Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the correlation between the European Union law and international law. Constant participation of the European Union and its members in international organizations gave a rise to the need for establishment of interrelation between the sources of international law particularly international agreements and customs and sources of European Union law such as regulating agreements and acts of the EU institutions as well as necessity to identify which norms should be applied in a certain case and which hierarchical connections exist in these sources. This issue was research by numerous Ukrainian and foreign scholars such as T.V. Komarova, O.V. Plotnikov, K. Zigler, I.I. Maryniv, R. Jennigs, K. Tomushat and others. But unlike scientific research EU agreements do not have any provisions which would identify the type of relations between EU law and international law. It is also necessary to note that the only subject which position is important in this sphere is EU Court. In order to answer the mentioned questions decisions of the EU Court which had an impact on the formation of a new law and order on international level such as the one of the European Union (for example decision in case Van Gend en Loos) and decision of the Court which established fundamental positions regarding correlation of EU law and international law (for example in case Kadi v Council and Commission) were researched into. Provisions of EU regulating agreements related to international agreements and their place in the system of norms of the European Union were analyzed. To see the procedure of applying customary law in European law case law of the EU Court was researched. The article provides modern position of the EU Court regarding interaction between European and international law.

ON THE ISSUE OF FORMING A NEW AREA OF LAW – ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LAW IN UKRAINE J. KRASNOVA, associate professor,National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of UkraineE-mail: krasnova_yulya@ukr.net Abstract. The article is a theoretical study of the problems of integration and differentiation in envirinmental law by raising the possibility of formation of envirinmental safety law as a separate branch of law. The analysis is carried out on the scientific and legislative approaches regarding the place of envirinmental safety inthe system of envirinmental law. It is substantiatedthat the legal literature does not give a uniform approach to the understanding and role of envirinmental safety in envirinmental law, whilethe national legislation of Ukraine has no proper criteria for the selection of legal relationships in the field of ensuring envirinmental safety into a separate legislative area. According to the major strategic regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine, envirinmental safety is the main principle of natural resource and environmental protection legislation. Based on this approach, proposed is a model of common methodology of envirinmental safety law which consists of defining the subject, methods, principles and system of legal regulation of envirinmental safety, which will systematize the legal norms in this area, which will be useful not only for training and research, but also for systematization of international and national legislation on ensuring envirinmental safety.

THE SYSTEM OF SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWAND STANDARDS AS ITS COMPONENTB. KovalenkoAbstract. The paper entitled "The system of sources of environmental law and standards as its component" deals with study of the environmental standards as part of the system of sources of environmental law in Ukraine. The author is B. Kovalenko. The article describes several definitions of systems of sources of law and sources of ecological law. Features of systems of sources of law and sources of ecological law have been researched. Author explores as the main sources of environmental law such components: domestic regulations, international treaties and environmental standards. Special attention is paid to consideration of features of environmental standards as part of system of sources of ecological law. Such features of sources of ecological law as international legal orientation, binding implementation, normativity have been researched. The legal system is considered by the author in terms of natural law understanding. The essential point of the article is researched the influence of environmental standards on the Ukrainian legislation. Although environmental standards do not make changes to certain laws of Ukraine, but the continuous improvement of national standards and implement European Union sets the direction for the formation of general environmental legislation of Ukraine.Keywords: sources of law, legal system, the system of sources of environmental law, standards, environmental standards.

The article deals with the issue of the conflicts of laws in international private law. It has been found out that each state has its own legal regulation of the relations which leads to conflicts of material norms of various states and complicates legal regulation of international relationships. The law of the states has many differences in regulation of various relations which provides for application of a connecting factor as one of the ways to solve the problem. It has been proved that international private law has a significant role in regulation of relations with a foreign element. As for international private law which norms are formed independently by each state, compliance with treaty obligations as well as rules and principles of international law by each state is significant to each state. At the same time, codification of international private law is the main way for systematization and legislative implementation of conflict of laws, material and procedural provisions designated for regulation of private relations with foreign element. Qualification of legal definitions which are applied in formulation of the rule of the conflict of laws is a burning issue as well. It has been established that the procedure for qualification in international private law should identify the model of relations and consists of three stages which are: interpretation of the rule; analysis of relations; comparison of the rule and relations. It has been clarified that the situation of a mobile conflict and the issue of acceptance or failure to accept remission and remission to the law of the third state relate to the issue regarding application of the rule of the conflict of laws in international private law. We think that the first priority task is to bring national laws on international private law in compliance with modern conditions of international civil and trade turnover. For the future development it is necessary to introduce a single legislative act which will take into account all these issues and the mechanism ...

