Suchergebnisse

This book presents the results of the Interdisciplinary Research Group 'Society – Water – Technology' of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. It describes interdisciplinary evaluation criteria for major water engineering projects (MWEPs) and portrays an application to the Lower Jordan Valley (Middle East) and the Fergana Valley (Central Asia). Both areas are characterised by transboundary conflicts, by challenges due to demographic and climate change and by political and societal pressures. Based on the findings, the book provides recommendations for science and political decisions makers as well as for international financing institutions. In addition, it outlines research gaps from an interdisciplinary perspective.In the past, MWEPs have been used as an instrument to cope with the demands of growing populations and to enhance development progress. Experiences with MWEPs have shown that a purely technical approach has not always brought about the desired results. In many cases, MWEPs have even resulted in negative implications for society and environment. Therefore, improved management strategies and enhanced technologies for a sustainable water resource management system are a prerequisite to meet present and future challenges. And, moreover, the continuous evaluation and optimisation of these measures is, likewise, a must

This paper explores the trends, step changes and innovations that could impact the integration of renewable energy into electricity systems, explores interventions that may be required, and identifies key areas for policy makers to consider. A Delphi approach is used to collect, synthesise, and seek consensus across expert viewpoints. Over sixty experts across a range of geographies including the US, Europe, New-Zealand, Australia, Africa, India and China participated. They identified 26 trends, 20 step changes, and 26 innovations that could lead to major shifts in the design, operation, or management of electricity systems. Findings suggest that key challenges are not technological. Instead they are with delivering an aligned vision, supported by institutional structures, to incentivise, facilitate, and de-risk the delivery of a completely different type of energy system. There is a clear role for government and policy to provide a future energy vision and steer on strategic issues to deliver it; to create space for new actors and business models aligned with this vision; and to create an environment where research, development, demonstration and deployment can promote technologies, system integration and business model innovation at a rate commensurate with delivering net-zero electricity systems

In December 2015 the landmark Paris Climate Agreement was signed by 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties(COP21). Covering the period from 2020 it obligates all parties to take action to limit global temperature rise to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.To help deliver on this target world leaders established Mission Innovation (MI), an agreement between 21 regions to double their public 'clean energy' research and development (R&D) investment by 2021. Through international collaboration and coordination MI aims to usher in the next generation of clean energy technologies capable of mitigating catastrophic climate change. Whilst it represents a timely and much-need initiative MI is still at an early stage and faces a number of important challenges that policy makers need to address if it is to be a success. First, a doubling of clean energy R&D investment within 5 years during a period of declining R&D public investment represents an unprecedented challenge. Its success will rely on MI members sharing best-practice in energy innovation policy to ensure not only that this increase is achieved but that it is delivered effectively, leading to high-quality innovation outputs. Second, the political credibility and durability of anon-legally binding scheme is questionable when it demands all countries to double their total clean energy R&D investment despite some already committing significantly more investment as a proportion of their wealth than others (i.e.$ R&D per GDP). Third, a clear enabling framework must make clear the scale and type of benefit each MI member will receive as proportion of their investment from multi-partner international R&D collaboration. Fourth, a combination of international and cross-sectoral coordination of R&D investment is critical to ensuring a balanced distribution of investment across different clean energy priorities and stages of innovation. Fifth, MI members need to carefully consider the carbon emissions reduction potential of ...

Organochlorine organic pesticides used on a large scale still pose a great health hazard to humans and animals. Organochlorine pesticides contribute to reduced disease, higher yields and increased production. This research was to review various articles on management of organochlorine exposure and health risks. This research used multiple search engines (Scholar, PubMed). A few significant keywords were chosen to discover considers that fit this theme. Organochlorine as Persistent Organic Pollutants are difficult to remove from the environment. There are several health-causing effects of organochlorine most of which are chronic diseases (i.e., pulmonary function, cancer, repro-ductive issue). Organochlorine control in the environment is needed to reduce health effects, especially in farming communities, personal protective equipment including masks and gloves is also necessary. Local government may also promote and doing a prevention program from the danger of the use of pesticides in agriculture.

