Suchergebnisse

The paper makes a validity analysis of Environmental Impact Assessement (EIA) when used as a means of bettering the environmental aspect of projects. The author feels that the arbitrariness behind the drawing up of the EIA as they are invalidates them as a useful way of achieving this goal. A study is made of 67 Pleas of Environmental Impact in which discrimination against private and in favour of public projects, a host of infractions of standing regulations, the special consequences of the existence of a multiplicity of environmental agencies with differing criteria, the almost null participation of the general public are observed among the results of the legislation at present in force. The paper finishes, after first warning against the dangers of considering the EIA as a territorial administrative instrument, by arguing for a system that would include environmental considerations as part and parcel of the design process rather than a further, outside consideration during the conception of projects. ; En este articulo se analiza la validez del procedimiento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) como instrumento capaz de lograr una mejora de los aspectos ambientales de los proyectos. En opinión del autor la arbitrariedad que implica la EIA en su actual concepción la invalidan como herramienta eficaz para lograr este objetivo. Se realiza un estudio de 67 Declaraciones de Impacto Ambiental, destacándose la discriminación de los proyectos privados frente a los públicos. las abundantes infracciones de la normativa vigente, Ias consecuencias espaciales de la existencia de órganos ambientales diversos con criterios variables, la escasa efectividad de la participación pública y los resultados de la actual legislación en la materia. Finalmente, tras advertir del riesgo de considerar la EIA como un instrumento de gestión territorial. se aboga por un sistema que incorpore los criterios ambientales como un elemento más en los procesos de diseño y no de forma independiente al resto de la concepción de los proyectos.

Airports and aerodromes are transport infrastructures which, apart from contributing to the mobility of people and goods, favor social development, since they promote new activities, stimulate local initiatives and reassess bordering areas. This article presents a synthesis of the Environmental Impact Study of a future aerodrome, whose design project is way at present. The aerodrome is submitted to the EIA administrative procedure due to the currently applicable specific legislation: R.D. 1302/86. The technical document submitted for study is the special plan of the aerodrome. One of the basic criteria in the conception of airports and private airfields is the compatibility with the habitability of the environment as well as with the ecological and landscape conditions. This criteria should play a part in the orientation of the runways, trajectory of the taking off and landing maneuvers., even in the location and design og the parking spaces, hangars and other facilities. This idea suggests the design be conceived with environmental-friendly sensibility, right from the initial stages, without leaving the responsibility of this issue to the environmental study impact. The present study has its own style of approaching the dissemination, consisting of the idea that the reader will find the methodological aspects more useful than the technical data which are of consequence only in the handling of the different project stages. The aspects which are also considered important for the reader are those which allowed the team of editors to form their criteria on the issues of expenses, environmental benefits of the design, its acceptability, etc. The methodology applied is a classical one, in accordance with the requirements of the EIA regulations. ; Los aeropuertos y aeródromos son infraestructuras de transporte que, además de contribuir a la movilidad de las personas y mercancías, fomentan el desarrollo porque promocionan nuevas actividades, estimulan las iniciativas locales y revalorizan los territorios contiguos. Se ...

The War of Independence-or Emancipation that unfolded in Venezuela between the second and the third decade of the 19th century, brought deep changes in the landscape of part of the Venezuelan territory. Those effects were significant as regards the demographical composition of the space occupied by the General Captainship of the country, that was composed by regions and microregions in the process of shaping up ever since the first European settlers moved in, and by the colony, a territorial framework that responded to physical, cultural, economical and environmental elements that trascended the administrative division of the territory. A significant part of the Venezuelan territory served as a battle-field in which both groups wrestled either to preserve or have access to the geographical boundaries of the General Captainship. The struggle for the capture of those spaces reached the highest peaks of cruelty and intensity as the confrontation for gaining control over the territories having a prime military, political and economical significance became more ravaging. The devastating effects upon the landscape brought about by the war were emphasized by the occurrence of natural disasters and epidemics that stroke some regions of Venezuela. ; La guerra de Independencia o Emancipación que se lleva a cabo en Venezuela entre la segunda y la tercera décadas del siglo XIX, produce profundos y marcados cambios en el paisaje de una tercera parte del territorio. Los efectos se hacen sentir sobre la composición demográfica del espacio donde se encuentra la Capitanía General de Venezuela, conformada por regiones y microrregiones que han venido conformándose desde el proceso inicial de poblamiento europeo y la colonia, respondiendo esta estructuración espacial a elementos físicos, culturales, económicos y ambientales que trascienden la división administrativa del territorio. Sobre una parte importante de Venezuela se ejecutan las acciones bélicas de los dos grupos que se disputan la posibilidad de preservar o acceder al ...

