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In this paper we analyze the connection between ecological dumping and environmental capital flight which in the literature is presented in three versions: capital flees in order to ecologically dump, firms flee and thus ecologically dump, and capital flees because governments ecologically dump. We find that 'ecological dumping' describes an ill posed problem: it has little to do with dumping and need not have any impact on the environment. Looking at the existing literature we find that although 'capital flight' is a misnomer, too, there are real problems dealt with under this heading. Nevertheless, because of their emotive and misleading undertone, we should better give up both notions.

A folk theorem in environmental economics suggests that in the presence of transboundary environmental spillovers international negotiations may improve on environmental quality. More so, if side-payments according to the victim-pays principle are undertaken, environmental safeguards agreed upon by the parties to an international agreement can be optimal from the point of view of a global social planner. Implicitly, this folk theorem makes an important assumption: All requirements emanating from the stipulations of an international environmental agreement are smoothly and completely executed within the home countries of the parties to the contract, or so the story goes. However, this presumption is not necessarily fulfilled. In particular, the execution of what the agreement requires from the parties involved may be severely thwarted by either of three reasons.

International audience ; Contrasting the very limited scientific evidence on the forest dieback issue with the sudden adoption of policies on air pollution decided in the FRG (1983-84) and extended to the European Community (1985). we propose an interpretative framework for the real internalizationl process at work in what was tantamount to a social crisis for public opinion, the media and political actors. We conclude that open scientific controversies on some environmental issues (effects, causes, solutions) pave the way for some actors to use the issue for their own techno-industrial strategies quite alien to ecological constraints. In cases of very high uncertainties on impacts, it becomes impossible to apply conventional social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) as an optimizing tool. We propose to develop economic analysis as a negotiation language and to give pride of place to the value of learning time and to the crucial role of technological pluralism as a condition for flexibility in the future.

International audience ; Contrasting the very limited scientific evidence on the forest dieback issue with the sudden adoption of policies on air pollution decided in the FRG (1983-84) and extended to the European Community (1985). we propose an interpretative framework for the real internalizationl process at work in what was tantamount to a social crisis for public opinion, the media and political actors. We conclude that open scientific controversies on some environmental issues (effects, causes, solutions) pave the way for some actors to use the issue for their own techno-industrial strategies quite alien to ecological constraints. In cases of very high uncertainties on impacts, it becomes impossible to apply conventional social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) as an optimizing tool. We propose to develop economic analysis as a negotiation language and to give pride of place to the value of learning time and to the crucial role of technological pluralism as a condition for flexibility in the future.

International audience ; Contrasting the very limited scientific evidence on the forest dieback issue with the sudden adoption of policies on air pollution decided in the FRG (1983-84) and extended to the European Community (1985). we propose an interpretative framework for the real internalizationl process at work in what was tantamount to a social crisis for public opinion, the media and political actors. We conclude that open scientific controversies on some environmental issues (effects, causes, solutions) pave the way for some actors to use the issue for their own techno-industrial strategies quite alien to ecological constraints. In cases of very high uncertainties on impacts, it becomes impossible to apply conventional social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) as an optimizing tool. We propose to develop economic analysis as a negotiation language and to give pride of place to the value of learning time and to the crucial role of technological pluralism as a condition for flexibility in the future.

International audience ; Contrasting the very limited scientific evidence on the forest dieback issue with the sudden adoption of policies on air pollution decided in the FRG (1983-84) and extended to the European Community (1985). we propose an interpretative framework for the real internalizationl process at work in what was tantamount to a social crisis for public opinion, the media and political actors. We conclude that open scientific controversies on some environmental issues (effects, causes, solutions) pave the way for some actors to use the issue for their own techno-industrial strategies quite alien to ecological constraints. In cases of very high uncertainties on impacts, it becomes impossible to apply conventional social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) as an optimizing tool. We propose to develop economic analysis as a negotiation language and to give pride of place to the value of learning time and to the crucial role of technological pluralism as a condition for flexibility in the future.

