Suchergebnisse

The country operations business plan (COBP), 2019–2021 for Uzbekistan builds on the current country partnership strategy (CPS) for Uzbekistan and is consistent with the recent government initiatives and the forthcoming CPS for Uzbekistan for 2019–2023 under preparation. In line with the national development strategy, the government has prioritized the development of rural infrastructure to (i) address social challenges of the rural population,3 and (ii) create an enabling environment—a reliable supply of utilities and adequate transport infrastructure—for the private sector and foreign direct investment as key drivers of employment generation. In addition, the CPS and COBP consultations discussed the government's requests for Asian Development Bank (ADB) operations in social sectors. This COBP fully supports Uzbekistan's development priorities. To this end, this COBP includes operational support for agriculture, transport, energy, municipal services, health, education, social protection, and access to finance. Support for the key drivers of change—including private sector development, regional cooperation, governance, and others—is integrated into the operational assistance.

This evaluation assesses the performance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) strategy and program for India from 2007 to 2015. Its findings are intended to feed into the design of the next country partnership strategy (CPS). ADB provided a total of $22.1 billion to India, including $17.2 billion through sovereign loans and grants, $4.7 billion for no sovereign operations (NSO), and $151.7 million in technical assistance (TA) grants. Most of the supported operations are in transport, energy, finance, and water and other urban infrastructure and services. The evaluation considered the private sector program and the main public sector programs in transport, energy, water and other urban infrastructure and services, finance, and public sector management successful. On specific evaluative criteria, some smaller programs performed below expectations. The social (health and education) and agriculture sector programs were also assessed, but since ADB operations in these areas are recent, it is too early to determine their results. The results of ADB's support for the main strategic agendas and some thematic priorities were assessed on their relevance and impacts. Support for inclusive economic growth (IEG), environmentally sustainable growth (ESG), gender equality, and public–private partnerships has all been found relevant (appropriate) with satisfactory development impacts. Support for knowledge solutions and innovations was less than expected but had satisfactory development impacts. ADB support for the regional cooperation and integration (RCI) agenda was relevant but more limited than envisaged and was therefore rated less than satisfactory on its development impacts. The performance of ADB's strategy and program in India is considered successful overall. Nevertheless, ADB needs to improve in some critical areas. These include (i) process efficiency; and (ii) attention to development challenges in the next CPS. The evaluation provides recommendations at the strategic and operational levels.

Over the past few decades, for multinational enterprises (MNEs), the strategy of using outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) for seeking better business opportunities has played an important role in increasing their production efficiency and overseas sales. Nevertheless, an increase in OFDI has raised widespread public concerns about the possibility of domestic job losses because OFDI could transfer certain domestic production activities to foreign affiliates, so that some domestic workers are replaced with foreign labor. With rising concerns over job displacement, a number of researchers have examined a relationship between OFDI and employment of a source country. Unfortunately, these studies have produced mixed results and there still remain many controversies and unanswered questions regarding the employment effect of OFDI. It turns out that the employment effect of OFDI in a source country depends on the type of overseas investment (for example, efficiency-seeking, market-seeking, export-platform-seeking, technology-seeking), workers' skill level (low-, medium- or high-skilled) and employment status (permanent or temporary).

Foreign firms now account for about 20 percent of total exports and 6 percent of employment in Korea. Given that growing inequality is one of the defining economic trends of the last three decades, there would be a link between inward FDI and growing inequality. It is in particular necessary to examine industries of which characteristics inward FDI tends to most affect relative employment and wage rates for high skill workers. Thereby, various incentives by policymakers to attract inward FDI should be evaluated and carefully implemented with consideration to its effects on the labor market. Based on the evidence from inward FDI and the labor market in Korea, I argue that the increase in FDI inflow affects the labor market only in the case of certain industries, and that one primary characteristic of those industries would be the large volume of initial FDI inflow. I divided the industries into two subgroups, one with a large initial volume of FDI inflow (Group A) and the other with a small initial volume of FDI inflow (Group B). Group A consists of industries such as wholesale/retail, finance/insurance, electricity/electronics, food/accommodation, chemicals, transport machines, machine/equipment, food, and business services. These industries can be characterized by a large volume of initial FDI inflow. For instance, the wholesale/retail industry received USD 340 million, the largest FDI inflow between 1993 and 1995. Meanwhile, the recreation industry in Group B received only USD 5 million, the smallest amount, during the same period.