Libro que plantea la importancia de incorporar el componente medioambiental en desarrollo de las actividades de las PYME que permita un desarrollo industrial sostenible, se desarrollan las siguientes temáticas: introducción a la gestión ambiental, la problemática ambiental, el programa de eco eficiencia y estrategias de acción, economía y medio ambiente, comercio y medio ambiente y derecho, política y medio ambiente ; Book that raises the importance of incorporating the environmental component in the development of SME activities that allows sustainable industrial development, develop the following topics: introduction to environmental management, environmental issues, eco-efficiency program and action strategies , economy and environment, trade and environment and law, politics and the environment ; Introducción a la gestión ambiental -- La problemática ambiental -- Programa de eco eficiencia -- Economía y medio ambiente -- Comercio, desarrollo y medio ambiente -- Derecho, política y medio ambiente ; na ; 201 páginas

The social, cultural and sanitary problem concerning rural housing in Latin America depends to a large extent on the confluence of political, ethnic and environmental aspects and centuries of personal and folkloric financing which make a solution truly difficult. Technologically-speaking, it is possible to contribute to the gradual improvement of traditional domestic techniques by studying these in depth and making use of their undeniable kindliness in order to achieve greater efficiency in aspects which are currently negative. This will make up the technicians* contribution to a wider broaching of this subject, with care being taken, however, so as not to produce stereotyped solutions which cause more problems than the ones the solve, bay having a negative impact on the double changes involving these people. ; El problema social, cultural y sanitario de la vivienda rural, en Latinoamérica, depende en gran medida de la confluencia de aspectos políticos, étnicos, ambientales y siglos de afianzamiento vivencial y costumbrista que son verdaderamente muy difícil de solucionar. Tecnológicamente es posible contribuir al mejoramiento paulatino de las técnicas constructivas domésticas tradicionales, estudiándolas profundamente y aprovechando sus innegables bondades para lograr mayor eficacia en los aspectos actualmente negativos. Esta será la contribución de los técnicos a un más amplio abarque del tema, pero con el cuidado de no producir soluciones estereotipadas que causen más problemas que los que solucionan al impactar negativamente en los bicambiantes de tales individuos.

At the beginning of a new historical era, it is imperative to renew the action agenda of traditional politicians to avoid disagreement with their peoples. The ability to formulate and carry out strategies for internal restoration and international reintegration of Latin American countries depends on the interrelation between various factors: the existence of a leadership that can promote structural reforms; the institutional and cultural fabric; and the capacity to formulate and implement public policies that allows facing challenges effectively. In this sense, democratic governance strategies are required that integrate economic, political, social and environmental aspects. In Latin America, the modernization of the State is considered in terms of governance, understood not as political stability but as the ability to face challenges and opportunities. ; Al iniciar una era histórica nueva es imperativo renovar la agenda de actuación de los políticos tradicionales para evitar el desencuentro con sus pueblos. La capacidad para formular y llevar a cabo estrategias de recomposición interna y de reinserción internacional de los países latinoamericanos depende de la interrelación entre diversos factores: la existencia de liderazgo que pueda impulsar reformas estructurales; el tejido institucional y cultural; y la capacidad para formular e implementar las políticas públicas que permitan enfrentar eficazmente los retos. En este sentido, se requieren estrategias de gobernabilidad democrática que integren aspectos económicos, políticos, sociales y medioambientales. En América Latina la modernización del Estado se plantea en términos de gobernabilidad, entendida no como estabilidad política sino como la capacidad para encarar los desafíos y las oportunidades.

