This book was previously published by Pearson Education Inc. ; Transatlantic Romanticism offers canonical and non-canonical texts from American, British, and Canadian Romantic writers, meeting the demand for a coherent and flexible transatlantic Romantic reader. It offers a range of representative materials by the most central, as well as non-canonical, North American and British writers and thinkers. Thematic groupings and companion readings, strategically integrated throughout the book, provide lively and illuminating views of the major literary, cultural, and political debates of the transatlantic Romantic century. Accessible and engaging introductions and headnotes lead to an even greater appreciation and understanding of the prose and poetry of the transatlantic Romantic era.
Although we now consider child labour to be inhuman and cruel, it was standard practice during the 18th century, especially when the Industrial Revolution (approximately 1760–1840) on the British island created an increased need for workers. Among numerous occupations for children, probably the most interesting and intriguing was chimney sweeping, which required children to enter chimneys and manually clean them. The need for protecting children's rights was quickly recognized, but social and legislative changes were slowly introduced. This thesis examines the contribution of British engraver and poet William Blake (1757–1827) and British novelist Charles Kingsley (1819–1875) to the campaign against the exploitation of children in 18th and 19th-century Britain. It analyses and compares literary representations of the chimney sweeper in Blake's two "Chimney Sweeper" poems (1789, 1794) and Kingsley's novel The Water Babies (1863), and gives an overview of the status of chimney sweepers in Croatia. ; Iako može zvučati nevjerojatno, djeca su do kraja 19. stoljeća imala obvezu financijski pridonositi svojoj obitelji jednako kao i odrasli članovi. Prilično je bizarno da nije postojala svijest o zaštiti djece i mladih kao neiskusnijih i osjetljivijih članova društva. Svijet se na začetku industrijske revolucije u drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća nemilosrdno odupirao zakonodavnim promjenama i zaštiti dječjih prava jer su radnici bili prijeko potrebni, bez obzira na dob. Osim rada u industriji, postojali su i poslovi koji su bili namijenjeni djeci zbog prirode samoga posla, na primjer uskih prostora u rudnicima ili krhkih grana voćki koje je trebalo obrati. Poseban interes pobuđuju djeca dimnjačari koji su se morali zavlačiti u dimnjake i ručno ih čistiti kako bi se očuvala sigurnost od požara u prenapučenim gradovima. Djeca dimnjačari su istovremeno zanimljiv, ali i potresan fenomen karakterističan za Veliku Britaniju i još nekoliko europskih država poput Italije ili Belgije. Najčešće su bili siročad ili djeca (gotovo ...
As a multilingual country, the Indonesian government has set the positions of local language, national language, and foreign language in education through Law of National Education System No.20 of 2003, Chapter VII, Article 33. Fifteen years passed and this paper seeks to find the results of the law in higher education students by investigating the patterns of language use of multilingual students in English Literature Study Program of FBS UNY. This is a descriptive study with parallel mixed method design. The data in this study were responses upon questions in the questionnaires distributed to respondents where the results were then analyzed quantitatively by using SPSS (17) and the results of interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The source of data in this study were 162 respondents who were students of English Literature study program, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta year 2015-2017. The results show that at home, more than 60% of students use Javanese with intimacy and habit as motivating factors. As English Literature students, they are more exposed to media in Bahasa Indonesia. On the campus, English is only used for academic purposes, Bahasa Indonesia for communicating with lecturers while Javanese is for a casual talk with classmates. Javanese is close to traditional commerce while for the modern one, they prefer to use Bahasa Indonesia. For cognitive and mental activities, Bahasa Indonesia is the most dominant, and Javanese is used more than English. These results imply that rather than conforming to the law made by the government, contexts play a more important role in forming people's language choices.Keywords: multilingualism, local language, national language, foreign language, English Literature UNY POLA PENGGUNAAN BAHASA MAHASISWA MULTILINGUAL JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRISSebagai negara multibahasa, pemerintah Indonesia telah menetapkan posisi bahasa daerah, bahasa nasional, dan bahasa asing dalam pendidikan melalui Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional No.20 tahun 2003, Bab VII, Pasal 33. Lima belas tahun telah berlalu dan tulisan ini berupaya untuk menemukan penerapan hasil hukum tersebut pada mahasiswa dengan menyelidiki pola penggunaan bahasa mahasiswa multibahasa di Program Studi Sastra Inggris FBS UNY. Ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan metode campuran paralel. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah tanggapan mahasiswa terhadap pertanyaan dalam kuesioner yang hasilnya kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan SPSS (17) serta hasil wawancara yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah 162 responden yang merupakan mahasiswa program studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta angkatan tahun 2015-2017. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di rumah, lebih dari 60% mahasiswa menggunakan bahasa Jawa dengan keakraban dan kebiasaan sebagai faktor pendorongnya. Sebagai mahasiswa Sastra Inggris, mereka lebih terpapar media dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Di kampus, bahasa Inggris hanya digunakan untuk tujuan akademik, Bahasa Indonesia untuk berkomunikasi dengan dosen, dan bahasa Jawa untuk percakapan santai dengan teman. Bahasa Jawa sangat dekat dengan perdagangan tradisional, sedangkan untuk perdagangan modern, mereka lebih memilih untuk menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia. Untuk kegiatan kognitif dan mental, Bahasa Indonesia adalah yang paling dominan, dan bahasa Jawa digunakan lebih dari bahasa Inggris. Hasil ini menyiratkan bahwa alih-alih menyesuaikan ketentuan yang telah dibuat oleh pemerintah, konteks memainkan peranan yang lebih penting dalam membentuk pilihan bahasa penggunanya.Kata kunci: multilingualisme, bahasa daerah, bahasa nasional, bahasa asing, Sastra Inggris UNY
Bu çalışmada DH Lawrence'in Oğullar ve Sevgililer {Sons and Lovers) ve Charles Dickens'in Oliver Twist adlı yapıtlarını inceleyerek Sanayi Devriminin roman kahramanları üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçladık. Sözkonusu yazarlar o dönemi bizzat yaşadıkları için eserlerinde sunmuş oldukları izlenimler gerçekleri yansıtır. Bu nedenle elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar yalnızca roman kahramanlarıyla sınırlı olmayıp o günün toplumsal ortamını da gerçekliğiyle yansıtır. Sanayi Devriminin kısa bir tarihçesini verdik. Bu devrimin planlı ve aniden olan bir devrim yerine uzun bir zaman dilimine yayılan bir süreç olduğunu gördük. Avrupada Sanayi Devrimi öncesinde uygulanan ve küçük çiftçilerin topraklarını büyük toprak ağalarına devretmek zorunda bırakan çevirme (enclosure) hareketi ve Birleşik Krallığın özellikle Hindistan'a karşı olan işgalci tutumları Sanayi Devriminin gelişmesinde iki büyük etkendir. Bunlardan birincisi fabrikalara ucuz işçi sağlarken ikincisi de, hazineyi zenginleştirerek, devletin yeni yatırımlara destek olmasını sağlamıştır. Sanayi Devrimi bir çok kişiye iş sağlamıştır ancak, düşük ücret ve uzun çalışma saatleri nedeniyle, insanları insanlıktan çıkarmıştır. İnsanların fabrikalarda hapsedilmelerinden dolayı ilişkiler zayıflamıştır. Estetik anlayışları öldürülmüş, mezarlığı andıran tekdüze inşa edilmiş barakalarda veya büyük şehirlerin varoşlarında derme çatma kulübelerde yaşamaya mahkum edilmişlerdir. Çocuklar ve kadınlar çalışma dünyasına girmişler ve korkunç derecede sömürülmüşlerdir. Bu kesimin çalışma hayatına girişi, yetişkin erkeklere de onlara ödenen ücret kadar ödenmeye başlanması nedeniyle, ücretlerin genel olarak düşüşüne neden olmuştur. Kadınların çalışma hayatına katılmalarıyla toplumdaki yerleri değişmiş, kendi hayatlarını kazanır duruma gelmişlerdir. Ekonomik bağımsızlık onlara daha fazla hak iddia etme hakkı vermiş, bunun sonucunda feminizm hareketleri başlamıştır. Daha iyi bir hayat sürme umuduyla büyük şehirlere göç eden kişiler umduklarını bulamamışlar, gecekondularda veya kulübelerde yaşamaya mahkum olmuşlardır. Gerek devlet ve toplumun ilgisizliği, gerek suç dünyasının kurnaz kişilerinin tuzağı, bazen de bu yoksul kişilerin hevesleri sonucu insanlar suç dünyasının pençesine düşmüşlerdir. Dickens'in romanında üzerinde durduğu gibi toplum ve devlet kurumlarında büyük yolsuzluklar meydana gelmiştir. Bu yolsuzluklar suçluluğu genel olarak artırmıştır. Bunun sonucu, suçu önleme gerekçesiyle daha sert cezalar uygulamaya konmuş, bu uygulamalardan bir çok masum insanın da canı yanmıştır. Sanayi Devrimi iki aşın uç sınıf doğurmuştur. Bunlar iş gücünden başka satacak başka şeyi olmayan büyük çoğunluk ve bu iş gücünü sermayesiyle satınalan ve her şeyin kontrolünü elinde tutan zengin kesim. ; In this study, we aimed at revealing the effects of the Industrial Revolution on fictional characters by analysing the novels, Sons And Lovers by DH Lawrence and Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens which were written under the influence of this revolution. Since these novels were written by the writers who personally experienced the term, their impressions reflect reality. Thus, the conclusions which were obtained by this study are not limited to the fictional characters in these two novels. They also reflect the situation of people in real life of the term. We have presented a brief history of the Industrial revolution. It was found out that this revolution was a process rather than an organised and sudden action. The imperialist attitude of United Kingdom, especially towards India, and the Act of Enclosure are two main factors in the development of the process of the revolution. The former provided