Despite significant progress the world continues to bear a triple burden of malnutrition. These three burdens are related, but distinctly different, problems: energy deficiencies (hunger), micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), 3 and excessive net energy intake and unhealthy diets overweight/obesity). Despite significant progress, 795 million people still are not getting the minimum dietary energy needs. The majority of these people are in Sub-Saharan Africa, in which 1 in 4 people are hungry; and in South Asia, in which 1 in 6 people are hungry. More than 2 billion people are deficient in key vitamins and minerals7 that are necessary for growth, development, and disease prevention. Globally, over 2 billion people are overweight or obese, two-thirds of whom live in developing countries. This issue clearly is not just a developed country problem. Energy and micronutrient deficiency are contributors to the 165 million children under 5 who are stunted and cannot grow to achieve their full potential. Globally, this number is equivalent to approximately 1 in 4 children under 5 years, with an even more concentrated situation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia (1 in 3 children). Arguably child stunting is one of the biggest development challenges. If not addressed it will profoundly undermine our ability to end poverty and promote shared prosperity.

Since 2011, under the Thein Sein government, Myanmar has started to build financial institutions almost from scratch. Japan has played a leading role in this transition, writing off debt, opening the Yangon Stock Exchange, vying for the entry of Japanese banks, and laying out finance-related laws. As in other Southeast Asian countries, Myanmar's oligopolistic economic structure and colonial past present considerable challenges. There is a rich literature on the relationship between well-functioning financial institutions and economic growth, but the causality of this relationship remains inconclusive. This paper examines the preconditions for financial institutions to be a vehicle for Myanmar's development.

Désormais, la plupart des descriptions des SHS repose moins sur un schéma présentant quelques grandes orientations en conflit, que sur les objets traités et les choix théoriques non limités aux frontières des disciplines premières. Le choix politique d'encourager la recherche française à s'investir dans le programme européen « Horizon 2020 », mobilise sans difficulté les SHS, qui retrouvent dans les thématiques communes des objets familiers et suscite aussi de nombreuses réflexions projectives de la communauté scientifique à partir desquelles l'Alliance Athéna a travaillé. Le présent document entend sur la base d'une explicitation du régime de connaissances propre aux SHS, montrer l'ampleur de leur implication potentielle dans les mobilisations de la connaissance qui concernent toutes les sciences. Une première analyse globale des forces du domaine permet d'émettre des propositions propres à améliorer la capacité des SHS à s'impliquer dans les défis actuels. Ce rapport est à l'image de ce qu'exige le futur : il s'inscrit dans un processus d'intelligence collective qui privilégie la coopération, la complémentarité des compétences et l'appropriation des résultats de la recherche3, il se veut une contribution à l'effort pour surmonter la crise actuelle.Rapport dirigé par Jacques Commaille et Françoise Thibault.

