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The trace elements in coal play an important role in its mining, treatment and usage. This book is a unique blend of relevant information on the 24 trace elements of environmental interest. Major emphasis is on background matters (content, geology, modes of occurrence) and to practical aspects (beneficiation, combustion, effects in emission control systems). Other topics dealt with in detail are the transport and dispersion of plumes, deposition from the atmosphere around a power station, leaching from coal ash, and mineland reclamation. In contrast to other publications, this book is an up-to-date, balanced account of the overall situation. Audience: Coal scientists and technologists involved in the environmental aspects of coal production and use, and regulatory bodies

Increasing attention is being paid to packaging, a component of product in the marketing mix. It is being recognized that packaging is important not only from a functional viewpoint, but also in terms of marketing to the customer. One of the constraints on packaging is environmental Issues. These are becoming increasingly important internationally, from both a legislative and consumer perspective. In this study the perceptions of the members of the packaging value chain as regards the functional, marketing and environmental Issues surrounding packaging are examined. It is found that functional aspects appear to be the most important, followed by marketing aspects. Environmental concerns are rated as unimportant. This is despite evidence that these Issues should be regarded with increasing importance based on international trends. However, the relative importance of environmental packaging Issues is greatest amongst raw-material suppliers, followed by packaging and fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) suppliers. Retailers have the least interest.

ABSTRACTThe requirements of environmental legislation demand a massive clean‐up of coastal discharges for Devon, Cornwall and West Dorset. South West Water Services Limited have developed a marine improvement programme which (a) is the largest of its type in Europe and (b) seeks to address the requirements of legislation incorporating town planning policies together with the increasing public awareness of environmental issues. The pressures around the region's coastline within the foregoing framework set the challenge of achieving the required understanding of coastal processes, together with the implementation of engineering solutions to meet with society's expectations. These have to be achieved at least cost and provide the most innovative and effective engineering solutions for the efficient implementation and management of such a programme.

ABSTRACTIn the management of water resources it is essential to ensure a pure, adequate and constant supply to consumers. In recent years, however, increasing attention has been directed to ensuring that water resources have no detrimental effects on the environment. The avoidance of adverse environmental effects becomes more difficult during the management of established systems; some, such as that of Madrid, were designed with old environmental requirements and are often complex in nature.This paper analyses the effects of such a system upon the aquatic ecosystems and on the supply of drinking water.