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Today, eye trackers are extensively used in studying human cognition. However, it is hard to analyze and interpret eye movement data from the cognitive comprehension perspective of poster reading. To find quantitative links between eye movements and cognitive comprehension, we tracked observers' eye movement for reading scientific poster publications. We model in this paper eye tracking fixation sequences between content-dependent Areas of Interests (AOIs) as a Markov chain. Furthermore, we use the fact that a Markov chain is a special case of information or communication channel. Then, the gaze transition can be modeled as a discrete information channel, the gaze information channel. Next, some traditional eye tracking metrics, together with the gaze entropy and mutual information of the gaze information channel are calculated to quantify cognitive comprehension for every participant. The analysis of the results demonstrate that the gaze entropy and mutual information from individual gaze information channel are related to participants' individual differences. This is the first study that eye tracking technology has been used to assess the cognitive comprehension of poster reading. The present work provides insights into human cognitive comprehension by using the novel gaze information channel methodology ; This work has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No.61471261 and No.61771335, and by grants TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from the Spanish Government

This paper presents a study and a comparison of the use of different information-theoretic measures for polygonal mesh simplification. Generalized measures from Information Theory such as Havrda–Charvát–Tsallis entropy and mutual information have been applied. These measures have been used in the error metric of a surface simplification algorithm. We demonstrate that these measures are useful for simplifying three-dimensional polygonal meshes. We have also compared these metrics with the error metrics used in a geometry-based method and in an image-driven method. Quantitative results are presented in the comparison using the root-mean-square error (RMSE) ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project TIN2010-21089-C03-03 and TIN2010-21089-C03-01) and Feder Funds, Bancaixa (Project P1.1B2010-08), Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2010/028) and Project 2009-SGR-643 of Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government)

This paper presents a study and a comparison of the use of different information-theoretic measures for polygonal mesh simplification. Generalized measures from Information Theory such as Havrda–Charvát–Tsallis entropy and mutual information have been applied. These measures have been used in the error metric of a surface simplification algorithm. We demonstrate that these measures are useful for simplifying three-dimensional polygonal meshes. We have also compared these metrics with the error metrics used in a geometry-based method and in an image-driven method. Quantitative results are presented in the comparison using the root-mean-square error (RMSE) ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project TIN2010-21089-C03-03 and TIN2010-21089-C03-01) and Feder Funds, Bancaixa (Project P1.1B2010-08), Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2010/028) and Project 2009-SGR-643 of Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government)

This paper presents a study and a comparison of the use of different information-theoretic measures for polygonal mesh simplification. Generalized measures from Information Theory such as Havrda–Charvát–Tsallis entropy and mutual information have been applied. These measures have been used in the error metric of a surface simplification algorithm. We demonstrate that these measures are useful for simplifying three-dimensional polygonal meshes. We have also compared these metrics with the error metrics used in a geometry-based method and in an image-driven method. Quantitative results are presented in the comparison using the root-mean-square error (RMSE) ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project TIN2010-21089-C03-03 and TIN2010-21089-C03-01) and Feder Funds, Bancaixa (Project P1.1B2010-08), Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEO/2010/028) and Project 2009-SGR-643 of Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan Government)

Information theory, and the concept of information channel, allows us to calculate the mutual information between the source (input) and the receiver (output), both represented by probability distributions over their possible states. In this paper, we use the theory behind the information channel to provide an enhanced interpretation to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), a square matrix whose columns and rows present the expenditure and receipt accounts of economic actors. Under our interpretation, the SAM's coefficients, which, conceptually, can be viewed as a Markov chain, can be interpreted as an information channel, allowing us to optimize the desired level of aggregation within the SAM. In addition, the developed information measures can describe accurately the evolution of a SAM over time. Interpreting the SAM matrix as an ergodic chain could show the effect of a shock on the economy after several periods or economic cycles. Under our new framework, finding the power limit of the matrix allows one to check (and confirm) whether the matrix is well-constructed (irreducible and aperiodic), and obtain new optimization functions to balance the SAM matrix. In addition to the theory, we also provide two empirical examples that support our channel concept and help to understand the associated measures ; M.S., M.F. and M.V. acknowledge support from the project PID2019-106426RB-C31 from the Spanish Government

