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The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

Increasing attention is being paid to packaging, a component of product in the marketing mix. It is being recognized that packaging is important not only from a functional viewpoint, but also in terms of marketing to the customer. One of the constraints on packaging is environmental Issues. These are becoming increasingly important internationally, from both a legislative and consumer perspective. In this study the perceptions of the members of the packaging value chain as regards the functional, marketing and environmental Issues surrounding packaging are examined. It is found that functional aspects appear to be the most important, followed by marketing aspects. Environmental concerns are rated as unimportant. This is despite evidence that these Issues should be regarded with increasing importance based on international trends. However, the relative importance of environmental packaging Issues is greatest amongst raw-material suppliers, followed by packaging and fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) suppliers. Retailers have the least interest.

Recent evidence of widespread environmental degradation and global changes resulting from human activities have revived a debate about the sustainability of the progress of human welfare that began at least 200 years ago. In this renewed debate, the seriousness and causes of environmental degradation are subject to widely divergent interpretations. There are many conceivable sustainable futures; the most important differences among them are not technical but political and ideological. The practice of environmental planning is concerned with a wide variety of contexts and situations at the human-environment interface. Because land use is at the root of many of the problems of environmental degradation (e.g., habitat destruction, air pollution, water pollution), land use planning is an appropriate focus for consideration of the role of environmental planning in sustainable development. Planning as a profession, with its inherent future orientation and focus on public values, is well situated to deal with the kinds of problems raised in the discourse regarding sustainability. Examination of mainstream land use planning practices, however, reveals a reactive, reformist incrementalism that responds to environmental degradation caused by growth, but that addresses neither its causes nor its dynamics. Mainstream land use planning approaches have attempted to resolve conflicts between development and environment through spatial solutions at various scales. The need to plan for ecological sustainability is difficult to reconcile with the democratic ideal of local self-determination. Many alternative approaches to land use planning for sustainable development focus on design solutions. The requirements of sustainability are not merely technical, however. There are both emancipatory possibilities and their opposite in sustainability. Implementing sustainability offers planners a number of choices. They can act as mediators, demystifyers of technical information, exposers of hidden ideological assumptions, and advocates. They can strengthen existing authority, or work towards an enlightened self-determination at the local level. ; Ph. D.

Bibliography: pages 136-145. ; The aim of this report is to develop a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, because in the past the environmental evaluation of road projects have been on an ad hoc basis, often using different formats. The procedure is therefore to be replicable from scheme to scheme, procedure, Management and is to be incorporated into the existing road development while drawing on the principles of Integrated Environmental The first part of the report is a study of the environmental evaluation procedures adopted in the United Kingdom, United States of America and Ontario (Canada). The environmental evaluation of roads in these countries are compared under the following headings: contextual features of the environmental evaluation procedures; the planning, location and design stages of the environmental evaluation procedures, and the environmental evaluation documentation. In this comparative study, the common and unique steps and elements are identified in order to generate an 'Ideal'. The second part of the report is a study on the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The administrative structure, legislation, policy and planning procedures for roads in South Africa, and Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) are discussed. Although IEM is currently been developed and road authorities are committed to IEM, the procedure still needs to be incorporated into the existing road development procedure. The third part of the report develops a procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa. The procedure developed incorporates common and unique steps and elements generated in the 'Ideal' into the existing road development procedure. The Environmental Conservation Act and Integrated Environmental Management are also taken into account in developing the procedure. Finally, as there is at present no formal documented procedure for the environmental evaluation of roads in South Africa, it is recommended that the procedure be considered by road and environmental authorities with a view to implementing it.

Includes bibliographical references. ; The purpose of this dissertation is to assess and evaluate various water level management options for the upgrading of Olushandja Dam in northern Namibia within the framework of the environmental impact assessment carried out for the project. This will enable the Namibian Department of Water Affairs (DWA) to improve their management of the dam for the benefit of the local communities and consumers in the Oshana Water Region (Figure 5 . 1). The dam has been in existence since 1975 and is part of the Calueque-Olushandja inter-basin water transfer scheme. A pipeline and a series of canals links Calueque Dam , on the Cunene River in Angola , with Olushandja Dam in Namibia and the urban areas to the east and south. In order to provide for the expected increase in water requirements from agricultural and rural development the scheme is presently being upgraded. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) was initiated in 1994 by the DWA as a requirement of the Dutch Government who are funding the project. Biophysical studies were undertaken by staff from the DWA and private consultants from Windhoek. The socio-economic study was carried out by a study team from the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, in association with a consultant from the University's Environmental Evaluation Unit (EEU). The EEU was appointed to compile a full EIA based on the findings of the specialist reports. This report is expected to be completed by October 1995.