Endorheic basins (i.e., land-locked drainage networks) and their lakes can be highly sensitive to variations in climate and adverse anthropogenic activities, such as overexploitation of water resources. In this review paper, we provide a brief overview of one major endorheic basin on each continent, plus a number of endorheic basins in Central Asia (CA), a region where a large proportion of the land area is within this type of basin. We summarize the effects of (changing) climate drivers and land surface-atmosphere feedbacks on the water balance. For the CA region, we also discuss key anthropogenic activities, related water management approaches and their complex relationship with political and policy issues. In CA a substantial increase in irrigated agriculture coupled with negative climate change impacts have disrupted the fragile water balance for many endorheic basins and their lakes. Transboundary integrated land and water management approaches must be developed to facilitate adequate climate change adaptation and possible mitigation of the adverse anthropogenic influence on endorheic basins in CA. Suitable climate adaptation, mitigation and efficient natural resource management technologies and methods are available, and are developing fast. A number of these are discussed in the paper, but these technologies alone are not sufficient to address pressing water resource issues in CA. Food-water-energy nexus analyses demonstrate that transboundary endorheic basin management requires transformational changes with involvement of all key stakeholders. Regional programs, supported by local governments and international donors, which incorporate advanced adaptation technologies, water resource research and management capacity development, are essential for successful climate change adaptation efforts in CA. However, there is a need for an accelerated uptake of such programs, with an emphasis on unification of approaches, as the pressures resulting from climate change and aggravated by human mismanagement of ...

Broadly, definition of sanitation includes management, human waste, solid waste and drainage. Sanitation is one significant challenge for government to reduce poverty in Indonesia. Community based sanitation program is a program launched by government to emphasize clean and healthy lifestyle for community. Sumenep regency is one of the regencies received the benefits of this Community based sanitation program, this Community based sanitation program implemented through the construction of MCK ++ in 6 villages-Sumenep. This study is a descriptive study with 6 villages as the location of study. Each village taken one hamlet as specific location of study and the hamlets are; Dungkek (village)-So'ongam (hamlet), SentolDaya-Nongbunter, Errabu-Bara'leke, Kertasada-Kerkop, Aengdake-Ponggul, and AmbuntenTimur-Jungtoro' Daya. Those all hamlets are in Sumenep regency. In 2013, villagers in Dungkek who used this Community based sanitation were 13 % and Sentol daya achieved 67 %. In 2014, Errabu achieved 23 %,Kertasada-Kerkop achieved 7 %. In 2015, Aengdake achieved 15 %, AmbuntenTimur achieved 84 %. Based on the logic model approach, Community based sanitation program in Sumenep still underutilized.