the necessary capital for the state so that it can encourage new investments and the latter the cheap work power for the factories. Industrial Revolution provided many people with work yet it caused dehumanisation of them through the long work hours and low wages. Human relations got weakened by the imprisonment in the factories. Their taste of aesthetics was killed and forced to live in grave like pre-fabric blocks or in dirty dens at the suburbs of big cities. Children and women entered the work-life and they were exploited dramatically. Their entrance to the work life caused a general decrease in wages because men were paid same amount as the women and the children. The status of women changed after their entrance into the work life because they began to earn their lives by themselves. They were no more bound to their husbands economically. Their economic freedom provided them with other new ones such as sexual and purchasing freedom. This caused the rise of feminism. m We also found out that the people who had moved to big cities with the hope of leading a better life had to live in dirty slums and dens. This situation was very humiliating for them, they fell in the claws of the criminal underworld partly because of the cunning tricks of illwilled people and Utopian desires of the poor people and partly because of the lack of the necessary support from society and the state. As Dickens argues in his novel, Oliver Twist, all of the institutions, social or governmental, were corrupted. This corruption helped criminality increase and as a result striker rules e.g. thieves were hung publicly, were put into effect which caused th destruction of some innocent people. Industrial revolution created two extreme classes. These were those who sold their work power,a great majority, and those who bought this work power with his capital and controlled everything in the society.
In order to grasp the imaginative geographical and historical scope of contemporary Indian writing in English, this thesis claims that it is necessary to think about literature beyond the paradigms of national, postcolonial or even transnational diasporic literatures. It is asserted that cosmopolitanism, which is here understood to be a concept that encompasses the negotiation of the ethics and practice of migration, community, responsibility, difference and sameness, offers the possibility of thinking critically about migration and globalization in the context of the literary texts at the centre of this thesis: Amitav Ghosh's Sea of Poppies (2008) and River of Smoke (2011), Salman Rushdie's The Enchantress of Florence (2007) and M.G. Vassanji's The Assassin's Song (2007). Literary criticism has acknowledged the relevance of cosmopolitan thought in contemporary literatures of a global, transnational literary imaginary. Yet the literature concerned with cosmopolitanism has, with a few exceptions, mainly used it as a descriptive rather than as an interpretative term, focusing on the politics of these fictional texts rather than on their aesthetics or in this case, to be more precise, their literary features. In this thesis, the interest is to examine the ethics, practice and aesthetics of cosmopolitan moments in which histories and geographies are rewritten and reimagined, i.e. the propensity of these four novels to remap, rethink and reimagine these narratives of time and space according to an understanding that moves away from postcolonial dichotomies towards a more global view of events that still takes into account existing power relations.
In order to grasp the imaginative geographical and historical scope of contemporary Indian writing in English, this thesis claims that it is necessary to think about literature beyond the paradigms of national, postcolonial or even transnational diasporic literatures. It is asserted that cosmopolitanism, which is here understood to be a concept that encompasses the negotiation of the ethics and practice of migration, community, responsibility, difference and sameness, offers the possibility of thinking critically about migration and globalization in the context of the literary texts at the centre of this thesis: Amitav Ghosh's Sea of Poppies (2008) and River of Smoke (2011), Salman Rushdie's The Enchantress of Florence (2007) and M.G. Vassanji's The Assassin's Song (2007). Literary criticism has acknowledged the relevance of cosmopolitan thought in contemporary literatures of a global, transnational literary imaginary. Yet the literature concerned with cosmopolitanism has, with a few exceptions, mainly used it as a descriptive rather than as an interpretative term, focusing on the politics of these fictional texts rather than on their aesthetics or in this case, to be more precise, their literary features. In this thesis, the interest is to examine the ethics, practice and aesthetics of cosmopolitan moments in which histories and geographies are rewritten and reimagined, i.e. the propensity of these four novels to remap, rethink and reimagine these narratives of time and space according to an understanding that moves away from postcolonial dichotomies towards a more global view of events that still takes into account existing power relations.