Introduction. International trade is closely related to environmental sustainable development, while promoting trade growth and environmental sustainable development are also the goals pursued by mankind. China's environmental sustainability is affected by both severe shortages of natural resources and severe environmental pollution. In addition, growing populations and rapid economic growth, as well as weak environmental controls, have increased demand for natural resources and affected their pollution. In the past year, in conditions of the complex international situation and the severe impact of COVID-19 pandemic, China's foreign trade imports and exports have been significantly better than expected, and the scale of foreign trade has once again set a record high. However, how to ensure the growth of international trade while ensuring environmental protection? Sustainable development is one of the problems that the Chinese government needs to solve.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of fundamental provisions of crisis theory, international trade theory, theory of foreign trade of national ecological and economic systems, as well as modern concepts of post pandemic development. The solution of the set tasks was carried out by using a set of general scientific research methods: analysis of scientific literature, method of analogy and comparison, theoretical synthesis, classification, methodological generalization, economic and statistical analysis, expert assessments and scientific abstraction. The authors use the Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the General Administration of Customs, Baidu academic papers, and relevant documents in the CNKI database as data sources.The purpose of research – to prove the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development.Results. The research proved the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. The research substantiates environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade development. Related factors of international trade in the context of environmental sustainability have been identified. The formation of modern international trade in the conditions of changing the ecological environment of China is analyzed. Countermeasures on environmental sustainability in the context of China's growing international trade are proposed. Through the summary of research, it is found out the relevance and causality between trade and the environment, analyze and study the changes in relevant data, and summarize the main imbalances in the process of China's response to international trade and environmental sustainable development, so as to put forward corresponding problems in response to these issues solution.Prospects. The results of the research discover the environmental sustainability in the context of China's international trade. The prospect of further research is to apply the impact of the China's international trade development on its environmental sustainability for the development of domestic foreign trade policy.

This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...

The article researches development of trust property institute in continental law states and investigates possible development of national legislation in this sphere. The article also characterizes modern state of trust property in Ukraine and proposed models of its improvement. In all researched continental law states it is possible to trace personal way of development of trust property institute as well as a special mean of trust implementation. Approaches of foreign legislators distinguish and can be seen in implementation of single-level and two-level changes. The first one is ratification of the Hague Trust Convention (Italy) as well as enshrining of its own trust like constructions (France, Germany). Two-level changes are represented by first Ratification of the Hague Trust Convention and then adoption of special acts to regulate legislative collisions in regulation of trust relations (Switzerland). The article has also researched prospects in development of Ukrainian national legislation. Draft laws which are registered in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and consider trust property as one more way to ensure performance of duties along with other ones provided for by p. 1 of Art. 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine such as forfeit, bailment, guarantee, collateral/pledge, retention, deposit (down payment) have been investigated. Reasons for enlarging legislation on trust relations through ratification of conventions and creation of a wide legal regulation of the researched sphere have been provided.