This publication should increase the awareness of Virginia livestock producers of the conditions which may lead to involvement in a nuisance lawsuit, and how liability in such cases may be reduced.

This paper deals with the environmental aspects of the electricity industry in the European Union against the background of the recent proposals for the liberalization of the European electricity market. These proposals, as well as the main features of the power industry in the EU member states, are discussed. Existing and planned environ~mental policies for the electricity sector are considered. It is concluded that liberalization as such is not a threat to the environment, and may even create better competitive opportunities for environmentally friendly ways of generating electricity. However, liberalization will have to be accompanied by regulations, incentives and the provision of information in order to stimulate energy saving, 'cleaner' power generation and renewabIes.

Gozo is marketed as the "island where time stood still" and as a place of "calm and relaxation". Its main attraction lies in its rural character, typical of the Maltese Islands before the advent of mass tourism. Gozo is less urbanized than Malta, has more countryside not given over to agriculture, and, because of its geological and topographical structure, has more water resources and is consequently more verdant than Malta. To these must be added the slow pace of life, the peaceful atmosphere and the friendly people, a significant proportion of whom are still engaged in traditional trades and crafts. It is these which make Gozo an attractive destination for both foreign and local tourists. Gozo's main asset is thus its environment; it is also its main problem in terms of tourism. Almost by definition, a place of relaxation which exists in a temporal backwater must be remote, visited by few people, and must be insulated from the myriad elements which make modern living stressful. The problem lies in the fact that although the greater the number of tourists, the greater the income generated, the greater also is the degradation of that asset which attracted them in the first place - the environment. The disease afflicting the Gozitan environment is a familiar one: lack of appreciation of its importance and lack of understanding of how it functions; the symptoms are many. ; peer-reviewed

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; "Report prepared for the Subcommittee on Energy of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-third Congress, first session." ; "Serial I." ; At head of title: Committee print. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 74 H702-1 ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Im Verlauf der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Deutschlands seit dem Mittelalter haben sich gravierende Veränderungen in der regionalen Verteilung der Wirtschaftsstandorte ergeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht diese Entwicklungen an Hand einer Aktenanalyse von 86 Beschwerden und Einsprüchen (Rekurse) gegen Industrieansiedlungen, die von den Behörden der preußischen Regierungsbezirke im Zeitraum 1830 bis 1867 zur endgültigen Entscheidung an die Zentralregierung in Berlin überwiesen wurden. Rund 80 Prozent aller Beschwerden entfallen auf die drei industriellen Verdichtungsgebiete Niederrhein (einschließlich Aachen), Mitteldeutschland und Berlin. Der Rückgang der Rekurse nach 1860 hängt mit den Verbesserungen im technischen Bereich bei den Dampfmaschinen-Anlagen zusammen, zum anderen damit, daß den Rekursen in den seltensten Fällen ein Erfolg beschieden war. ; Regional changes in the manufacturing branch in the course of the industrialization period in Germany are described, and in this context the question arises, wether and to what extent this shift in emphasis of the industrial activities has brought changes to the regional diffusion of the enviromental pollution. For this purpose files from the former central state archive in Merseburg have been recruted, which contain appeal and complaints against industrial companies ('Rekurse'). From these files 86 appeals have been selected for examination in order to prove their regional diffusion in Prussia. Though it might well be presupposed that a connection existed, it is still rather surprising that 80 percent of all these appeals came from the three areas of great industrial density, that is to say, the lower Rhine area (with Aachen), central Germany (the area of Madgeburg and Halle), and Berlin. Finnally there are some references made as to the prospects that these appeals had, to be positively considered by the Prussian administration.