Althusser's work arrived just when the disintegrating liberal consensus was shaking the ivory towers of the university. Students protested the war in Vietnam as well as the policies of the university. Althusser offered an understanding of this corrupt world and its distorted self-image. These theories provided an exciting new totalization in which life had meaning and intellectuals, a vital role. In literary studies, students and lecturers assumed that works of literature were anti-scientific, preservers of the status quo, without genuine knowledge. Disillusioned, these students and lecturers condemned Literature as an institution and ignored the individual work. To stop teaching the dominant ideology, they found redemption through abstraction—general principles, abstract structures. Academics found it attractive to raise barricades in the mind, not the street. Althusserian ideas showed lecturers and students that what was thought to be a purely literary or factual matter of aesthetic appreciation was really ideological and political, but the arrogance of the Althusserians, who recognized no theory before Althusser and no value in empirical experience, offended potential allies.
Literary works are read and studied in English across the different parts of the Swedish education system, primary education, secondary education, highereducation and teacher education. This article considers the rationale—the purposes and benefits—for doing so that are implicitly or explicitly pointed to incurricular documents, with special focus on the kinds of engagement withliterature that are authorised by the academic English subject community for the Swedish academic and school contexts. By juxtaposing and synthesising findings from three previous curricular studies, the article identifies substantive justifications and, drawing on linguistic legitimation theory, discursive forms of legitimation that interoperate in syllabi and in other steering documents to claim the validity of engaging with literature in English. It shows that the rationale that remains constant across the education system relies on the links between literature and cultural learning, or analysis, and likewise on the potential of engagement with literature in English for furthering an understanding of the world and for fostering a desired democratic citizen ethos. The cross-educational perspective of the article shows that the interdependence between the different parts of the education system has both thematic and conceptual consequences for the kinds of engagement with literature that are given the status of official legitimations.
Following Ronen Palan's The Offshore World (2003) Connell understands the central feature of the offshore as the 'bifurcation of the nation state': the state splits itself in two by continuing to govern those areas that remain easy to legislate while surrendering to the international realm those which do not. Connell considers how the offshore can be understood as a form of cosmopolitanism, with a particular emphasis on the way that the obligations of the state are stretched to accommodate foreign businesses, foreign capital and even foreign citizens. Yet, as Connell demonstrates, the cosmopolitan promise of the offshore conceals the double nature of the nation-state which functions both as a node for discursive community formation and, simultaneously, as cover for the evasion of any communal responsibilities that this might imply. Reading Lawrence Chua's Gold by the Inch (1998), Rana Dasgupta's Tokyo Cancelled (2006) and Aravind Adiga's The White Tiger (2008) Connell examines how the idea of national belonging struggles to survive in representations of the offshore. In particular Connell's analysis shows that the difficulty that arises from trying to represent the offshore leads these texts to open up new perspectives on global capitalism by focussing upon its differential relationships to the state.
This paper draws on various readings of colonial and post-colonial theories to approach diasporic Iranian literature in English through a post-colonial framework. It examines the development of this literature in response to domineering and hegemonic forces within and beyond Iran, and highlights the techniques that some writers engage with as a means to reframe and rewrite certain discourses of representation. In specific pays attention to the way certain writers reconstruct and re-imagine representation through engagement and rewriting of history, discursive and physical transgression and elements of magic realism. This paper situates the importance of this literature within the larger framework in which it is emerging, arguing for its perpetual social and political impact in the way Iran are seen and see themselves now and in the future in the West.