Los países en desarrollo como el Perú y las Filipinas comparten similares problemas ambientales. La degradación de los recursos ambientales en Bohol, Filipinas ha avanzado hasta un estado crítico debido a la sobrepoblación, la guerra civil, deforestación y falta de estrategias y políticas de protección y manejo ambiental. En el Perú se está produciendo una degradación ambiental que, sin embargo, no ha llegado al estado crítico. Debido a semejanzas en el crecimiento poblacional, uso de la tierra y fisiografía, la información obtenida mediante el estudio sistemático de la degradación ambiental y de la ampliación agrícola en las Filipinas, es aplicable al Perú. Se determinó que para ambas localidades el aspecto más importante de la protección, manejo y ampliación del uso de los recursos ambientales es el desarrollo de una educación ambiental y de programas de toma de conciencia en los cuales los profesores, funcionarios de gobierno, estudiantes y público en general son educados acerca de las intricancias de su ambiente y sobre por qué y cómo proteger, preservar y administrar los recursos ambientales.The developing nations of Peru and the Philippines share similar environmental problems. Because of overpopulation, civil war deforestation, and policies, environmental protection and management strategies and policies, environmental resource degradation in Bohol, the Philippines has advanced to a critical stage. Environmental degradation in Peru is occurring, but it has not yet advanced to this critical stage. Because of similarities in population growth, land use, and physiography, information gained by systematically studying environmental degradation and reclamation in the Philippines is applicable to Peru. It was determined for both locales that the most important aspect of environmental resource protection, management, and reclamation was the development of environmental education and awareness programs wherein teachers, government officials, students, and the general public are educated about the intricacies of their environment, and why and how to protect, preserve, and manage environmental resources.

El debate sobre la administración pública se ha agudizado en este periodo de privatización de empresas estatales. Este libro refleja elementos de controversia en sus diversas vertientes: las circunstancias de evolución histórica en que se dan estos procesos, la naturaleza misma de la gerencia publica, el entorno político en que opera la administración estatal, las características de una adecuada educación universitaria sobre este tema, así como algunos aspectos que serán de enorme importancia en el futuro: los requisitos y la manera de organizar una gerencia del medio ambiente y la administración municipal. ; The debate on public administration has intensified in this period of privatization of state companies. This book reflects elements of controversy in its various aspects: the circumstances of historical evolution in which these processes occur, the very nature of public management, the political environment in which the state administration operates, the characteristics of an adequate university education on this subject, as well as some aspects that will be of enormous importance in the future: the requirements and the way to organize an environmental management and municipal administration.

Compliance with environmental regulations adopted mainly by developed countries affects trade and international competitiveness, causing the emergence of protectionist tendencies, an issue that has caught the attention of the GATT. This paper details the legislation of the General Agreement and international instruments related to environmental matters, the activities and the status of the work of the GATT Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade (Ukawa Group), regarding the legal aspects, studies on multilateral transparency and the effects on labeling and ecological packaging. The results of the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, are also mentioned, highlighting the texts related to trade and the environment, especially the Agenda 21 of the Conference, which constitutes the basis for defending the interests of the developing countries in question. ; El cumplimiento de normas ambientales adoptadas sobre todo por países desarrollados incide en el comercio y la competitividad internacional, provocando el surgimiento de tendencias proteccionistas, tema que ha captado la atención del GATT. En el presente trabajo se detallan la legislación del Acuerdo General y de los instrumentos internacionales relacionados con los asuntos ambientales, las actividades y el estado de los trabajos del Grupo del GATT sobre Medidas Ambientales y Comercio Internacional (Grupo Ukawa), en cuanto a los aspectos jurídicos, los estudios sobre transparencia multilateral y los efectos en materia de etiquetado y embalaje ecológico. Se mencionan además los resultados de la Cumbre de la Tierra, celebrada en Rio de Janeiro en 1992, destacando los textos relativos al tema comercio y medio ambiente, especialmente el Programa 21 de la Conferencia que constituye la base para defender los intereses de los países en desarrollo.

