and Peruvian miners developed similar strategies in response to conditions in the New World, organicing diverse and integrated economies. It is also necessary to stress the role of the State and of politics, which is an area of significant contrasts between the Spanish world and Anglosaxon America. ; A partir de la comparación de las actitudes económicas en el siglo XVII de Potosí y Boston se deduce la necesidad de revaluar nuestros conceptos sobre la cultura y el desarrollo de la América hispana. Los comerciantes de Nueva Inglaterra y los mineros peruanos desarrollaron similares estrategias como respuesta a las condiciones del Nuevo Mundo y organizaron economías diversas e integradas. Asimismo, hay que destacar la necesidad de volver a examinar el papel jugado por el Estado y la política en la América hispana colonial, aspecto que ofrece uno de los contrastes más significativos entre el mundo hispano y la América anglosajona.

[EN] El artículo examina el valor que se daba a España en la Europa del 98. Desde esa perspectiva, tiene en cuenta primero, la imagen de España que se percibe en Italia y Francia, cada una en un bloque distinto; segundo, las decisiones de política exterior que se toman en España y tercero, el juicio que sobre su situación interna hacen los gobiernos europeos, cuando todos ellos reconocían que aislarse era un error. ; [EN] ,The article examines the value that was given to Spain in the Europe of 1898. From that perspective, it takes into account these factors. First, the image of Spain that is appreciated in Italy and Frances, each one in a different bloc. Second, the foreign affair's decisions that are made in Spain. Third, the judgement that about its domestic situation make the European Governments, when thy all recognized that isolation was a mistake. ; Peer reviewed

La Institución Libre de Enseñanza introduce la Educación Física en el currículum de sus secciones escolares desde su fundación en 1876. Consiste en ejercicios de gimnasia, juegos tradicionales como el frontón, y el fútbol y rounders de origen inglés. La Institución tiene un concepto de Educación Física que participa de la circunstancia político- social del periodo histórico de Ja Restauración. Desde el punto de vista teórico, se fundamenta en Ja antropología de Krause, el evolucionismo sociológico de H. Spencer y la ideología liberal. La Educación Física es u tilizada como un medio eficaz para lograr en cambio de los individuos y de la sociedad, sintonizando con el reformismo pedagógico institucionista ; ABSTRACT: The Institución Libre de Enseñanza included Physical Education (P.E.) in de currículum of its schools since its foundation in 1876. P.E. consisted of gymnastics, traditional games such as pelota, as well as football and rounders, which originated in England. The conception of P.E. held by the Institucion shared many the prevailing social and political views of the Restauration period and, from the theoretical perspective, it was based on the anthropology of Krause, the sociological evolutionism of H. Spencer and liberal ideology. According to these premises. P.E. was used as on efficient neans to change both individuals and society, in tune with de change-oriented nature of the Institution.

Although economies differ from each other, it is essential to analyze them emphasizing the diversities and capturing the similarities. Japan is commonly considered an economy different from the rest; however, its structural problems and its current economic recession can be compared with what happens in other places. In the short term, there is an analogy with the United States, England and other Anglo-American countries. In the long run, it has similarities to France. Simultaneously, it is essential to recognize the characteristics of this country that could transform the present situation. We argue that in Japan the structural reform must go through a process of bureaucratic deregulation that, although it attracts consensus, is difficult to implement, for which the determining factor would be political change, that is, the constitution of a stable government with a solid parliamentary majority. ; Si bien las economías difieren entre sí es esencial analizarlas enfatizando las diversidades y captando las semejanzas. Comúnmente Japón es considerada una economía diferente al resto, sin embargo sus problemas estructurales y su actual recesión económica pueden compararse con lo que ocurre en otros lugares. En el corto plazo, hay una analogía con Estados Unidos (1984-92), Inglaterra (1985-93) y otros países angloamericanos; en el largo plazo, tiene similitudes con Francia. Simultáneamente, es fundamental reconocer los rasgos propios de este país que podrían transformar la situación presente. Sostenemos que en Japón la reforma estructural debe pasar por un proceso de desregulación burocrática que, si bien concita consenso, es difícil de implementar, para lo cual lo determinante sería el cambio político, es decir la constitución de un gobierno estable con una sólida mayoría parlamentaria.