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The problem of increasing anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere is considered in the framework of ideas about the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The possibility of giving an exact definition of the carrying capacity is discussed, the concept of its one-dimensional projection is introduced, and examples of one-dimensional projections are given. In relation to the biosphere, they relate, in particular, to the limits of growth. The traditional definition of the concept "sustainable development" is criticized, this definition is associated with the ideology of the consumer society. The features of the perception of environmental issues by the mass consciousness in a consumer society are described. Extensions of the notion "environment" and a new approach to the interpretation of the notion "sustainable development" due to this expansion are considered.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное морское право" ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы имплементации норм международного морского права в национальном законодательстве Республики Беларусь. Автор анализирует нормы национального законодательства на предмет соответствия международным конвенциям в области безопасности морского судоходства, охраны морской среды, подготовки экипажей морских судов, членом которых является Республика Беларусь. Освещаются вопросы национальной принадлежности морского судна. Анализируются положения национального права, устанавливающие требования к эксплуатации и оснащению морских судов, а также предусматривающие ответственность за нарушения в области торгового мореплавания. = The article deals with implementation of international maritime law in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author points out the compliance with international conventions in the field of maritime safety, marine environmental protection, training of seafarers in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The author also shows the problems of the nationality of vessel. Special attention is paid to the national laws, that establish certain requirements for operation and equipping of ships, and to the liability in the field of merchant shipping.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное транспортное право" ; Статья посвящена обоснованию существования в международном транспортном и таможенном праве такого отраслевого принципа права, как принцип свободы транзита. В статье осуществлен системный теоретико-практический анализ существующей международной нормативно-правовой базы в сфере международного таможенного и транспортного права, рассмотрены и охарактеризованы основополагающие конвенции и соглашения в исследуемой области. В первую очередь, рассмотрено закрепление принципа свободы транзита на универсальном уровне. В частности, исследованы положения Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле, а также ряда международно-правовых актов, в которых закреплен указанный принцип. Кроме того, освещено развитие принципа свободы транзита на региональном уровне в рамках Содружества Независимых Государств. Проанализированы положения основных региональных соглашений, регулирующих транзитное перемещение товаров, в контексте их соответствия рассматриваемому принципу. Значительное внимание уделено автором всестороннему исследованию развития правового регулирования транзита в Республике Беларусь — основополагающим этапам, целям и инструментам. Проанализирована степень имплементации принципа свободы транзита в национальном законодательстве Республики Беларусь. = The article identifies the grounds for the principle of transit freedom existence in a branch of international transport and customs law. The author presents a systemic theoretical and practical analysis of the existing normative legal basis in international customs and transport law, Considers and characterizes the fundamental conventions and agreements in this field. Priority is given to the universal fixation of the transit freedom principle. In particular, the provisions of the GATT are analyzed as well as those of a number of international legal acts, fixing the above-mentioned principle. In addition the article describes the way the principle of transit freedom has developed at the regional level and within the CIS framework. The main provisions of most regional agreements have been analyzed — those that regulate moving goods in transit — from the point of view of their corresponding to this principle. Considerable attention is paid by the author to the comprehensive study of the development of the legal regulation of transit in the Republic of Belarus. The basic stages, objectives and instruments are described. The degree of implementation of the transit freedom principle in national legislation of the Republic of Belarus is analyzed as well.

Раскрываются исторические корни такой правовой категории, как экологическая безопасность; проводится анализ нормативных правовых актов, регулирующих отношения экологической безопасности; выявляются недостатки правового регулирования экологической безопасности в отечественном законодательстве. ; The article reveals the historical roots of such a legal category as environmental security; analyses the normative legal acts regulating relations environmental safety; identify deficiencies of legal regulation of ecological safety in the Russian legislation.

Purpose. The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive methodology of environmental express audit with a proper account for the specifics of checked objects. Using this technique makes it possible to determine in short time how the economic and production activities of the facility being checked meet environmental legislation.Methodology. The technique consists in the creation and use of special questionnaires containing test questions on all major environmental aspects of the audit facilities that have impacts on the environment. The developed methodology of express audit that specifies the standard methodology in the framework of the law of Ukraine "On environmental audit" is designed to assess the degree of environmental safety of various sites of industry, transport, agriculture, and cities. The questionnaires are based on the cluster principle, which allows adapting the universal questionnaire to the characteristics of different objects, adding a group of questions related to specific characteristics of objects under audit. The methodology determines the manner and form of the auditor interaction with representatives of the enterprise during audit.Findings. The stages of environmental audit are justified, and the structures of relevant questionnaires are developed for collection and analysis of information, identification of discrepancies of the activities at the objects under audit with environmental legislation, and reporting. The advantages inherent to this methodology compared with the standard approach are analysed based on practical experience.Originality. The structure and the content of questionnaires for environmental express audit, in particular, the all-purpose questionnaire, have been developed. The developed question lists with additional special questionnaires and adaptation of a number of questions can be applied to the analysis of environmental activities on a variety of hazardous sites.Practical value. Practical application of this methodology with the participation of the author in ...