Dans un contexte de profond renouvellement du système de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur, les opérateurs pertinent du domaine des sciences humaines et sociales, ensemble disciplinaire que l'on dit souvent insuffisamment organisé tant la tradition du travail individuel y est ancrée, ont en particulier à réfléchir sur les questions de structuration des SHS. On peut observer cette structuration et ses effets à divers niveaux : les personnes, les projets, les équipes, les institutions, et les réseaux. Pour ce faire, l'Alliance Athéna a mis en place un groupe « structuration des sciences de l'homme et de la société (SHS) », qui devait plus particulièrement travailler sur les questions suivantes : a) Mécanismes institutionnels de la concertation entre les acteurs pertinents pour la structuration de la recherche en SHS, b) Interfaces de la recherche SHS (SDV Sciences de la vie, Maths/STIC technologie de l'information et de la communication, Sciences de la terre.), c) Emploi scientifique SHS (gestion de l'emploi et des carrières par les opérateurs concernés) ; d) Politique des réseaux de recherche (en France, à l'échelle européenne, à l'échelle internationale), e) Rôle des MSH sur les sites (rapports avec la gouvernance de chaque site), à l'échelle nationale et internationale. Au fil de l'examen des différents thèmes, le groupe Structuration de l'alliance Athéna s'est emparé de la question d'équilibre entre une polarisation inéluctable du système de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur et le principe de développement partagé dont les universités implantées sur l'ensemble du territoire sont porteuses. Rapport dirigé par François Weil et Chantal Cases.

Longtemps considérées en France comme des sciences pouvant fonctionner avec peu de moyens, les SHS ont été absentes des grands plans d'équipements pour la recherche. La question des infrastructures a été présentée dans les différents rapports consacrés aux SHS comme une difficulté jamais réellement surmontée. Les constats de pénurie ont concerné les bibliothèques de recherche puis les outils informatiques nécessaires aux sciences sociales. Des réalisations notables mais éparses ont cependant vu le jour sans pouvoir répondre à tous les besoins des chercheurs. La publication, en décembre 2008, de la première feuille de route nationale sur les infrastructures de recherche constitue un tournant dans la politique même si cette dernière n'a pas été immédiatement suivie d'effets sur le terrain. A l'instar de tous les grands domaines scientifiques, des très grandes infrastructures de recherche (TGIR) y étaient identifiées et reconnues comme stratégiques pour le développement des sciences humaines et sociales, toutes étant étroitement liées au développement des sciences et technologies de l'information et de la communication. En effet, si pendant de nombreuses années, la bibliothèque a constitué le principal grand instrument pour de nombreuses disciplines du domaine, il n'est plus de pratique scientifique qui puisse se dispenser des ressources et services apparus avec les STIC. Archives et bibliothèques numériques, bases bibliographiques et enquêtes sociologiques accessibles en ligne, les documents concernés sont très divers allant des plus traditionnels jusqu'aux plus expérimentaux comme les épi-journaux ou les « revues-blogs ». Plus fragiles que par le passé, ces données et documents numériques imposent pour être accessibles de façon pérenne, un ensemble de traitements qui tiennent compte à la fois du travail scientifique lui-même et des évolutions techniques.La réflexion lancée par le ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche au début de l'année 2011 pour l'élaboration de la stratégie nationale ...

An Analysis of Six Case Studies in Developing and High-Income Countries ; This paper focuses on core aspects of the political economy of reform, drawing on case studies of three economies transitioning to stronger business environments (Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and Mexico) and three countries with well-developed business environments (Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom). The purpose is threefold: first, to identify so-called drivers of reform among successfully reforming countries; second, to explore how a reform strategy can make optimal use of the opportunities provided by the drivers of change; and third; to suggest how these lessons can be proactively used by other reformers to design and guide reforms. The case study findings suggest that, regardless of the content of reform, success is influenced by an evolving mix of seven drivers of change: i) globalization or competitiveness; ii) crisis; iii) political leadership; iv) unfolding reform synergies; v) technocrats; vi) changes in civil society, and vii) external pressure. The case studies suggest that reformers can influence the direction and pace of change by mobilizing and exploiting drivers of it. Rather than a cause-and-effect scenario in which a single driver-such as a crisis-creates and defines the success of a body of reforms, what happens is an unfolding series of events in which various drivers become more and less important in defining phases of the reform process.