In this paper, we present order invariance theoretical results for weighted quasi-arithmetic means of a monotonic series of numbers. The quasi-arithmetic mean, or Kolmogorov–Nagumo mean, generalizes the classical mean and appears in many disciplines, from information theory to physics, from economics to traffic flow. Stochastic orders are defined on weights (or equivalently, discrete probability distributions). They were introduced to study risk in economics and decision theory, and recently have found utility in Monte Carlo techniques and in image processing. We show in this paper that, if two distributions of weights are ordered under first stochastic order, then for any monotonic series of numbers their weighted quasi-arithmetic means share the same order. This means for instance that arithmetic and harmonic mean for two different distributions of weights always have to be aligned if the weights are stochastically ordered, this is, either both means increase or both decrease. We explore the invariance properties when convex (concave) functions define both the quasi-arithmetic mean and the series of numbers, we show its relationship with increasing concave order and increasing convex order, and we observe the important role played by a new defined mirror property of stochastic orders. We also give some applications to entropy and cross-entropy and present an example of multiple importance sampling Monte Carlo technique that illustrates the usefulness and transversality of our approach. Invariance theorems are useful when a system is represented by a set of quasi-arithmetic means and we want to change the distribution of weights so that all means evolve in the same direction ; Mateu Sbert and Jordi Poch are funded in part by grant PID2019-106426RB-C31 from the Spanish Government. Víctor Elvira was partially supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche of France under PISCES project (ANR-17-CE40-0031-01)

This paper uses quantitative eye tracking indicators to analyze the relationship between images of paintings and human viewing. First, we build the eye tracking fixation sequences through areas of interest (AOIs) into an information channel, the gaze channel. Although this channel can be interpreted as a generalization of a first-order Markov chain, we show that the gaze channel is fully independent of this interpretation, and stands even when first-order Markov chain modeling would no longer fit. The entropy of the equilibrium distribution and the conditional entropy of a Markov chain are extended with additional information-theoretic measures, such as joint entropy, mutual information, and conditional entropy of each area of interest. Then, the gaze information channel is applied to analyze a subset of Van Gogh paintings. Van Gogh artworks, classified by art critics into several periods, have been studied under computational aesthetics measures, which include the use of Kolmogorov complexity and permutation entropy. The gaze information channel paradigm allows the information-theoretic measures to analyze both individual gaze behavior and clustered behavior from observers and paintings. Finally, we show that there is a clear correlation between the gaze information channel quantities that come from direct human observation, and the computational aesthetics measures that do not rely on any human observation at all ; This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 61702359, and by grant TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from Spanish Government.

Cross entropy and Kullback–Leibler (K-L) divergence are fundamental quantities of information theory, and they are widely used in many fields. Since cross entropy is the negated logarithm of likelihood, minimizing cross entropy is equivalent to maximizing likelihood, and thus, cross entropy is applied for optimization in machine learning. K-L divergence also stands independently as a commonly used metric for measuring the difference between two distributions. In this paper, we introduce new inequalities regarding cross entropy and K-L divergence by using the fact that cross entropy is the negated logarithm of the weighted geometric mean. We first apply the well-known rearrangement inequality, followed by a recent theorem on weighted Kolmogorov means, and, finally, we introduce a new theorem that directly applies to inequalities between K-L divergences. To illustrate our results, we show numerical examples of distributions ; Mateu Sbert acknowledges the funding of National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants No.61471261 and No.61771335, and by grant TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from Spanish Government, Jordi Poch and Anton Bardera acknowledge the funding of TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from Spanish Government

Viewpoint selection has been an emerging area in computer graphics for some years, and it is now getting maturity with applications in fields such as scene navigation, scientific visualization, object recognition, mesh simplification, and camera placement. In this survey, we review and compare twenty-two measures to select good views of a polygonal 3D model, classify them using an extension of the categories defined by Secord et al., and evaluate them against the Dutagaci et al. benchmark. Eleven of these measures have not been reviewed in previous surveys. Three out of the five short-listed best viewpoint measures are directly related to information. We also present in which fields the different viewpoint measures have been applied. Finally, we provide a publicly available framework where all the viewpoint selection measures are implemented and can be compared against each other ; This work has been partially funded by grant TIN2016-75866-C3-3-R from the Spanish Government, grant 2017-SGR-1101 from Catalan Government and by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61571439, 61471261 and 61771335)