There appears to be considerable enthusiasm about the expected macroeconomic consequences of European integration. If we regard integration, however, in the light of the environment and environmental policy, concern seems more appropriate. Predicted growth in production levels will damage the environment even further while the prospects of a, necessary, policy to prevent waste flows and emissions do not appear to have grown. At the same time a certain optimism seems justified because greater European co-operation could lead to an integrated environmental policy to limit transboundary pollution. In view, however, of the prevalence of economic interests and the weak democratic basis of EC decision making, one must doubt whether the European Community has anything to offer along these lines

This article focuses on the natural resources theory and its implications for the environment. It pays special attention to the issue of optimum extraction of both renewable and non-renewable resources, from a businessman's point of view and looks at the regulatory policies that the government can apply, with particular emphasis on the allocation of the property rights. In addition, it attempts to define the relationship between all this and environmental issues, acknowledging the significance of this set of specific policies to the macroeconomic adjustment policy of today and its attempts to get rid of distorsions. ; El artículo se centra en el estudio de los recursos naturales y sus implicancias medio-ambientales. En particular, se aborda el tema de la extracción óptima de los recursos, tanto renovables como no renovables, desde el punto de vista empresarial, así como las políticas regulatorias que puede aplicar el gobierno, enfatizándose en la asignación de derechos de propiedad. Además, se pretende establecer una relación de lo anterior con los aspectos ambientales, donde se reconoce la importancia de la conjunción de políticas específicas con la actual política de ajuste estructural, que busca eliminar distorsiones.

The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was amended in 1988 to require the reregistration of all pesticides registered before 1984 within 9 years. The FIFRA 88 required that all pesticide active ingredients must meet current registration standards, suspended the previous fee structure, and imposed a one-time registration fee and annual maintenance fees. New data generated because of FIFRA 88 must conform to EPA's Good Laboratory Practice Standards and animal studies must follow guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act. FIFRA 88 has significantly increased data requirements, data costs, and other pesticide registration and reregistration costs for most pesticides. The increased financial burden has caused industry and governmental agencies to drop minor-use registrations that could not generate sufficient profit to pay for reregistration. During 1989, over 19,000 pesticide registrations were canceled because of the imposition of annual maintenance fees levied by FIFRA 88. More registrations will be canceled in 1990 as registrants find that it is not cost-effective to provide data for many minor-use pesticides. This will result in the loss or further use restrictions on chemicals critical to manage vertebrate pests. In addition, the reregistration process will divert funds from research on alternative pest management practices at a time when that research is critically needed.

This article analyzes why it has been easier to promote some types of environmental policy reform in Latin America than others. It first looks at the main groups that might promote such reforms - developed country organizations, the urban middle class, groups that have direct material interests in reform, and movements for social justice. Then in looks at how the existing patterns of development in Latin America condition the prospects for reform, particular the region's great dependence on the exploitation of natural resources and the overall context of economic liberalization and structural adjustment. Finally, it examines how political factors, such as the degree of democratization favor or hinder environmental policy reform.

This article analyzes why it has been easier to promote some types of environmental policy reform in Latin America than others. It first looks at the main groups that might promote such reforms - developed country organizations, the urban middle class, groups that have direct material interests in reform, and movements for social justice. Then in looks at how the existing patterns of development in Latin America condition the prospects for reform, particular the region's great dependence on the exploitation of natural resources and the overall context of economic liberalization and structural adjustment. Finally, it examines how political factors, such as the degree of democratization favor or hinder environmental policy reform.

Conflicts between economic development, environmental protection and social equity underlie efforts to promote sustainable development. The author proposes a simplified framework for integrating economic, environmental, and social policies in order to foster development that is ecologically and socially more sustainable. The paper analyzes the specific forms these policy areas are assuming in Vietnam, and the underlying political forces (both internal and external) driving policy implementation. An examination of how these policies are currently integrated and balanced follows. The analysis shows that contrary to government pronouncements, development patterns are unlikely to be altered toward more sustainable ends under existing institutions and laws. Finally, the article discusses the potential for integrating current policies to achieve sustainability goals.

This paper studies voting behavior on 16 environmental ballot propositions in California in order to characterize the demand for environmental goods. The environment is found to be a normal good for people with mean incomes, but some environmental goods are inferior for people with high incomes, at least when supplied collectively. An important "price" of environmental goods is reduced income in the construction, farming, forestry, and manufacturing industries. In most cases, income and price can explain most of the variation in voting; it is not essential to introduce non-economic concepts such as ideology and politics.