Pelaksanaan kegiatan Pro-sehat Daerah Tertinggal (DT) Universitas Airlangga tahap II tahun 2015 dilaksanakan melalui beberapa kegiatan,terdiri dari koordinasi tingkat kabupaten, koordinasi tingkat kecamatan atau puskesmas, pengembangan Tim pro-sehat DT di puskesmas,identifikasi masalah tingkat desa, penentuan prioritas masalah dan strategi penyelesaian masalah. Dalam tata kelola kegiatan di tingkat pedesaan, peran kepala desa sangat penting karena kepala desa sangat menentukan berbagai kegiatan yang akan dilakukan di desa. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan advokasi sehingga program kesehatan dapat masuk sebagai agenda pembangunan desa. Advokasi tidak hanya pada tingkat desa, namun juga sampai pada tingkat kecamatan dan kabupaten sehingga kebijakan pembangunan kesehatan masyarakat di pedesaan akan mendapat dukungan politis dari pengampu kebijakan. Koordinasi ditingkat kabupaten, kecamatan dan desa dilakukan melalui kunjungan dan sosialisasi. Selanjutnya dilakukan kegiatan utama yaitu need assessment dengan perwakilan kecamatan, kepala desa, serta puskesmas. Kegiatan need assessment dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan berbagai metode sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi di masing-masing kabupaten, yaitu : NGT (nominal grup technique), wawancara mendalam dan Focus Group Discussion. Hasil need assessment di empat Kabupaten tertinggal di Jawa Timur (Bangkalan, Sampang, Bondowoso dan Situbondo) menunjukkan bahwa air bersih menjadi masalah utama bagi warga yang tinggal di desa-desa terpilih. Disamping air bersih, sanitasi dan akses ke pelayanan kesehatan (termasuk didalamnya ketersediaan, keberterimaan dan kualitas bidan) merupakan permasalahan kedua dan ketiga yang mendominasi di 4 kabupaten tersebut. Penyebab utama dari masalah air bersih adalah dikarenakan faktor alam dan teknologi. Faktor alam terkait dengan sumber air yang sedikit dan sulit dijangkau. Faktor teknologi disini karena permasalahan yang sudah berlangsung lama belum juga diwujudkan solusinya dengan menggunakan teknologi tepat guna, seperti pipanisasi, penjernihan air, pendeteksian sumber air.

The spread of eco-design activity through industry has not necessarily resulted from a systematic assessment of the potential benefits. For example, eco-design principles have been adopted (and developed) by organisations or individuals who feel an increased environmental or social responsibility, or designers who find an aesthetic resonance with ecology. Alternatively, eco-design principles are adopted as a means of reducing production costs or meeting new legislation. Industries such as electronics, IT and domestic appliance industries already integrate environmental issues in their design culture and manufacturing operations whilst other industries such as construction are still aligning themselves with issues of sustainability. Certain sectors have much potential to benefit from the application of eco-design principles. It is suggested here that indicators of the potential for reducing environmental impact through eco-design could be found in publicly available aggregated data for industry spending and environmental impact. A systematic characterisation of UK industry sectors according to the potential benefits associated with application of eco-design principles could be instrumental in directing future eco-design research, development and application in industry. Results are presented for the characterisation of several industry sectors, conclusions about the methodology and suggestions for further work are made.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were designed to effect a transition to a more sustainable future, covering the period up to 2030. The United Nations called on all governments to pursue these ambitious goals, but also acknowledged the role of the private sector in addressing them. This article assesses the different approaches of eight major industry sectors to the SDGs, and wider issues for the future delivery of the SDGs are identified and discussed.

Greywater re-use has much potential as a water conservation measure although its uptake has been tempered somewhat by concerns over the potential risk to health, financial viability and the absence of formal legislation. The focus of these concerns varies according to the planned scale of re-use. At the domestic scale, research has shown that although greywater re-use is technically feasible and conceptually attractive to a proportion of homeowners, presently, the financial returns from water savings are too small to encourage wider uptake. It has been suggested that the financial viability of greywater re-use improves with an increase in scale. This research reports on the performance of water re-use systems using a computer simulation model. Re-use system design is evaluated and re-use system performance predicted. The importance of estimating the water saving potential and water quality implications of a planned re-use project becomes more acute as the scale increases. In order to estimate water saving efficiency and evaluate system design, it is necessary to understand the patterns of water flow in a building. Yet, there is a limited availability of detailed appliance usage data for multi-occupancy building. The appliance usage of multi-occupancy residential buildings can be estimated from single-family water usage data. Results show that increases in storage size give improved re-use system performance up to a point, after which increases in capacity result in reduced gains in performance. For a single family household of 4 occupants this point is around 250 litres and for multi-occupancy buildings it is around 1000 litres for all occupancies. Disinfection performance in lower occupancy buildings is compromised if the storage capacity is increased beyond these values. Simulating different levels of component reliability and frequency of maintenance revealed that performance was significantly reduced if systems were maintained at 3 month or even 1 month intervals, although, weekly maintenance checks maintained performance levels even for frequently failing components.