Використовуючи усі доступні форми навчання для повноцінного оволодіння студентами дисципліни «Екологічне право» з урахуванням особливостей предмета та метода правового регулювання природноресурсових, природоохоронних та еколого-безпечних правовідносин, сприяти опануванню студентами наукових тверджень, положень чинного екологічного законодавства, набуття навичок його застосування у реальній практиці правозахисної, правозастосовної, наукової та іншої діяльності. Викладання дисципліни носить науково-практичне спрямування для формування у студентів правосвідомості та високої правової культури. Знання правових засад екологічної безпеки дозволяє студентам заздалегідь розпізнати екологічні правопорушення та виявити види юридичної відповідальності за такі правопорушення. Змістом навчальної дисципліни є: Поняття, предмет, метод і принципи екологічного права. Система та джерела екологічного права. Право власності на природні ресурси та право природокористування. Управління в галузі екологічних відносин. Правове регулювання використання та охорони земель. Правове регулювання використання та охорони вод. Правове регулювання використання та охорони надр. Правове регулювання використання та охорони лісів. Правове регулювання охорони та використання тваринного світу. Екологічна мережа України. Правове регулювання охорони та використання рослинного світу. Правове регулювання охорони атмосферного повітря. Економіко-правовий механізм в екологічному праві. Забезпечення екологічної безпеки. Правове регулювання відносин щодо надзвичайних екологічних ситуацій та поводження з відходами. Екологічні права та обов'язки громадян. Юридична відповідальність за екологічні правопорушення. Міжнародне право навколишнього середовища. Using all available forms of training for the full proficiency of the students in the discipline "Environmental Law" taking into account the features of the subject and method of legal regulation of natural resource, environmental and ecologically safe legal relations, to facilitate the mastery of the students' scientific statements, the provisions of the current environmental legislation, the acquisition of skills in its application in the real practice of human rights , law enforcement, scientific and other activities. Teaching discipline has a scientific and practical orientation for the formation of students of legal consciousness and a high legal culture. Knowledge of the legal principles of environmental safety allows students to recognize environmental violations in advance and identify types of legal liability for such offenses. The content of the discipline is: The concept, subject, method and principles of environmental law. System and sources of environmental law. Ownership of natural resources and the right to use natural resources. Management in the field of environmental relations. Legal regulation of use and protection of land. Legal regulation of water use and protection. Legal regulation of use and protection of mineral resources. Legal regulation of the use and protection of forests. Legal regulation of the protection and use of the animal world. Ecological Network of Ukraine. Legal regulation of the protection and use of the plant world. Legal regulation of the protection of atmospheric air. Economic and legal mechanism in environmental law. Ensuring environmental safety. Legal regulation of relations concerning emergency ecological situations and waste management. Environmental rights and obligations of citizens. Legal liability for environmental violations. International environmental law

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.

The article is devoted to the study of the ecosystem as an object of environmental law through the prism of the ecosystem approach – the newest strategy aimed at shifting the emphasis from the management of individual natural objects to the management of ecosystems that are of direct importance to humanity. The doctrinal views on the ecosystem as an object of environmental law and its place among other objects of legal regulation are analyzed. The opinion is substantiated that the implementation of the ecosystem approach into environmental law provides for the transformation of this branch of law at the level of the object composition and the recognition of the ecosystem as its central object. It has been suggested that with a change in the structural organization of environmental law, when the ecosystem will be recognized as its central object, and all other objects will be considered in the ecosystem context, the ecosystem concept will have the status of the main paradigm of environmental law and, probably, subsequently, being quite «ecosystemocentric», environmental law will be transformed into «ecosystem law», just as environmental legislation will finally be based on a single scientific concept – the concept of an ecosystem, which significantly activates the process of codification of environmental legislation in the form of developing an «Ecosystem Code». Such position is certainly debatable and can be critically perceived in scientific circles, and therefore requires a comprehensive development and justification. At the same time, the very formulation of the question of the place of the ecosystem among the objects of environmental law can start a lively and fruitful scientific discussion that will help to develop an optimal model of legal regulation of environmental relations.