The study at hand deals with madness as it is represented in English Canadian fiction. The topic seemed most interesting and fruitful for analysis due to the fact that as the ways madness has been defined, understood, described, judged and handled differ quite profoundly from society to society, from era to era, as the language, ideas and associations surrounding insanity are both strongly culture-relative and shifting, madness as a theme of myth and literature has always been a excellent vehicle to mirror the assumptions and arguments, the aspirations and nostalgia, the beliefs and values, hopes and fears of its age and society. Thus, while the overall intent of this study is to elucidate some discernible patterns of structure and style which accompany the use of madness in Canadian literature, to investigate the varying sorts of portrayal and the conventions of presentation, to interpret the use of madness as literary devices and to highlight the different statements which are made, the continuity, variation, and changes in the theme of madness provide an informing principle in terms of certain Canadian experiences and perceptions. By examining madness as it represents itself in Canadian literature and considering the respective explorations of the deranged mind within their historical context, I hope to demonstrate that literary interpretations of madness both reflect and question cultural, political, religious and psychological assumptions of their times and that certain symptoms or usages are characteristic of certain periods. Such an approach, it is hoped, might not only contribute towards an assessment of the wealth of associations which surround madness and the ambivalence with which it is viewed, but also shed some light on the Canadian imagination. As such this study can be considered not only as a history of literary madness, but a history of Canadian society and the Canadian mind.
Three further volumes were later published in London: v. 12-13, containing Debates in Parliament (Printed for John Stockdale, 1787), and v. 14, containing miscellaneous writings (Printed for John Stockdale, and G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1788). ; Vols. 2-11 have title: The works of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. : in eleven volumes. ; Vol. 1 has also special t.p. ; v. 1. The life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. / by Sir John Hawkins, Knt. -- v. 2-3. The lives of the most eminent English poets -- v. 4. The lives of the most eminent English poets, concluded. Miscellaneous lives -- v. 5-7. The Rambler -- v. 8. The Idler -- v. 9. The Adventurer. Philological tracts -- v. 10. Political tracts. Political essays. Miscellaneous essays. A journey to the western islands of Scotland -- v. 11. Tales and visions: The history of Rasselas, The vision of Theodore, The apotheosis of Milton. Prayers and devotional exercises. Apophthegms, sentiments, opinions, and occasional reflections. Irene, a tragedy. Poems. Miscellaneous poems. Poemata. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Bryant collection.
Introduction, by H.W. Nevinson.--An old castle.--As you like it.--Antony and Cleopatra.--The winter's tale.--Shakespeare the man.--The literature of the age of Queen Anne: general characteristics of the age.--The literature of the age of Queen Anne: politics, parties, and persons.--The life of Jonathan Swift.--Robert Burns.--John Ruskin.--Browning: general characteristics.--Art, love, and religion in the poetry of Robert Browning.--Arthur Hugh Clough.--A new England mystic [Bronson Alcott] ; Mode of access: Internet.
Printer from vol. t.p., v. 66. ; Title from caption. ; Numbering for v. 66-79, 1804-1817, on vol. t.p.; issues within vols. are designated by month only. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Formed by the union of: Scots magazine, or, General repository of literature, history, and politics; and: Edinburgh magazine, or Literary miscellany.
A Self-Reflexive Journey examines real-life, published accounts of populareighteenth-century travelers as a novel form of creative autobiography in which lived experience is translated as narrative experiment. As a subset of life-writing, the travelogue provides the occasion for authors to self-fashion their identities as traveling subjects and attempt to reconcile their personal and national identities with constant exposure to foreign customs and modes of thought. I argue that figurative and literal landscapes in eighteenth-century travel accounts function as a crucial site for the mediation of narrative identity, enabling the internal contestations of the evolving self to be enacted upon a global stage.The introduction elaborates upon the critical approach of the dissertation anddiscusses how Joseph Addison's meditation on Virgilian poetical "landskips" in Remarks on Italy (1705) anticipates his eponymous persona in The Spectator (1711-1712) by reconciling the literary past with the literal present. Chapter two examines the letters Lady Mary Wortley Montagu composed during her eighteenth-month sojourn to Turkey beginning in 1716, posthumously published as Turkish Embassy Letters (1763), and her correspondence relating to her residence in Italy from 1739 to 1762. I interrogate how Montagu's depiction of Turkey as the Elysian Fields in 1717, and her recapitulation of this metaphor to describe her departure for Italy twenty-two years later, serves as a paradigm for leaving behind her former English life and identity. In the third chapter I analyze James Boswell's use of the geographical feature of the isthmus to stand in for his intermediary identity as a post-Union Scot in An Account of Corsica (1768) and The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1785). The dissertation concludes by exploring Mary Wollstonecraft's conflation of embosomed arboreal landscapes and the female breast in Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) to politicize her identity as a mother and travel writer within the Radical context of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).