I 53.2:Ev 2x ; 189 ; Includes ill. and maps.; Includes bibliographical references. ; "This project was initiated by the Bureau of Land Management(Medford District) to review human activities and their impacts on the Evans Creek Watershed between 1820 and the present day . The project's purposes are to (1) provide resource staff with a historical perspective in order that they may determine a range of possibilities for effective future management of the watershed and, (2) review for the public past human interaction with the Evans Creek landscape and the dynamic role of history in its development. Encompassing the Evans Creek Watershed, the study area is comprised of approximately 142,000 acres or 335 square miles. The Bureau of Land Management has identified five landscape analysis units within the area, including Lower Evans, Mid Evans, East Evans, West Evans and Pleasant. Approximately 58,036 acres, or forty-one percent of the lands in the watershed, are managed by the federal government" P. vi [7].

The protection of the global environment is impeded by multilateral externalities which the international community attempts to bring under control by entering into international agreements. International agreements, however, can suffer from non-compliance and free-riding behaviour by sovereign states and must therefore be enforced and stabilised internationally. This paper describes instruments for the enforcement and stabilisation of an international CO2 agreement and evaluates them in the light of economic and legal theory. Economic instruments build on repetition and use utility transfers, economic sanctions and flexible treaty adjustments. Important legal instruments are reciprocal obligations and cooperation duties, international funding and transfer rules, treaty suspension, retorsions and reprisals, treaty revision, and monitoring. The paper shows that economic and legal instruments are compatible to a considerable extent. It develops proposals for the enforcement and stabilisation of a global CO2 agreement and other multilateral treaties.

Bibliography: pages 201-214. ; Environmental degradation is widely regarded as an integral part of South Africa's homeland areas. Conventional thinking often blames so-called traditional farming practices, attitudes and values for this situation. In other words, the blame is placed with the residents of the areas and environmental degradation is explained away as the result of a particular cultural make-up. Following this line of thought, education via agricultural extension is mooted as the primary solution to what is regarded as an inherent problem. The central concern of this dissertation is to examine the dynamics of natural resource management by residents of a rural area in KwaZulu known as oBivane. The thesis shows that the conditions leading to environmental degradation are best seen as the result of particular historical and political processes and not simply as the results of particular patterns of behaviour that are culturally driven. These processes, given primary impetus by massive population influx onto a restricted land base and combined with the peculiarities of differential access to resources and the need to preserve the interests of elite groups, have forced sectors of the South African population into situations where physical survival has necessarily had grave environmental cost. One of the consequences of apartheid policies has been to institutionalise environmental degradation in particular areas of the country.

In the fall of 1976 Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, commonly referred to as RCRA. The objective of the statute is to create an orderly system for the generation, handling and disposal of hazardous waste by means of a comprehensive tracking and record keeping mechanism. RCRA does not regulate directly by statute so much as it delegates rule making authority to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pursuant to its mandate to develop regulations in accordance with the broad criteria of RCRA, EPA has published extensive regulations. These regulations address hazardous waste generation, transportation, treatment, storage and handling and its final disposal. The statute also offers remedies available to both EPA and the public at large to ensure enforcement of the provisions of RCRA and the EPA regulations. Additionally, it sets guidelines for states to implement their own hazardous waste management programs. This article is intended to introduce this complicated statutory/regulatory package to scientists and health professionals. It outlines the provisions of RCRA and the EPA regulations, abbreviates early judicial decisions interpreting these provisions and sets forth a brief description of various state approaches to hazardous waste management.

A methodology for including chance-constraints in models for maximizing regional sustained-yield groundwater extraction is presented. The procedure utilizes the spatially distributed mean and variance of saturated thickness in a confined aquifer. This data is derivable from kriging, a geostatistical technique. The technique is applied to a scenario of somewhat egalitarian agricultural development dependent on groundwater. Decision makers in this situation know that groundwater availability is insufficient to supply all potential demand. They plan to implement a sustained yield groundwater extraction strategy. They know that because of uncertain knowledge of aquifer parameters, at some point in the future, available groundwater in some locations will exceed the initially allocated amount. They also realize that some locales will probably have less available groundwater than was expected, based on initial knowledge of the aquifer. To avoid future social and political unrest, they prefer that the spatial availability of groundwater remain somewhat consistent with time. Thus, they develop a groundwater extraction strategy using a predetermined confidence level. They are then relatively certain that actual sustainable extraction does not exceed the allocated groundwater use rate for locales in which allocated pumping is at a specified upper limit.