Suchergebnisse

Policy makers are increasingly choosing market-based policies over command and control options. In this dissertation, I explore two instances of policy choices in environmental economics: a relatively novel market-based approach to handle congestion in transportation policy; and, government provision and control in the arena of water policy.The first chapter estimates the traffic volume and travel time effects of the recently implemented road congestion pricing on the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. I employ both a difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity approach to analyze previously unexploited data for the two years spanning the price change and obtain causal estimates of the hourly average treatment effects of the policy. I find evidence of peak spreading in traffic volume and significant decreases in travel time during peak hours. I also find suggestive evidence of substitution to a nearby bridge that is not subject to congestion pricing. In addition, I show significant decreases in travel time variability. Using my results, I calculate own- and cross-price elasticities for trips due to the toll change and include back-of-the-envelope calculations for the welfare effects of the policy.The second chapter I explore the impact of government water delivers in California's Central Valley. California's agricultural sector receives large quantities of irrigation water from the federal and state water projects. In recent years, there have been significant restrictions on these deliveries due to droughts and regulation to protect endangered species. This chapter empirically tests the hypothesis that higher deliveries to water districts in a given county lead to higher agricultural employment and cropped area and provides point estimates of this effect and uncertainty around the estimates. The results show robust evidence of a statistically and economically significant impact of irrigation water deliveries on employment and area. This effect is robust to different definitions of employment, alternate control groups, and different windows of data.

This dissertation contains three essays exploring how economic agents and markets respond to weather events and natural disasters.Chapter 1 examines whether short-run weather fluctuations affect the decision to go solar by residential customers in California. The results show that residential customers whose sign-ups are followed by less sunny weather are more likely to cancel their contracts. This behavior is inconsistent with rationality, as a solar PV system is a long-term investment whose return is not affected by short-run weather fluctuations. I analyze this behavior further using a theoretical model of projection bias combined with engineering models of solar power production and energy demand. Chapter 2 studies housing market responses to hurricanes using detailed data on Florida housing markets during 2000-2016. We identify the causal effects of hurricanes in a difference-in-differences framework exploiting the exogeneity of hurricane path and timing. The results show that the housing market is dominated by a negative supply shock lasting up to three years. While these effects are transitory, we show that they are associated with the arrival of home buyers whose income is higher, holding fixed the quality of homes transacted. This implies a lasting shift in the local economic profile towards higher income, along with potential gentrification.Chapter 3 investigates whether and how voters' preferences on environmental policy are reflected in legislative elections. People's belief in climate change is known to be affected by experiencing extreme weather events. We study the electoral responses to these randomly occurring events in House of Representative elections. To focus on the channel of environmental preference, we estimate differential responses based on the environmental ideology of the incumbent congressperson conditional on party membership. We find evidence that climate-related extreme weather events motivate political giving to challengers of anti-environment incumbents, increase the overall competitiveness in these races, and lead to a lower probability of re-election for these incumbents.

This thesis consists of three chapters that investigate environmental policy questions from an empirical point of view. Chapter 1 examines the trustworthiness of official air pollution data sources for Beijing when compared to similar data from the US Embassy in Beijing. Using a statistical regularity, I find that the official data likely suffered from misreporting until the end of 2012. From 2013 onwards, however, misreporting appears to have stopped. Chapter 2 evaluates China's main air pollution control policy to study the effects of environmental regulation when institutions are weak. I find that the policy was ultimately successful in reducing air pollution, but that those effects only set in once the Chinese government started appropriate air pollution monitoring. Moreover, I quantify the efficiency of different policy instruments to control air pollution in China and find that - in contrast to the United States - a market-based solution and a technology mandate for scrubbers are nearly identical. Finally, Chapter 3 studies whether nudges can help consumers align intention and action when choosing their electricity contract. Using a survey experiment, we find that only a default nudge had a statistically and economically significant effect on consumers' decision to contract renewable energy. ; Aquesta tesi consisteix en tres estudis que investiguen problemes relacionats amb la política de medi ambient des d'un punt de vista empíric. El capítol 1 examina fins a quin punt són fiables les dades sobre la contaminació de l'aire a Beijing quan es comparen amb dades semblants de l'ambaixada dels EUA. Mitjançant l'ús d'una regularitat estadística, proporciono evidència que les dades oficials segurament van ser manipulades fins a finals del 2012. A partir del 2013, però, les dades semblen indicar que es va posar fi a aquesta manipulació. El capítol 2 avalua la política xinesa més important duta a terme per frenar la contaminació de l'aire i pretén estudiar els efectes de la regulació del medi ambient en un context ...

