Suchergebnisse

The dissemination of the environmental responsibility concept has led companies to develop and to showcase their commitments and actions in favor of the environment. The challenges of this approach have become strategic for SCOP Espaces Verts. Already certified in this field, the company now wants to determine existing adequacies or contradictions between its commitments and its stakeholders expectations regarding environmental responsibility. A rigorous methodology is in place in order to identify and prioritize these actors and their requests. This work aims to highlight the points of coherence and possiblemeasures for improvement. Prospective scenarios are proposed to give an overview of the various alternatives available for the company. ; La diffusion du concept de responsabilité environnementale a conduit les entreprises à développer et mettre en avant leurs engagements et leurs actions en faveur de l'environnement. Les enjeux d'une telle démarche sont devenus stratégiques pour l'entreprise du paysage SCOP Espaces Verts. Déjà certifiée dans ce domaine, elle souhaite aujourd'hui déterminer les adéquations ou contradictions existantes entre ses engagements et les attentes de ses parties prenantes en matière de responsabilité environnementale. Une méthodologie rigoureuse est mise en place afin d'identifier et de hiérarchiser ces acteurs et leurs demandes. Ce travail a pour objectif de mettre en exergue les points de cohérence et les pistes d'amélioration possibles. Des scénarios prospectifs sont proposés permettant de donner un aperçu des différentes alternatives qui s'offrent à l'entreprise.

Date de rédaction : 2003 ; This paper aims at clarifying some conceptual flaws blurring the equity-efficiency debates involved in the setting of objectives of GHGs emissions control beyond 2012. To this end, it carries out numerical experiments that test the viability of agreements grounded on two contrasting target allocation rules: a "Soft Landing" rule prolonging a Kyoto-type agreement; and a "Convergence" rule progressively re-directing Kyoto towards a per capita emissions endowment. The paper demonstrates the sensitivity of the impact to the metric used to assess it and to assumptions regarding the interaction between the cap and trade system and accompanying measures such as domestic policies (characterised as simple fiscal reforms) and international public funding. In a third step it derives some lessons about how to reconcile two political imperatives: (a) an ex-post or "consequentialist" approach to equity, which however cannot fully avoid relying on ex-ante rules, and (b) the necessity of an agreement on such stable ex-ante rules to set up emissions targets and efficient emissions trading. The latter step suggests a coming back to the environment/development "Gordian Knot", which underpins all global environmental affairs since the Stockholm Conference in 1972. We argue that the equity-efficiency dilemma has to be set in a broader sustainable development perspective whereby climate policies are integrated with development priorities of the poorest countries so as to create a leverage effect on development.

Date de rédaction : 2003 ; This paper aims at clarifying some conceptual flaws blurring the equity-efficiency debates involved in the setting of objectives of GHGs emissions control beyond 2012. To this end, it carries out numerical experiments that test the viability of agreements grounded on two contrasting target allocation rules: a "Soft Landing" rule prolonging a Kyoto-type agreement; and a "Convergence" rule progressively re-directing Kyoto towards a per capita emissions endowment. The paper demonstrates the sensitivity of the impact to the metric used to assess it and to assumptions regarding the interaction between the cap and trade system and accompanying measures such as domestic policies (characterised as simple fiscal reforms) and international public funding. In a third step it derives some lessons about how to reconcile two political imperatives: (a) an ex-post or "consequentialist" approach to equity, which however cannot fully avoid relying on ex-ante rules, and (b) the necessity of an agreement on such stable ex-ante rules to set up emissions targets and efficient emissions trading. The latter step suggests a coming back to the environment/development "Gordian Knot", which underpins all global environmental affairs since the Stockholm Conference in 1972. We argue that the equity-efficiency dilemma has to be set in a broader sustainable development perspective whereby climate policies are integrated with development priorities of the poorest countries so as to create a leverage effect on development.