Diffusion du document : INRA Unité d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA) ; Les insuffisances de la PAC actuelle en matière environnementale amènent les différents décideurs publics à envisager la question d'une réforme des instruments de cette politique qui tienne véritablement compte à la fois d'objectifs de soutien d'une agriculture compétitive et de protection de l'environnement. Or dans l'Union européenne, il semble difficile de concilier ces deux objectifs dans la mesure où la relative rareté de la terre pousse les agriculteurs à intensifier les techniques de production et, par voie de conséquence, à utiliser des quantités importantes d'intrants industriels à l'origine de pollution. Pourtant plusieurs éléments peuvent amener à penser que des politiques plus ciblées que les politiques de prix utilisées jusqu'à présent peuvent apporter des solutions intéressantes. Les techniques de production utilisées en Europe reposent dans une large mesure sur l'apport d'intrants aux cultures. Cet apport n'est réalisé avec un gaspillage limité que dans des sites propices aux cultures, i. e. des sites caractérisés par des sols de bonne structure, par un ensoleillement de bonne qualité. Or les qualités agronomiques et la "sensibilité environnementale" des sites de production sont liées, par exemple, les caractéristiques d'un sol séchant limitent ses propriétés agronomiques pour les mêmes raisons qu'elles sont à l'origine de pollutions des eaux si ce sol est utilisé pour une culture intensive. Aussi, s'il est certain qu'un accroissement de l'utilisation d'intrants industriels dans un site de production donné engendre un accroissement d'émissions polluantes, il est bien moins certain qu'une utilisation importante d'intrants industriels dans un site possédant de bonnes qualités agronomiques engendre plus d'émissions polluantes qu'un moindre recours à ces facteurs variables sur un site de médiocre qualité agronomique. Les estimations réalisées montrent que les agriculteurs tiennent ...

Les insuffisances de la PAC actuelle en matière environnementale amènent les différents décideurs publics à envisager la question d'une réforme des instruments de cette politique qui tienne véritablement compte à la fois d'objectifs de soutien d'une agriculture compétitive et de protection de l'environnement. Or dans l'Union européenne, il semble difficile de concilier ces deux objectifs dans la mesure où la relative rareté de la terre pousse les agriculteurs à intensifier les techniques de production et, par voie de conséquence, à utiliser des quantités importantes d'intrants industriels à l'origine de pollution. Pourtant plusieurs éléments peuvent amener à penser que des politiques plus ciblées que les politiques de prix utilisées jusqu'à présent peuvent apporter des solutions intéressantes. Les techniques de production utilisées en Europe reposent dans une large mesure sur l'apport d'intrants aux cultures. Cet apport n'est réalisé avec un gaspillage limité que dans des sites propices aux cultures, i. e. des sites caractérisés par des sols de bonne structure, par un ensoleillement de bonne qualité. Or les qualités agronomiques et la "sensibilité environnementale" des sites de production sont liées, par exemple, les caractéristiques d'un sol séchant limitent ses propriétés agronomiques pour les mêmes raisons qu'elles sont à l'origine de pollutions des eaux si ce sol est utilisé pour une culture intensive. Aussi, s'il est certain qu'un accroissement de l'utilisation d'intrants industriels dans un site de production donné engendre un accroissement d'émissions polluantes, il est bien moins certain qu'une utilisation importante d'intrants industriels dans un site possédant de bonnes qualités agronomiques engendre plus d'émissions polluantes qu'un moindre recours à ces facteurs variables sur un site de médiocre qualité agronomique. Les estimations réalisées montrent que les agriculteurs tiennent compte de ces contraintes. Ces aspects de la production agricole et du comportement des agriculteurs peuvent permettre de contourner cette a priori inévitable incompatibilité des objectifs de compétitivité et de respect de l'environnement. Des politiques tenant compte de l'hétérogénéité des sites de production et employant des instruments ciblés peuvent permettre d'atteindre de manière simultanée et cohérente les objectifs qu'un pays moderne à son agriculture