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In: ACS symposium series 799
In: Exogenous dermatology: physical, chemical, biological, Band 3, Heft 2, S. 57-71
ISSN: 1424-4624
Water is absolutely essential for the normal functioning of the skin and especially the stratum corneum (SC). However, as the SC is continuously exposed to varying humidities, maintenance of water within the tissue is crucial. Under most circumstances water present within the SC will be derived from bodily water, being lost by transepidermal water loss, and is normally bound by proteins together with naturally occurring hygroscopic compounds found largely within, but also external to, the corneocytes. Small amounts of water escape through this slightly leaky barrier to hydrate the dehydrated outer layers of the SC, and this is key to maintaining SC flexibility, SC maturation and SC desquamation. The retention of water in the SC is dependent on three major mechanisms: (a) the intercellular lamellar lipids whose physical conformation, predominantly an orthorhombic gel phase, provides a tight and effective barrier to the passage of water through the tissue, (b) the presence of corneodesmosome-bound and ceramide-hydrophobed corneocytes which influence the tortuosity of the SC and thereby the diffusion path length of water and (c) the presence of both intracellular and extracellular SC natural moisturizing factors (NMF). The structure, biochemistry and function of the SC and the epidermis can however be disturbed upon environmental challenge, particularly by disruption of the SC barrier resulting in the precipitation of dry flaky skin conditions. The maintenance of barrier function and thereby SC hydration is central to the production and optimal functioning of the SC. Fluctuating atmospheric conditions (high and low dew points) influence the formation of the epidermal barrier lipids, NMF, corneocyte envelope phenotypes and the desquamatory enzymes and are thus an initiator of dry skin. At low atmospheric dew points, the reduced SC water content precipitates the dry skin phenotype. On perturbation of barrier function, a cycle of events begins initially with the superficial dehydration of the SC (leaking of extracellular lipids, disruption of lipid lamellar architecture, loss of water-soluble NMF), the release of inflammatory mediators, induction of hyperproliferation of epidermal keratinocytes resulting in disturbed epidermal differentiation leading to an inferior SC (enhanced production of sphingosine-containing ceramides relative to phytosphingosine-containing ceramides and reduced transglutaminase activity leading to retention of fragile corneocyte envelopes in the superficial layers of the SC that have reduced levels of covalently bound ceramides), together with a flaky skin condition (reduced desquamatory enzyme activities and reduced corneodesmolysis). In extreme cases when inflammation is present, increased levels of proteases are observed in the SC and reduced interleukin 1 (IL-1) levels with increased IL-1 receptor antagonist protein levels. If left untreated, these events will continuously cycle to produce an even poorer skin condition, and ultimately mechanical cracking of corneodesmosomes between the corneocytes will result in mechanical trauma to the SC.
In: Transfer: the European review of labour and research ; quarterly review of the European Trade Union Institute, Band 10, Heft 3, S. 476-479
ISSN: 1996-7284
In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: wirtschaftspolitische Zeitschrift der Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 415-427
ISSN: 0378-5130
Die Gefährdung der physikalischen und der sozialen Umwelt in Entwicklungsländern läßt sich mit folgenden Punkten umreißen: 1. weiterhin ansteigende Geburtenrate; 2. Verstädterungstendenzen; 3. Einsatz von Atomenergie; 4. Umweltschäden durch Chemikalien (Pestizide); 5. Umweltschäden durch Industrieabfälle und 6. Zerstörung der Wälder und Erosion der Böden. Der Autor untersucht einige Entwicklungspolitiken im Hinblick auf ihre negativen Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt mittels einer sozialen Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse und zeigt dabei auch die Möglichkeiten und die Grenzen derartiger Analysen auf. Hieran schließt eine Darstellung der Implikationen für die Entwicklungshilfepolitik an, wobei die Diskussion des Zusammenhanges zwischen Grundbedürfnissen und Umwelt im Vordergrund steht. (NG)
In: IIASA collaborative proceedings series
In: CP 82,07
In: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety: EES ; official journal of the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, Band 10, Heft 2, S. 184-189
ISSN: 1090-2414
In: Aktualʹni pytannja suspilʹnych nauk ta istorii͏̈ medycyny: spilʹnyj ukrai͏̈nsʹko-rumunsʹkyj naukovyj žurnal = Current issues of social studies and history of medicine : joint Ukrainian-Romanian scientific journal = Aktualʹnye voprosy obščestvennych nauk i istorii mediciny = Enjeux actuels de sciences sociales et de l'histoire de la medecine, Band 0, Heft 2, S. 50-57
ISSN: 2411-6181
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 22, Heft 8, S. 5751-5755
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis, Band 13, Heft 4, S. 27-32
ISSN: 2336-4297
In: Energy & Environment 2
The trace elements in coal play an important role in its mining, treatment and usage. This book is a unique blend of relevant information on the 24 trace elements of environmental interest. Major emphasis is on background matters (content, geology, modes of occurrence) and to practical aspects (beneficiation, combustion, effects in emission control systems). Other topics dealt with in detail are the transport and dispersion of plumes, deposition from the atmosphere around a power station, leaching from coal ash, and mineland reclamation. In contrast to other publications, this book is an up-to-date, balanced account of the overall situation. Audience: Coal scientists and technologists involved in the environmental aspects of coal production and use, and regulatory bodies
In: Flood management policy series
In: WHO no. 1009