This paper analyzes the role of the leadership in the economic growth in Rwanda, a country that was seriously affected by civil war and the 1994 genocide. It appears that the will and the clear vision of the leadership in Rwanda were one of the central pillars of the very good economic and social performances in Rwanda. This is particularly important because the country has almost no natural resources and the economy and its fundamentals were completely destroyed by the 1994 genocide. This paper thus helps enrich the various economic growth models by stressing the importance of the quality of leadership.

In 1990, Australia and New Zealand were ranked around 25th and 37th in terms of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita, having been the highest-income countries in the world one hundred years earlier. Those countries relatively poor economic growth performance over that long period contrasts markedly with that of the past 15 years, when these two economies out-performed most other high-income countries. This difference in growth performance is due to major economic policy reforms during the past two to three decades, both at and behind the border. The report provide new evidence on the extent of governmental distortions to agricultural incentives in particular in the Australian and New Zealand economies since the late 1940s, both directly due to agricultural policies per se and indirectly (and negatively) through protection to manufacturing.

This strategic framework serves to guide and support the operational response of the World Bank Group (WBG) to new development challenges posed by global climate change. Unabated, climate change threatens to reverse hard-earned development gains. The poorest countries and communities will suffer the earliest and the most. Yet they depend on actions by other nations, developed and developing. While climate change is an added cost and risk to development, a well-designed and implemented global climate policy can also bring new economic opportunities to developing countries. Climate change demands unprecedented global cooperation involving a concerted action by countries at different development stages supported by "measurable, reportable, and verifiable" transfer of finance and technology to developing countries. Trust of developing countries in equity and fairness of a global climate policy and neutrality of the supporting institutions is critical for such cooperation to succeed. Difficulties with mobilizing resources for achieving the millennium development goals and with agreeing on global agricultural trade underscore the political challenges. The framework will help the WBG maintain the effectiveness of its core mission of supporting growth and poverty reduction. While recognizing added costs and risks of climate change and an evolving global climate policy. The WBG top priority will be to build collaborative relations with developing country partners and provide them customized demand-driven support through its various instruments from financing to technical assistance to constructive advocacy. It will give considerable attention to strengthening resilience of economies and communities to increasing climate risks and adaptation. The operational focus will be on improving knowledge and capacity, including learning by doing. The framework will guide operational programs of WBG entities to support actions whose benefits to developing countries are robust under significant uncertainties about future climate policies and impacts-actions that have "no regrets."

Recent academic research has questioned the role of economic policy as a determinant of long term growth rates. While there seems to be a correlation between several policy variables and growth rates, this correlation disappears when controlling for other factors. As an example, the significance of key economic policy variables such as inflation or government size disappears if we account for the quality of institutions. This paper looks at recent empirical research that questions the conclusion that macroeconomic policy does not matter for growth. By looking at the volatility of economic policy (whether it is fiscal policy or exchange rates), the authors find that policy is still a relevant and robust explanatory variable of cross country differences in economic growth. These results have strong policy implications. Improvements in the conduct of macroeconomic policy can have beneficial growth effects even if institutional reforms are not taking place. These results do not deny the importance of institutional reforms. By setting the right institutions one can ensure the proper conduct of macroeconomic policy without having to rely on the 'quality' of the decision maker.

This paper offers a personal review of the current state of knowledge on monetary policy. In a nutshell, what Friedman knew-have survived, but that modern monetary policy departs in some important ways from older principles? The older wisdom that monetary policy determines inflation in the long run but can have systematic shorter run effects has survived a major challenge. Most of the new ideas stem from the recognition of the crucial role of expectations. In today's world, this observation lies behind the spectacular trend toward ever greater central bank transparency. Then it is more than likely that ideas will change in the wake of the global financial crisis. Early debates challenge the old wisdom that central banks ought to be mainly concerned with price stability. In particular, financial stability has always been part of a central bank's mission, but it has occupied limited space in theoretical and empirical studies.