The research paper has been dedicated to the generalization and systematization of scientific achievements of representatives of international environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues.The notion of «Ukraine's international studies» has been defined at the research. They are both studies of regularities and peculiarities, factors, subjects, values, directions, priorities, formation and realization of Ukraine's politics on the international arena and international studies in which Ukraine is an object.Reviewed scientific results of author's abstracts of Ukrainian doctoral and candidate theses, economic directions of Ukraine's international studies have been proposed. They are: theoretical, competitive, foreign economic, integration, security and international environmental. Theoretical direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of social-economic systems, a national economy, a cooperation between society and state in economic processes and an economic component of society functioning. Competitive direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of a national competitiveness, its components and a transit potential of Ukraine. Integration direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues researches phenomena of the international and regional integration of Ukraine. The security direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of the economic security of Ukraine and its components. Foreign economic direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of international economic relations of Ukraine, her foreign economic activity and her trans-boarder cooperation. International environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates international factors of the development of the national economic of Ukraine.Scientific results of representatives of the international direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues have been under analysis at the research paper. They had proposed new scientific results and further elaboration of phenomena of the economic sovereignty of Ukraine, the stability of the national economy, a local clasterization, the foreign debt of Ukraine, an international investment, an international technical assistance, the international trade of tourist services, an international migration, a transnationalization, a state regulation of the national economy and the international image of Ukraine.Key words: Ukraine's international issues; economic studies; international environmental direction. ; Узагальнено науковий доробок представників міжнародносередовищевого напряму економічних досліджень української міжнародної проблематики. Висвітлено наукові результати дисертаційних праць дослідників цього напряму з розробки феноменів економічного суверенітету держави, стійкості національної економіки, локальної кластеризації, зовнішньої торгівлі, іноземних кредитів, зовнішнього боргу, іноземних інвестицій, міжнародної технічної допомоги, міжнародної торгівлі туристичними послугами, міжнародної міграції, транснаціоналізації, державного регулювання національної економіки, міжнародного іміджу країни.Ключові слова: українська міжнародна проблематика; економічні дослідження; міжнародносередовищевий напрям.

The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...

On the grounds of the comprehensive analysis of the views of scientists, the article explores the principle of the ecosystem approach in environmental law. It is substantiated that the modern environmental legal doctrine has not yet developed a clear and unambiguous understanding of the essence of this principle and its place among other principles of environmental law, because scientists, considering this principle an independent principle, simultaneously recognize it as a sign of rational use of natural resources, identify it with the complex and sustainable use of natural resources or generally see it in the vast majority of principles of environmental law. Given the novelty, extreme intricacy and unconventionality of the principle of the ecosystem approach, it is proposed to consider it as a quintessential principle of environmental law, which, found on the objective conditions of nature's existence, denoted by the interdependence and interconditionality of all natural processes and phenomena, "permeates" all principles of environmental law and at the same time serves as their backbone, the essence. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to rethink environmental law and its principles on the basis of the ecosystem approach.

Constitutionally guaranteed validity of international treaties, ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the fact that they are appeared to be a part of national legislation determines the relevance of international legal approaches in the development of national environmental legislation. The article analyses the international environmental monitoring regulations in order to implement their provisions into Ukrainian environmental legislation. The authors propose the new ways of the environmental science development and amendments to the national legal regulations in the field of environmental monitoring.

The article investigates European approaches to legal regulation of relations on the implementation of environmental monitoring in order to adapt national environmental legislation to the legislation of the European Union and to eliminate deficiencies and gaps. The purpose of this article is to study the legal nature of environmental monitoring with the help of sources of international environmental law and environmental law of the European Union, cooperation of the countries of the world with the participation of Ukraine.

The objective of this article is making proposals regarding the consideration of European legal and international approaches to the regulation of relations on the implementation of environmental monitoring in the current legislation of Ukraine. In order to improve legal regulation of environmental monitoring in Ukraine, it is suggested to support the adoption of the Law of Ukraine on Environmental Monitoring; to eliminate the fragmentation in the creation of subordinate regulatory mechanism for of environmental monitoring; to continue the research in the field of international environmental law implementation, taking into account European approaches. The methodological basis of the study comprises general scientific and special cognitive methods: formal-logical and logical-semantic methods, a method of system analysis and a method of interpretation of legal norms are used. These methods application contributes d to substantiating proposals for improving the provisions of the current Ukrainian legislation in the field under study.