Date de rédaction : 2003 ; This paper aims at clarifying some conceptual flaws blurring the equity-efficiency debates involved in the setting of objectives of GHGs emissions control beyond 2012. To this end, it carries out numerical experiments that test the viability of agreements grounded on two contrasting target allocation rules: a "Soft Landing" rule prolonging a Kyoto-type agreement; and a "Convergence" rule progressively re-directing Kyoto towards a per capita emissions endowment. The paper demonstrates the sensitivity of the impact to the metric used to assess it and to assumptions regarding the interaction between the cap and trade system and accompanying measures such as domestic policies (characterised as simple fiscal reforms) and international public funding. In a third step it derives some lessons about how to reconcile two political imperatives: (a) an ex-post or "consequentialist" approach to equity, which however cannot fully avoid relying on ex-ante rules, and (b) the necessity of an agreement on such stable ex-ante rules to set up emissions targets and efficient emissions trading. The latter step suggests a coming back to the environment/development "Gordian Knot", which underpins all global environmental affairs since the Stockholm Conference in 1972. We argue that the equity-efficiency dilemma has to be set in a broader sustainable development perspective whereby climate policies are integrated with development priorities of the poorest countries so as to create a leverage effect on development.

Date de rédaction : 2003 ; This paper aims at clarifying some conceptual flaws blurring the equity-efficiency debates involved in the setting of objectives of GHGs emissions control beyond 2012. To this end, it carries out numerical experiments that test the viability of agreements grounded on two contrasting target allocation rules: a "Soft Landing" rule prolonging a Kyoto-type agreement; and a "Convergence" rule progressively re-directing Kyoto towards a per capita emissions endowment. The paper demonstrates the sensitivity of the impact to the metric used to assess it and to assumptions regarding the interaction between the cap and trade system and accompanying measures such as domestic policies (characterised as simple fiscal reforms) and international public funding. In a third step it derives some lessons about how to reconcile two political imperatives: (a) an ex-post or "consequentialist" approach to equity, which however cannot fully avoid relying on ex-ante rules, and (b) the necessity of an agreement on such stable ex-ante rules to set up emissions targets and efficient emissions trading. The latter step suggests a coming back to the environment/development "Gordian Knot", which underpins all global environmental affairs since the Stockholm Conference in 1972. We argue that the equity-efficiency dilemma has to be set in a broader sustainable development perspective whereby climate policies are integrated with development priorities of the poorest countries so as to create a leverage effect on development.

Date de rédaction : 2003 ; This paper aims at clarifying some conceptual flaws blurring the equity-efficiency debates involved in the setting of objectives of GHGs emissions control beyond 2012. To this end, it carries out numerical experiments that test the viability of agreements grounded on two contrasting target allocation rules: a "Soft Landing" rule prolonging a Kyoto-type agreement; and a "Convergence" rule progressively re-directing Kyoto towards a per capita emissions endowment. The paper demonstrates the sensitivity of the impact to the metric used to assess it and to assumptions regarding the interaction between the cap and trade system and accompanying measures such as domestic policies (characterised as simple fiscal reforms) and international public funding. In a third step it derives some lessons about how to reconcile two political imperatives: (a) an ex-post or "consequentialist" approach to equity, which however cannot fully avoid relying on ex-ante rules, and (b) the necessity of an agreement on such stable ex-ante rules to set up emissions targets and efficient emissions trading. The latter step suggests a coming back to the environment/development "Gordian Knot", which underpins all global environmental affairs since the Stockholm Conference in 1972. We argue that the equity-efficiency dilemma has to be set in a broader sustainable development perspective whereby climate policies are integrated with development priorities of the poorest countries so as to create a leverage effect on development.

The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change (INC) took up work in February 1991 on the basis of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations in the year 1989. The results of the negotiation process were approved at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), in the form of a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). This paper analyzes the climate policy of 24 states or groups of states. In order to structure the interests in the climate issue area, the theorem of the 'environmental policy interest triangle' is here referred to: environmental policy agents are described in relation to the environmental pollution process and an interest distribution pattern is thus obtained. This relation of interests between agents comprises the conflictive originator or polluter and affected interests as well as the intervening helper interests. In a theoretical discussion, typical contents will first be allocated to all three interests in order to determine the presence and influence of these interests and of other factors on the climate policy of the states under investigation as revealed by the INC discussions. The other variables influencing climate policy, i. e. structural (capability of action) and specific (political, economic, constitutional etc.) variables, are also included in the analysis. Based on such a structuring of interests within and above all between the states, proposals will be made to build up an effective and dynamic climate regime, capable of consensus, and the foreseeable limits of climate protection policy will be defined against the background of results from other negotiation processes and environmental protection agreements.

