Suchergebnisse

The thesis studies both theoretically and empirically the management of ecosystem services by farmers in two parts. In the first part, I study the supply and demand for productive ecosystem services by analyzing farmers' behavior. I introduce biodiversity indicators that depend on acreage into existing models from production economics. My main contribution to the literature is to prove, from the analysis of farmers' observed behavior that farmers consciously manage productive ecosystem services. I bring other elements to the literature, such as new elements on the agricultural technology or showing that the collective management of ecosystem services rarely arises spontaneously in real landscapes.In the second part, I study the demand for non- productive ecosystem services. I apply several analytical frameworks developed in environmental economics to the specificities of agriculture, i.e. the environmental service influences the supply of multiple public goods with different spatial distribution of the demand. I contribute to the literature by showing that while most of the demand for environmental services provided by farmers is captured locally (at the municipal level), a part of the demand is expressed at larger scales. This has implications for agri-environmental policies, which I explore through two examples: the pesticide savings and the maintenance of agricultural wetlands ; La thèse étudie théoriquement et empiriquement la gestion des services écosystémiques par les agriculteurs sous le prisme économique. La thèse se divise en deux parties. Dans la première partie, je m'intéresse à l'offre et à la demande de services écosystémiques productifs en analysant le comportement des agriculteurs. J'introduis des indicateurs de biodiversité dépendants des assolements dans des modèles existants issus de l'économie de production. Ma principale contribution à la littérature est de prouver, à partir de l'analyse des comportements observés des agriculteurs, que les agriculteurs gèrent consciemment les services ...

The thesis studies both theoretically and empirically the management of ecosystem services by farmers in two parts. In the first part, I study the supply and demand for productive ecosystem services by analyzing farmers' behavior. I introduce biodiversity indicators that depend on acreage into existing models from production economics. My main contribution to the literature is to prove, from the analysis of farmers' observed behavior that farmers consciously manage productive ecosystem services. I bring other elements to the literature, such as new elements on the agricultural technology or showing that the collective management of ecosystem services rarely arises spontaneously in real landscapes.In the second part, I study the demand for non- productive ecosystem services. I apply several analytical frameworks developed in environmental economics to the specificities of agriculture, i.e. the environmental service influences the supply of multiple public goods with different spatial distribution of the demand. I contribute to the literature by showing that while most of the demand for environmental services provided by farmers is captured locally (at the municipal level), a part of the demand is expressed at larger scales. This has implications for agri-environmental policies, which I explore through two examples: the pesticide savings and the maintenance of agricultural wetlands ; La thèse étudie théoriquement et empiriquement la gestion des services écosystémiques par les agriculteurs sous le prisme économique. La thèse se divise en deux parties. Dans la première partie, je m'intéresse à l'offre et à la demande de services écosystémiques productifs en analysant le comportement des agriculteurs. J'introduis des indicateurs de biodiversité dépendants des assolements dans des modèles existants issus de l'économie de production. Ma principale contribution à la littérature est de prouver, à partir de l'analyse des comportements observés des agriculteurs, que les agriculteurs gèrent consciemment les services ...

National audience In the context of the International Environmental Agreements (IAs) are applied either uniform depollution standards accompanied by compensatory transfers (UT agreement) or differentiated depollution standards without monetary transfer (Agreement D). The problems of transboundary pollution affecting heterogeneous countries, both from the point of view of overall pollution damage and from the point of view of remediation costs, call for two questions to be answered: (I) what would heterogeneous countries gain from signing IAs with a uniform, a priori binding standard? (II) Do compensatory transfers make the uniform standard preferable even if they are costly to implement (due to administrative and political costs)? This work looks at the role of transfer costs between countries in the outcome of international environmental negotiations. Indeed, the implementation of compensatory transfers may be costly and such transfers may be characterised as imperfect. The analysis of collective welfare shows in particular that countries prefer to sign the TU agreement rather than the D agreement if the cost associated with transfers in the uniform agreement is sufficiently low. The individual welfare analysis of countries allows us to discuss situations where one country may be reluctant to sign a given agreement rather than another, even if its level of well-being is improving compared to the non-cooperative solution. ; National audience Dans le cadre des Accords Environnementaux Internationaux (AEI) sont appliquées soit des normes de dépollution uniformes accompagnées de transferts compensatoires (accord UT), soit des normes de dépollution différenciées sans transfert monétaire (accord D). Les problèmes de pollution transfrontalière affectant des pays hétérogènes, d'un point de vue des dommages issus de la pollution globale comme d'un point de vue des coûts de dépollution, impliquent de répondre à deux questions: (i) que gagneraient des pays hétérogènes à signer des AEI de norme uniforme, a priori ...