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Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most widely used pesticides with more than 100 OP compounds in use around the world. The high-intensity use of OP pesticides contributes to morbidity and mortality in farmworkers and their families through acute or chronic pesticides-related illnesses. Many factors contributing to adverse health effects have been investigated by researchers to determine pathways of OP-pesticide exposure among farmers in developed and developing countries. Factors like wind/agricultural pesticide drift, mixing and spraying pesticides, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), knowledge, perceptions, washing hands, taking a shower, wearing contaminated clothes, eating, drinking, smoking, and hot weather are common in both groups of countries. Factors including low socioeconomic status areas, workplace conditions, duration of exposure, pesticide safety training, frequency of applying pesticides, spraying against the wind, and reuse of pesticide containers for storage are specific contributors in developing countries, whereas housing conditions, social contextual factors, and mechanical equipment were specific pathways in developed countries. This paper compares existing research in environmental and behavioural exposure modifying factors and biological monitoring between developing and developed countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the current depth of understanding of exposure pathways and factors increasing the risk of exposure potentially leading to adverse health effects specific to each group of countries.

Abstract
Transport for London (TfL) employed 36,506 staff between 2014 and 2019, 22,202 worked within the London Underground (LU). Employees were regularly exposed to PM2.5 concentrations 15-fold higher than those found above ground in London. However, PM2.5 in the LU differs in physical and chemical characteristics relative to outdoor air, and the health impacts are largely unquantified. This project aims to quantify LU PM exposure of staff and measure its impact on cardiorespiratory sickness absence. A job exposure matrix was developed to model TfL employee PM2.5 exposure based on their jobs. Measurement campaigns were deployed across the LU network to validate and revise staff PM2.5 exposure, which was then linked to sickness absence records. Poisson models were developed to explore the relationship with cardiorespiratory sickness absence. PM2.5 exposure of customer service staff varied depending on their grade and tasks they undertake. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 138 µg/m3 in the offices and 3 to 1,036 µg/m3 on the platforms. Drivers' PM2.5 exposure was dependent on the line they worked on and the amount of time the train spent underground. Drivers have the highest PM2.5 exposure (median: 130 µg/m3) among all TfL staff and the highest mean number of all-cause (6.7) and respiratory (1.5) sickness absence episodes. This is the largest study to quantify LU PM exposure and the associated health effects within a London occupational cohort. It will contribute to a safer working environment for staff and to a better understanding of the potential health impact on the commuting population.

Perspectives on individual and community risk -- Reducing risks : an environmental engineering perspective -- Clinical perspective on respiratory toxicology -- Industrial perspectives : translating the knowledge base into corporate policies, programs, and practices for health protection -- Food constituents and contaminants -- Acrolein and unsaturated aldehydes -- Chemical weapons -- Ambient air particulate matter -- Arsenic -- Asbestos and other mineral and vitreous fibers -- Carbon monoxide -- Chromium -- Diesel exhaust and lung cancer risk -- Endocrine disrupting chemicals -- Formaldehyde and other saturated aldehydes -- Lead and compounds -- Mercury -- Cardiopulmonary effects of nanomaterials -- Nitrogen oxides -- Ozone -- Pesticides -- Radon and lung cancer -- Secondhand tobacco smoke -- Sulfur oxides (sox) - so2, h2so4, nh4hso4, and (nh4)2so -- World Trade Center (WTC) dust.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- MEASURES OF EXPOSURE -- Questionnaires -- Monitoring -- Biological Markers -- IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES -- HEALTH EFFECTS -- Acute, Noxious Effects -- Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function -- Lung Cancer -- Other Cancers -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Other Health Considerations in Children -- 1 Introduction -- DEFINITIONS -- TRENDS IN CIGARETTE USAGE -- ORGANIZATION -- REFERENCES -- I PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 2 The Physicochemical Nature of Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- SIDESTREAM SMOKE -- PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- RADIOACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- TOXIC AND CARCINOGENIC AGENTS IN TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- 3 In Vivo and In Vitro Assays to Assess the Health Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke -- INTRODUCTION -- IN VIVO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- Exposure Methods in Laboratory Research -- Animal Models in Inhalation Studies -- Results of Inhalation Studies -- In Vivo Bioassays Other Than Inhalation -- IN VITRO ASSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- What Is Known -- What Scientific Information Is Missing -- REFERENCES -- II ASSESSING EXPOSURES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- 4 Introduction -- REFERENCE -- 5 Assessing Exposures to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the External Environment -- TRACERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE -- PERSONAL MONITORING -- CONCENTRATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS -- Various Environmental Tobacco Smoke Constituents.