The specific objectives of this Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) are to: 1) Review the existing situation in the sector, identify priority areas for policy changes or investments, and consider the role of the government, the private sector, and donors in implementing this agenda 2) Assess macroeconomic-environmental linkages and measures that affect long-term sustainability and financial viability within the priority areas 3) Provide a basis for defining the Bank's future involvement in the sector. The following environmental issues have been identified as critical, based on the negative impact of the current environmental conditions on human health, the economy, and natural ecosystems: Deteriorating trends in water, sanitation, and waste management; threat of coastal zone deterioration; air pollution hot spots; energy inefficiency; excessive industrial pollution; weak environmental management system, institutionally and legally; economic instruments that are more geared to revenue generation than to providing incentives for environmentally responsible behavior; quality and quantity of water resources; transboundary water and global environmental issues; and lack of sustainable forest management. The report recommends improving waste management, particularly hazardous waste; increasing provision of basic water and sanitation services to urban and rural poor; addressing environmental hot spots; strengthening institutional capacity for environmental management; preparing a coastal zone strategy; including in the environmental assessment potential liabilities in the advent of privatization; introducing measures to enhance energy efficiency and use renewable energy sources; instituting measures to reduce nutrient run-off to the Danube; preparing a biodiversity strategy, identifying threatened species, and preparing an action plan; and preparing a management plan for Lake Skadar and introducing environmentally friendly natural resource use practices.

The article studies the role of the East Germany party and state leader Walter Ulbricht in the development of the foreign policy strategy of 1949-1971, that aimed at recognition of the German Democratic Republic in international law by joining the United Nations. The article dwells on internal (the building of socialism, the struggle for political power in the East German leadership) and external (the Cold War, change of Soviet leaders) factors, that affected Ulbricht's foreign policy ideas and activities in the context of relationships between the GDR and the USSR as well as between the GDR and the FRG. It disputes a common view of Russian and foreign historiographers that Ulbricht adopted confrontational posture in relation to the German Question. The consideration is given to Ulbricht's flexibility in pursuing the goal and his aptitude for innovation. The article concludes that, notwithstanding Ulbricht's efforts to anticipate the GDR recognition in international law, the resolution of this issue depended on the state of Soviet - West German and East - West relations, the latter experiencing the era of detente on the cusp of 1960s and 1970s.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)4.1-07 ; Анализируется роль партийно-государственного руководителя Восточной Германии В. Ульбрихта в 1949-1971 гг. в разработке внешнеполитической стратегии с целью достижения международно-правового признания ГДР посредством вступления страны в ООН. Анализируются внутренние (строительство социализма, борьба за власть в восточногерманском руководстве) и внешние (холодная война, смена советских руководителей) факторы, которые оказали влияние на внешнеполитические представления и деятельность Ульбрихта в рамках отношений как между ГДР и СССР, так и между ГДР и ФРГ. Ставится под сомнение широко распространенное в отечественной и зарубежной историографии мнение о приверженности Ульбрихта конфронтационной линии в германском вопросе. Обращается внимание на гибкость Ульбрихта в достижении цели и его склонность к новациям. Сделан вывод о том, что, несмотря на попытки Ульбрихта ускорить международно-правовое признание ГДР, решение этой проблемы зависело как от состояния советско-западногерманских отношений, так и отношений между Западом и Востоком, которые на рубеже 1960-1970-х гг. вступили в период разрядки международной напряженности.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)4.1-07

в данной статье путём сравнительно-правового метода описываются общие черты и различия в обязательствах вследствие причинения вреда в Российской Федерации и других странах континентальной правовой семьи ; а также характеризуется ответственность за вред ; причинённый недостатками товаров ; работ и услуг по законодательству стран англо-саксонской правовой семьи ; вносятся предложения по совершенствованию законодательства. ; using a comparative law method this article describes the similarities and differences in the obligations as a result of the injury in the Russian Federation and other countries of continental legal family ; characterizes the responsibility for harm caused by deficiencies of goods ; jobs and services under the laws of the countries in the Anglo-Saxon legal family. The work also suggests the ways to improve the legislation.

The article is devoted to determining the place of consumer law in the system of Russian law and in the system of Russian legislation. Having formed in Russian civil law initially as a functional institution of civil law protection of consumer rights, it later, together with the norms of branches of public law, forms an intersectoral institute of Russian law, and under the influence of codified civil legislation, especially due to the reform of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the improvement of legislation on consumer protection and the practice of its application, occupies the place of a functional sub-branch in the structure of modern civil law. For more than thirty years, consumer law has also been formed as a complex branch of legislation, including normative acts containing norms of various branches of Russian law. Consumer law (consumer protection legislation) is characterized by a number of features (it includes numerous regulations of various hierarchical levels and combines legal regulation contained in codified civil legislation and special acts on consumer protection). This, on the one hand, seems to be a very progressive phenomenon, since the civil law regulation of contractual relations with the participation of consumers is elevated to the level of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and, on the other hand, this is done in part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in certain federal laws, is often inconsistent or insufficiently successful.

The research aims at the establishment of main principles, priorities and directions of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation. Environmental industrial policy is considered as a part of the industrial policy aimed at the formation of highly technological competitive national industry providing for the transfer of the economy from the export of raw materials to the innovation type of development. The international experience of the implementation of industrial policies is analysed; it is shown that re-industrialisation leads to strengthening the role of the state regulation and planning both in developed and developing countries. Peculiarities of the international approaches to forming "green" industrial policy are considered. Main principles of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation are formulated as follows: (1) industrial modernisation providing for the resource efficiency enhancement and the reduction of the negative environmental impact and (2) recycling of waste (its return to the economic cycle). It is emphasised that the environmental industrial policy priorities reflect foremost national purposes and strategic objectives of the Russian Federation development.

The article examines the practice of law regulating the use, consumption, assigning human resources, environmental protection of their habitat during the period 30-40 years of the 20th century in the Komi Republic.