The public wants to know more on the companies and not of casual way but systematic to take better decisions of investment and of saving (felicitous balance between the benefits and the risks) and to evaluate the sustainable of the company with rules concrete on his legitimacy to operate: his conduct to do businesses and his equilibrium balanced of economic subjects, social and environmental. There is an intimate relation between what the development sustainable and the Social Responsibility of the Company (RSE). The companies declare a commitment with the development sustainable, because they understand that it has to see with his feasibility. And in this, coexist two big motivations; imperative ethical and also imperative of businesses. In relation with the first, ascertains the conviction that the companies are responsible by his impact in the society and that distinct groups of interest (stakeholders), not only the investors, have right to knowledge. In relation with the second, also exists the conviction that the companies that are more open will win confidence of his groups of interest, will develop a better reputation, will have more allies and least problems, and like this will be perceived and administering better all his risks; In other words it will show good management that sees further of the short term. The moves to the company is the best form to do businesses, the one who ensure this permanence in the time. And this itself conciliates with the imperative ethical of many: the care and the responsible action of the means environment, the transparency of information, the good business government, the promotion of practices of healthy businesses, respect to the members of the chain of value, the attention and care or consideration to the people of the companies in social appearances, of health, of security. ; El público quiere saber más sobre las empresas y no de manera casual sino sistemática para tomar mejores decisiones de inversión y de ahorro (balance adecuado entre la rentabilidad y los riesgos) y para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la empresa con pautas concretas sobre su legitimidad para operar: su conducta de hacer negocios y su ponderación equilibrada de temas económicos, sociales y ambientales. Hay una íntima relación entre lo que es el desarrollo sustentable y la Responsabilidad Social de la Empresa (RSE). Las empresas declaran un compromiso con el desarrollo sustentable, porque entienden que tiene que ver con su viabilidad. Y en ello, coexisten dos grandes motivaciones: imperativos éticos y también imperativos de negocios. En relación con lo primero, se constata la convicción que las empresas son responsables por sus impactos en la sociedad y que distintos grupos de interés (stakeholders), no sólo los inversionistas, tienen derecho a saber. En relación con lo segundo, también existe la convicción que las empresas que son más abiertas ganarán confianza de sus grupos de interés, desarrollarán una mejor reputación, tendrán más aliados y menos problemas, y así serán percibidas como administrando mejor todos sus riesgos, en otras palabras, demostrarán buen management, que ve más allá del corto plazo. Lo que mueve a la empresa es la mejor forma de hacer negocios, la que asegure esa permanencia en el tiempo. Y eso sí concilia con los imperativos éticos de muchos: el cuidado y la acción responsable del medio ambiente, la transparencia de información, el buen gobierno empresarial, la promoción de practicas de negocios sanos, respeto a los integrantes de la cadena de valor, la atención y cuidado o consideración a la gente de las empresas en aspectos sociales, de salud y de seguridad.

275 p. ; Ese trabajo tiene el objetivo de demostrar algunos aspectos de la evolución del Derecho Ambiental en la Unión Europea, en las cuatro últimas décadas; y también, algunos de sus principales instrumentos de responsabilidad en Derecho Ambiental y su efectividad en la aplicación interna de normas de protección ambiental en algunos países miembros, especialmente en España