Como resultado de la investigación, en el área de estudio se establecieron zonas con problemas comunes, sobre la base de la consideración de los siguientes aspectos. Características físicas, que inciden, sobre todo, en razón del modelado, en la existencia de sectores frecuentemente inundados. Características meteorológicas, ligadas a inversiones térmicas, que configuran en conjunto un sitio desfavorable desde el punto de vista de la contaminación. Un espacio urbanizado -en cuya evolución se señalan cuatro etapas-, que destaca la renovación de la construcción a partir especialmente del sismo de 1985, la subutilización de superficies, y el incremento de terrenos baldíos y villas miserias. Los espacios verdes son insuficientes. La degradación ambiental se manifiesta elocuentemente en la contaminación del aire, pero también es significativa la del agua y la proliferación, prácticamente incontrolada, del ruido. En síntesis, las condiciones naturales son desfavorables, pero los principales ataques que sufre el medio se deben a la falta de conciencia de los habitantes y funcionarios. ; Diagnostic de la pollution de l'environnement dans la ville de Mendoza. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que, dans l'aire d'étude choisie, on peut distinguer des zones ayant des problèmes communs, en tenant compte des aspects suivants. Caractéristiques physiques, qui, en raison du modelage, agissent en particulier sur les secteurs fréquemment inondés. Caractéristiques météorologiques, liées aux inversions thermiques, qui configurent dans l'ensemble un site défavorable du point de vue de la pollution. Un espace urbanisé -dans l'évolution duquel se distinguent quatre étapes- qui marque le renouvellement de la construction á partir notamment du séisme de 1985, le sous-emploi des superficies, et l'accroissement de terrains vagues et de bidonvilles. Les espaces verts sont insuffisants. ; Diagnosis of environmental pollution in the city of Mendoza. As the outcome of this research in the field, different zones with shared problems were established, taking into account the following aspects. Physical aspects that mainly affect the topography, with the presence of frenquently flooded areas. Meteorological aspects that go hand with thermal inverses, that make up a unit, an unfavourable site from the point of view of pollution. An urbanizad space, in the evolution of which four stages are detected, the building renewal as from the 1985 earthquake, the subutilization of urban spaces, the Increase of vacant lots and of shanty towns. The insufficiency of green areas. Degradation of the environment is clearly detected not only in the air pollution but also into a fairly high degree of water pollution and in the unrestricted increase of noise. Summing up, the natural conditions are infavourable, but the main issue concerning environment lies in the lack of awareness of government officials and citizens. ; Fil: Mannino, María Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Based on consensus, it is necessary for Latin America to develop a new economic and social policy agenda for the 1990s, in order to reconcile economic growth with social justice. The objective of this should be to ensure a better insertion of the region in the world through a modernization process that generates equity in the internal sphere. In this sense, the present work mentions ten aspects that the design of this agenda should consider: economic viability and consolidation of the reforms; social, environmental and political sustainability of the model; reform of the state; strengthening of the private sector; technological modernization; training of human resources; consolidation and expansion of integration processes and new forms of international insertion. ; Basándose en el consenso, es necesario que América Latina elabore una nueva agenda de las políticas económicas y sociales para los noventa, de manera de poder conciliar el crecimiento económico con la justicia social. El objetivo de esta debe ser asegurar una mejor inserción de la región en el mundo a través de un proceso de modernización que genere equidad en el ámbito interno. En este sentido, en el presente trabajo se mencionan diez aspectos que debe considerar el diseño de esta agenda: viabilidad económica y consolidación de las reformas; sustentabilidad social, ambiental y política del modelo; reforma del Estado; fortalecimiento del sector privado; modernización tecnológica; formación de recursos humanos; consolidación y expansión de los procesos de integración y nuevas formas de inserción internacional.

[ES] The III National R & D Plan for the period 1996-99 — approved by the Government in July 1995 — includes a National Water Resources Programme, which aims to increase knowledge of resources and demands. The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been grouped under the following strands: water resource management, water quality, water related environmental problems, applications of new technologies, surface and groundwater hydrology, and agrohydrology. The main recipients of the results of the programme will be the Directorate-General for Hydraulic Works, responsible for the National Hydrological Plan, the Directorate-General for Water Quality, which manages the National Plan for Waste Water Sanitation and Depuration, and the Directorate-General for Rural Planning and Natural Environment, which is currently drawing up the National Irrigation Plan, and the socio-economic sectors involved in water issues. Other programmes of the National R & D Plan relate to this programme, in particular those for the Environment and Agricultural R & D, which respectively include aspects of pollution, water erosion and measures to protect them. The objectives of this programme are also partly in line with those of the Fourth European Framework Programme, although the latter's objectives are particularly focused on the impact of climate change on water resources, as well as on technologies for forecasting and preventing hydrological risks, with a greater focus on lasinundation than droughts. The instruments to implement the Programme are primarily R & D projects, the results of which inform national water management plans. However, the participation of companies in projects and in the transfer of research results will be enhanced, especially with regard to new technologies and water-related materials and equipment. Martínez Beltrán, J. (1995). The National Water Resources Programme. Water engineering. 2 (3): 69-72. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1995.2683 ; 69 72 2 3 ; [ES] The III National R & ...