Iniciamos 2022 com mais um novo capítulo da revista Entropia. Continuamos divulgando as produções de pesquisadores jovens e com maior experiência. Somos um espaço plural que faz da divulgação científica um marco central. O ano de 2002 se apresenta com particularidades. Eleições presidenciais trazendo a expectativa de elegermos um governo compromissado com a ciência, a pesquisa, a educação, a cultura, o meio ambiente, entre outros importantíssimos pontos; bicentenário da independência nacional, 100 anos da fundação do PCB. Nosso primeiro dossiê analisa os 100 anos do PCB (nascido como Partido Comunista do Brasil, seção da Internacional Comunista). Não será discutido qual dos dois partidos expressam o real PCB, mas sim, como a fundação e manutenção do PCB têm contribuído para a constituição de uma cultura política no país. Pesquisadores da história do PCB contribuíram para esse dossiê que foi organizado pelo professor doutor Hiran Roedel.

This paper uses the principle of maximum entropy to characterize certain aspects of classical political economy associated with the labor theory of value. First, it is shown that the free mobility of labor can give rise to a distribution of wages tending towards the mean and the existence of universal labor time as an emergent property of the system. Similarly, it is shown that the free mobility of capital can result in a tendency towards a normal rate of profit, while allowing for the possibility that the system will enter periods of crisis through time. ; En este artículo se utiliza el principio de máxima entropía para ilustrar algunos planteamientos de la economía política clásica relacionados con la teoría del valor trabajo. Primero muestra que la libre movilidad del trabajo puede dar lugar a una distribución de salarios que tiende a la media y que el trabajo universal es una propiedad emergente del sistema. De manera similar, el resultado de la libre movilidad del capital es la tendencia a una tasa de ganancia normal, aunque pueden existir periodos de crisis. ; Este artigo usa o princípio da entropia máxima para ilustrar algumas abordagens da economia política clássica relacionadas à teoria do valor do trabalho. Primeiro, mostra que a livre mobilidade do trabalho pode dar origem a uma distribuição salarial média e que o trabalho universal é uma propriedade emergente do sistema. Da mesma forma, o resultado da livre mobilidade de capital é a tendência a uma taxa de lucro normal, embora possa haver períodos de crise.

Aquesta recopilació jurisprudencial pretén il·lustrar amb exemples la incidència de les noves tecnologies sobre els drets fonamentals. Els tribunals han intentat adaptar-se als nous supòsits a partir del bagatge conceptual tradicional. A poc a poc, els casos més forçats sembla que obliguen a introduir novetats, que de moment són molt limitades. El resultat final és un àmbit de protecció desigual, on certs drets són prioritzats, com de manera destacada ho és el dret a la protecció de dades, en detriment d'altres que queden més en un segon pla. S'ha afirmat, per cloure l'estudi, que potser podríem considerar la situació actual com una situació transitòria cap a una jurisprudència que, segurament amb guies legislatives més precises, concreti nous drets apareguts en el marc de la societat del coneixement. La tasca del dret és adaptar-s'hi per seguir oferint nivells de protecció equivalents com a mínim als drets tradicionals .Les transformacions de l'Administració electrònica, d'altra banda, podrien tenir repercussions més profundes del que aparentment només és una simple actualització dels procediments administratius amb les tecnologies de la informació. ; Esta recopilación jurisprudencial pretende ilustrar con ejemplos la incidencia de las nuevas tecnologías sobre los derechos fundamentales. Los tribunales han intentado adaptarse a los nuevos supuestos a partir del bagaje conceptual tradicional. Poco a poco, los casos más forzados parece que obligan a introducir novedades, que de momento son muy limitadas. El resultado final es un ámbito de protección desigual, donde ciertos derechos son priorizados, como de manera destacada lo es el derecho a la protección de datos, en detrimento de otros que quedan más en un segundo plan. Se ha afirmado, para concluir el estudio, que quizás podría- mos considerar la situación actual como una situación transitoria hacia una jurisprudencia que, seguramente con guías legislativas más precisas, concrete nuevos derechos aparecidos en el marco de la sociedad del conocimiento. La tarea ...