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The problem to be addressed in this article is related to the precautionary principle and its incorporation into the Brazilian law. As it is beknown, this principle has been widely cited by Brazilian case law and it is an important part of the legal and environmental scholarly production. However, it follows that its application has been made fairly randomly, and even so there is no clear and operational definition of its content. The hypothesis being examined is that since the Rio Declaration's - in its translation into Portuguese - environmental legislation has termed as legal principle, which internationally is an approach, a precautionary measure, as can be seen in both the texts in English and French of the Rio Declaration and other relevant legal instruments. The methodology to be used is the research of the case law and relevant legal rules, as well as the examination of the scholarly production on the subject. As a result, the conclusion is that there is an overuse of the precautionary principle by the Brazilian courts, especially by the Superior Court of Justice and that, in this case, the Federal Supreme Court has played a moderating role in relation to the application of the precautionary principle.

This work analyzes the Agenda 2030 in its main potentiality to lead public policies and private actions towards a more sustainable path. At the same time it acknowledges its dependency on measurements and finance mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals implementation. The main argument is that public expectations face difficulties to be translated in public actions, due to, among other factors, the lack of measurement and finance mechanisms. With this purpose it starts describing what is the Agenda 2030, and how this United Nations lead international declaration is structured to be monitored and implemented by States and others multi stakeholders. Secondly it analyses the importance of the measurements to address critical social environmental challenges and to allow comparison between the achievements of each member state. Third it remarks the role-played by international financial institutions, by international investment and by the private sector in general. Forth, the article highlights the drawbacks the methodology of goals can represent when used to overcome collective challenges marked by moral issues and diffuse impacts, being highly dependent on measurements and finance tools. The methodology chosen was the descriptive and normative, the techniques used were documentary, legislative and bibliographic research.

The eco-friendliness achieved several spaces in society, also reaching the government as a response to the pressures exerted by international organizations, but also by society itself, demanding compliance with the legislation, seeking to develop better environmental quality and promote the municipalities reactions that seek answers to these requirements because for decades that environmental responsibility was focused only on federal and state government levels. However, in 1997, the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), by Resolution No. 237/1997, establishing the evaluation of local environmental impacts of projects for competence of municipalities, which must coordinate actions, developing environmental education for understanding and community respect for the environment, implementing regulations to control environmental deterioration, enabling a reduction of degraded areas, thus taking the mission to stimulate local sustainable development with social equity, economic development and environmental protection.

Habermas discusses the chances for the establishment of world citizenship in contemporary society, marked by multiculturalism and the process of globalization. Habermas identifies the historical configuration of the post-national constellation, and from there themed the transition from international law to the law of citizens of the world, which aligns the concept of citizenship to the idea of ​​human rights. Habermas analyzes the Kantian idea of ​​a cosmopolitan state in which citizens are legal subjects of their respective States and members of a cosmopolitan entity. Kant elaborates on the concept of world republic, which Habermas disagrees with, but offers the example of the European Union for a discussion on the realization of a just and peaceful international order. Based on the Kantian orientation of constituting an order of world citizenship, Habermas discusses the conformation and viability of this idea in contemporary times. For Habermas, it is possible to spell out the idea of ​​cosmopolitan citizenship. From the European Union, cooperation between States and citizens shows that a cosmopolitan community is needed to complement an international community of States.

The planning and implementation of legal units of environmental management have been
conflicting, generating social and economic predicaments. These conflicts generate cognitive, emotional and
affective movements, that somehow contribute to learning with the operation. The Environmental Education, as
a mediating process, enables the collective construction of the sustainable development process for the
productive sectors, with an open methodological proposal, whose model is to generate solutions from social
participation. In this sense, it is understood that Environmental Education is a process of educational praxis that
aims at building values, attitudes, concepts, skills, standards, knowledge and shared practices for the constructing
a style of thinking that contributes to environmental citizenship. Trying to understand and contribute with this
social dynamics, have been conducted, from 2001 to 2006, numerous and multiple environmental teaching
actions in the highlands region of Santa Catarina. This movement resulted in the development of an open model
of environmental education which is mediated by the environmental perception of social actors involved,
understanding perception as the integration of biological, psychological and social dimensions. Thus, the
proposition for the Open Model of Environmental Education with the paradigm of transdisciplinary opening
mediated by the environmental perception of social actors involved will result in the collective construction of
solutions to local environmental problems.