Puesto que las Entidades de la Economía Social (EES) basan su funcionamiento en valores como la democracia, la igualdad, la equidad, la solidaridad y, por tanto, contrarios a toda clase de discriminación, cabria esperar que prevaleciera en todos sus ámbitos la igualdad de género y, en especial, en lo relativo a la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, al igual que sucede en el conjunto de las empresas, los escasos estudios que existen ponen de manifiesto que en las EES la participación de hombres y mujeres en la toma de decisiones no es igualitaria. Parece que estas organizaciones no son ajenas a los efectos de la segregación vertical, fundamentados en diversas teorías explicativas. No obstante, el estilo directivo femenino es bien diferente al desarrollado por sus colegas masculinos, aunque la cultura empresarial y los estereotipos de género impiden su diferenciación efectiva.Por otra parte, la sociedad exige cada vez más a las empresas compromisos sociales y medioambientales que superan el ámbito estrictamente económico. Por ello, a las empresas en general, y a las de la Economía Social en particular, se les pide que adopten prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). En este contexto, y ante el paralelismo que existe entre los valores y principios de la Economía Social y de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la incidencia del género en la RSE de las EES. Para ello, se cuenta con la información proporcionada de una muestra formada por 134 cooperativas y sociedades laborales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor participación de las mujeres en la toma de decisiones de las empresas de Economía Social no afecta ni a la RSE, medida en su conjunto, ni a cada una de sus dimensiones (económica, social y medioambiental). ; The Social Economy Enterprises (SEE) operation, based on values such as democracy, equality, equity, solidarity and, consequently, opposed to all forms of discrimination, might be expected to guarantee the gender equality in all their areas, especially on the decisionmaking position. However, as it is frequently happening in the most of the business, the participation of men and women in decision-making is not equal in the SEE. These organizations are sensible to the effects of vertical segregation, according to several explanatory theories. Nonetheless, the female management style is quite different to their male colleagues, although the corporate culture and gender stereotypes difficult their effective differentiation.On the other hand, society demands more and more social and environmental commitments to the companies going beyond the economic sphere. Consequently, companies in general, and the SEE in particular, are required to adopt practices of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In this context, given the parallelism between the values and principles of the Social Economy and Social Responsibility (CSR), this paper analyzes the gender impact on the CSR in the SEE. A sample of 134 cooperatives and worker-owned companies has been used. The findings show that increased participation of women in decision-making of Social Economy enterprises does not affect CSR as a whole or each of its dimensions (economic, social and environmental).

Environmental democracy, understood as a particular manifestation of environmental justice, is embodied in several indicators, such as public participation, in-formation access, and an effective access to procedures. On its hand, Law Nº 20.920 framework for waste management, extended producer responsibility and recycling promo-tion, reforms and systematizes the way that wastes are treated in Chile, specially through the "extended producer responsibility": a policy approach, applied in several countries, under which producers accept significant responsibility - financial and/or physical - for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products, looking for them to internalize such costs. Hence, it is more than a new law; it is a public policy that interferes with the market, regu-lating and producing economic alterations. This work analyzes the way that the instruments and regulations of Law Nº 20.920 reflect various principles of environmental democracy, taking as a basis the commitments that Chile adopted by virtue of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in 1992. ; La democracia ambiental constituye una manifestación de la justicia am-biental, entendida ésta en un sentido amplio. Entre sus expresiones se encuentran la partici-pación ciudadana, un adecuado acceso a la información y un acceso efectivo a procedi-mientos judiciales y administrativos. Por su parte, la Ley Nº 20.920, marco para la gestión de residuos, la responsabilidad extendida del productor y fomento al reciclaje, viene a re-formar y sistematizar el tratamiento de residuos en Chile; especialmente a través de la res-ponsabilidad extendida del productor, un instrumento de gestión ambiental, de extendida aplicación en otros países, que convierte a los productores en responsables (operativa o financieramente) de la gestión de los residuos post-consumo, buscando la internalización de sus costos. Por consiguiente, no se trata solo de una nueva ley, sino que es una política pú-blica compleja, que introduce sustantivas alteraciones ...