This dissertation comprises four essays on the topic of environmental economics and industrial organization. In the first essay, we develop a two-country world differential game model with a polluting firm in each country to investigate the equilibrium of the game between firms when they decide to trade or not and to see under which conditions social welfare coincides with the market equilibrium. In the second essay, we built a model where firms strategically choose whether to participate in an auction/lottery to attain pollution permits, or instead invest in green R&D, to show that, somewhat counterintuitively, a desirable side effect of the auction is in fact that of fostering environmental R&D in an admissible range of the model parameters. The third essay investigates a second-best trade agreement between two countries when pollution spillovers are asymmetric to examine the strategic behavior of governments in using pollution taxes and tariffs under trade liberalization. The fouth essay studies the profitability of exogenous output constraint in a differential game model with price dynamics under the feedback strategies.

Front Cover -- Handbook of Environmental Economics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to the Series -- Preface -- 1 Modeling coupled climate, ecosystems, and economic systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coupled Ecological/Economic Modeling for Robustness -- 2.1 Robust Control Methods in Coupled Ecological/Economic Systems -- 2.1.1 An Introduction to Robust Control Methods -- 2.1.2 A Deterministic Approximation to Robust Control Methods in Ecosystem Management -- 3 Climate Economics with Emphasis on New Modeling: Carbon Budgeting and Robustness -- 3.1 Cumulative Carbon Budgeting to Implement Temperature Limits -- 3.1.1 Deterministic Case: The Simplest Possible Model -- 3.1.2 Robust Emission Control with Multiplicative Uncertainty -- 3.1.3 Cumulative Carbon Budgeting and Climate Changes Damages -- 3.2 Climate Change Policy with Multiple Lifetime for Greenhouse Gases -- 4 Implementation -- 5 Energy Balance Climate Models and Spatial Transport Phenomena -- 5.1 Spatial Pattern Scaling -- 5.2 Discounting for Climate Change -- 6 Spatial Aspects in Economic/Ecological Modeling -- 7 Future Directions -- 7.1 Bottom Up Implementation Rather than Top Down Implementation -- 7.2 Stochastic Modeling and Computational Approaches -- 7.3 Bifurcations and Tipping Points -- Appendix A -- A.1 Robust Control Methods -- A.2 The Case of Additive Uncertainty -- A.3 Time Consistency Issues of Solutions to Zero Sum Robust Control Games -- A.4 Climate Change Policy with Multiple Lifetime for Greenhouse Gases -- Appendix B Spatially Extended Deterministic Robust Control Problems -- B.1 An Example -- References -- 2 Ecology and economics in the science of anthropogenic biosphere change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Dynamics of Coupled Hierarchical Systems -- 3 Carrying Capacity and Assimilative Capacity -- 4 Resilience and Stability

Environmental Economics: The Essentials offers a policy-oriented approach to the increasingly influential field of environmental economics that is based upon a solid foundation of economic theory and empirical research. Students will not only leave the course with a firm understanding of environmental economics, but they will also be exposed to a number of case studies showing how underlying economic principles provided the foundation for specific environmental and resource policies. This key text highlights what insights can be derived from the actual experience. Key features include: Extensive coverage of the major issues including climate change, air and water pollution, sustainable development, and environmental justice; Introductions to the theory and method of environmental economics including externalities, experimental and behavioral economics, benefit-cost analysis, and methods for valuing the services provided by the environment; Boxed Examples' and Debates' throughout the text which highlight global examples and major talking points. The text is fully supported with end-of-chapter summaries, discussion questions, and self-test exercises in the book, as well as with multiple-choice questions, simulations, references, slides, and an instructor's manual on the Companion Website. This text is adapted from the best-selling Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 11th edition, by the same authors.