This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved. ; This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

The purpose of this article is to map the scientific literature on the topic environmental uncertainty in international databases ProQuest and EBSCO providing results on the state of the art of this subject and the characteristics of scientific papers published. The method used was bibliometrics, being investigated 97 items from a universe of 1.194. All of the works comprised the period from 1975 to 2010. The results suggest that: a) during the period examined different social networks of researchers and institutions were formed to study this issue, b) the work of Duncan (1972), although it's been nearly four decades of its publication, it continues to influence the formulation variables for the measurement of environmental uncertainty, and c) the research on environmental uncertainty has received over the years other terminologies and methodologies. It was observed that the studies were applied in various business segments, always aiming to minimize the environmental turbulence and thereby maximizing organizational results. This research also revealed that the way to measure them cannot be normalized, since each segment is facing a different environment several variables (customers, suppliers, competitors, society, politics, government actions, among others). ; O objetivo deste artigo é mapear a produção científica sobre o tema incerteza ambiental nas bases de dados internacionais ProQuest e EBSCO, fornecendo resultados sobre o assunto, bem como as características dos trabalhos científicos já publicados. O método utilizado foi a bibliometria, sendo investigados 97 artigos de um universo de 1.194. Os trabalhos analisados compreenderam o período de 1975 a 2010. Os resultados sugerem que: a) durante o período analisado, diversas redes sociais de pesquisadores e instituições se formaram para estudar esse tema; b) o trabalho de Ducan (1972), embora tenham se passado quase quatro décadas da sua publicação, continua influenciando a formulação de variáveis para a mensuração da incerteza ambiental; e c) a pesquisa sobre incerteza ambiental recebeu, no decorrer dos anos, outras terminologias e metodologias. Observou-se que os estudos foram aplicados nos mais diversos segmentos empresariais, sempre objetivando minimizar as turbulências ambientais e com isso maximizar os resultados organizacionais. Esta pesquisa revelou, ainda, que a forma para a sua mensuração não pode ser normatizada, visto que cada segmento se depara com um ambiente diferente e com variáveis diversas (clientes, fornecedores, concorrentes, sociedade, política, ações governamentais, entre outras).

The American stingless bees species have been used in management and breeding practices by local civilizations since the pre-Columbian era. Currently, many of these species are managed commercially and maintained in meliponaries. However, divergences exist among authors about the ecological utility of these practices. Some argue that meliponaries could serve to maintain local biodiversity while others argue that they have the opposite effect. Due to pressure from beekeepers and environmentalists there are efforts to draft specific rules that legislate production and market focusing on conservating native bees. In recent years, these norms have become more specific due to the use of empirical data from the scientific community and demands from social groups and producers. This paper presents a revision on Brazilian legislation as well its applicabilities and proposes alterations in the Environmental Crimes Law. ; As espécies de abelhas produtoras de mel e própolis nativas do continente americano têm sido usadas em práticas de manejo e reprodução por civilizações locais desde tempos pré-colombianos. Atualmente, muitas dessas espécies são manejadas comercialmente e mantidas em meliponários. No entanto, existem, na literatura, divergências sobre a utilidade ecológica dessas práticas. Alguns autores argumentam que os meliponários são fontes de manutenção da biodiversidade local, enquanto outros argumentam que eles têm o efeito oposto. Devido à pressão dos meliponicultores e ambientalistas, há esforços para elaborar regras específicas que legislem a produção e o mercado, focando na conservação das abelhas nativas. Nos últimos anos, essas normas tornaram-se mais específicas devido ao uso de dados empíricos da comunidade científica, e buscam atender a demanda dos grupos sociais e produtores. Este artigo propõe uma revisão da legislação brasileira, bem como sua aplicabilidade, e propõem alterações na Lei de Crimes Ambientais.