The impact of the precautionary principle on the law of civil and criminal liability is the result of a collective international research led by Mathilde Hautereau-Boutonnet, Professor at Jean Moulin University, Lyon 3 and Jean-Christophe Saint-Pau, Professor and Doyen of the Faculty of Law and Political Science of Bordeaux. Supported by the Mission de Recherche droit et Justice, it took place from May 2013 to June 2016. Based on a conceptual and empirical, theoretical and practical approach, the research examines how, in different countries studied, civil and criminal liability law, under the influence of the judge and the legislator, addresses the risks of serious and scientifically uncertain damage in the environmental and health field. In the light of foreign law, research then highlights the obstacles to the application of the precautionary principle, as well as the tools to remove them in the light of the preventive, punitive and compensatory functions of liability law. ; L'étude s'intitulant « L'influence du principe de précaution sur le droit de la responsabilité civile et pénale» est le fruit d'une recherche internationale collective dirigée par Mathilde Hautereau-Boutonnet, Professeure à l'Université Jean Moulin, Lyon 3 et Jean-Christophe Saint-Pau, Professeur et Doyen de la Faculté de droit et science politique de Bordeaux. Soutenue par la Mission de Recherche Droit et Justice, elle s'est déroulée de mai 2013 à juin 2016. S'appuyant sur une méthode à la fois conceptuelle et empirique, théorique et pratique, la recherche examine la manière dont, dans différents pays étudiés, le droit de la responsabilité civile et pénale, sous l'action du juge et du législateur, appréhende les risques de dommages graves et scientifiquement incertains, dans le domaine environnemental et sanitaire. Sous le prisme des droits étrangers, la recherche met alors en lumière les obstacles à la mise en œuvre du principe de précaution autant que les outils permettant de les lever eu égard aux fonctions préventive, punitive et ...

Despite its numerous uses in many juridical orders : sustainable development has differents meanings. On one hand, it means that the environment needs to be protected in order to guarantee rights of future generations. On the other hand, sustainable development is equally defined as the conciliation between environmental policies, economical development and social progress. Territorial restructuring drafts are confronted at this polysemous concept.In spite of this difficulty, sustainable development is consolidated by french public law in his finality as far as its means. About that, standstill principle and environmental responsability enhance this theory.Other principles contibute to sustainable development realization. Environmental democracy takes an independence compared to the classical reprensentative democracy's concept. In reciprocity, territorial restructuring keeps an influence on public policies about this constitutionnalized notion since the 2005's Environnemental Carta. ; Notion faisant l'objet de nombreuses occurrences dans les textes des différents ordres juridiques, le développement durable est difficilement saisissable en droit. Son sens même est hétérogène. D'une part, ce terme peut se référer à la recherche d'une finalité de solidarité mettant l'accent sur les droits des générations futures, et par conséquent, sur la protection de l'environnement en tant que patrimoine commun. D'autre part, le développement durable est aussi défini comme un objectif de conciliation dans le cadre duquel l'exigence environnementale doit s'articuler avec d'autres piliers relatifs au développement économique et au progrès social. Le droit résultant de l'organisation institutionnelle territoriale n'échappe pas au problème de l'appréhension et de la définition de cette notion à contenu variable, qu'il s'agisse de l'encadrement l'action administrative, ou de la réforme des collectivités et de leurs groupements.Pour autant, le développement durable est incontestablement en voie de consolidation juridique, tant sur le ...

Despite its numerous uses in many juridical orders : sustainable development has differents meanings. On one hand, it means that the environment needs to be protected in order to guarantee rights of future generations. On the other hand, sustainable development is equally defined as the conciliation between environmental policies, economical development and social progress. Territorial restructuring drafts are confronted at this polysemous concept.In spite of this difficulty, sustainable development is consolidated by french public law in his finality as far as its means. About that, standstill principle and environmental responsability enhance this theory.Other principles contibute to sustainable development realization. Environmental democracy takes an independence compared to the classical reprensentative democracy's concept. In reciprocity, territorial restructuring keeps an influence on public policies about this constitutionnalized notion since the 2005's Environnemental Carta. ; Notion faisant l'objet de nombreuses occurrences dans les textes des différents ordres juridiques, le développement durable est difficilement saisissable en droit. Son sens même est hétérogène. D'une part, ce terme peut se référer à la recherche d'une finalité de solidarité mettant l'accent sur les droits des générations futures, et par conséquent, sur la protection de l'environnement en tant que patrimoine commun. D'autre part, le développement durable est aussi défini comme un objectif de conciliation dans le cadre duquel l'exigence environnementale doit s'articuler avec d'autres piliers relatifs au développement économique et au progrès social. Le droit résultant de l'organisation institutionnelle territoriale n'échappe pas au problème de l'appréhension et de la définition de cette notion à contenu variable, qu'il s'agisse de l'encadrement l'action administrative, ou de la réforme des collectivités et de leurs groupements.Pour autant, le développement durable est incontestablement en voie de consolidation juridique, tant sur le ...