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This article attempts to increase our understanding of cognitive processes of policy- making by reporting the application of a model of individual decision-making. The application of the model is based on cognitive maps obtained from interviews which were conducted with Norwegian oil policy officials before and after the Bravo blow out in Norway's Ekofisk oil field. A comparison of simulation results for two groups of policy officials, environmentalists and non-environmentalists, using the before and after cognitive maps suggests that the model is able to replicate adjustments that policy officials make in their thinking and choice behavior to accommodate perceptions of new events.

A study of PO toward state land use regulations in five areas of Ohio. A sample of 110 persons drawn from local government, business, civic groups, & the general citizenry was administered a fifty-five-item questionnaire containing statements regarding land use. Ss were asked to evaluate each statement in terms of a ten-point agree/disagree continuum. Results showed PO to be aggregated around two major attitudes: (1) environmentalists, stressing the impact of negative developmental externalities & favoring broader review of land use decisions, & (2) localists, concerning themselves with accountability & local control of decision-making. An intensive analysis of the Ohio Land Use Work Group reveals the policy-making elite in basic sympathy with the environmentalists, but constrained by intraagency rivalries & apprehensions about public reaction. The shifting public consensus toward greater land use control, & the implications for state policy-making are discussed. 5 Tables, Appendix. Modified HA.

A decade ago, nobody really worried about the environment, except for a few concerned environmentalists. Their repeated warnings against global warming, the various forms of pollution, the slow extinctions of rare species, health hazards and other environmental problems went without much notice. Global awareness rose only when the danger became real and the consequences were tangibly felt.

HSUS releases Tuffy from tank HSUS gives new award to "Born Free" author Society opens office for Midwest region Chincoteague Ponies suffer abuse at annual roundup, auction HSUS, U.S. clash on seal killing Pressman investigations cause nationwide analysis of zoos HSUS joins poison suit Country treats unwanted dogs as garbage Conference Speakers: "Working with environmentalists," "Understand vets" Legislation Roundup Help free this roadside bear

No one national legislative policy on environ mental problems emerged from the Congress at the end of 1969. Congress has reacted to environmental problems in much the same manner in which it has reacted to urban- industrial problems: it has reacted to crises. Legislative assessment of environmental problems from the late 1940's to the present arose out of, but differs from, that of earlier legislative conservationists. Early "conservationists" sought primarily the preservation, development, and use of natural resources. Contemporary "environmentalists," however, are chiefly concerned with the protection and quality of man-made and natural environments for human health and welfare. The legislative environmentalists are working toward the pro tection of the quality of human life in our urbanized society from all sources of pollution. Some legislation has been passed for programs of research and development; for tech nical and financial assistance to states and localities; for fed eral action when other governmental levels fail to act; and for the elimination of some water, air, solid-waste, noise, and pesticide pollution. Numerous congressional committees and their executive-agency counterparts have become involved in making and administering multiple environmental policies which, at times, overlap or are in conflict. All this has given rise to executive and legislative action to co-ordinate and unify environmental policies, plans, and programs.

Many, undoubtedly, continue to question why specific reference should be made to women, where problems of the environment and health are concerned, when the whole of humanity is in the same boat. Could it be because women's involvement in the policy-making process is weak. Or maybe because breast cancer is increasing at geometric rates all over the world and because cancer survivors, environmentalists, and a handful of researchers are pointing to environmental contaminants as the epidemic's central culprit!

The current legislative responses to environmental problems in the US are reviewed. No one nat'l legislative policy on environmental problems emerged from the Congress at the end of 1969. Congress has reacted to environmental problems in much the same manner in which it has reacted to Urindustr problems: through crisis reaction. Legislative assessment of environmental problems from the late 1940's to the present arose out of, but differs from, that of earlier legislative conservationists. Early 'conservationists' sought primarily the preservation, development, & use of natural resources. Contemporary 'environmentalists,' however, are chiefly concerned with the protection & quality of man-made & natural envoronments for human health & welfare. Legislative environmentalists are working toward the protection of the quality of human life in US Ur'ized society from all sources of pollution. Some legislation has been passed for programs of R&D; for technical & financial assistance to states & localities; for federal action when other gov'al levels fail to act; & for the elimination of some water, air, solid-waste, noise & pesticide pollution. Numerous congressional committees & their executive-agency counterparts have become involved in making & admin'ing multiple environmental policies which at times overlap or are in conflict. 37 Senate bills & 58 House bills were introduced in 1969 on environmental issues. All this has given rise to executive & legislative action to coordinate & unify environmental policies, plans, & programs. The question is raised whether it is possible to deal effectively with environmental problems against the background of the varied & conflicting interests of the constituencies of the congressional legislative & appropriation committees & their executiveagency counterparts. The final question is: Can man manage the totality of the human ecosystem? 1 Table. Modified HA.

The sudden rise of the ecologist vote in the state elections in West Germany in June 1978 is related to the hypothesis of the declining force of established political parties, but the general conclusion at this stage must be a skeptical one. Three questions are asked: to what extent the ecologists represent a movement; whether they have an ideology; & whether their voting support is broad-based or sectional. As a political force, the German ecologists-known as 'Green Lists'-reveal many weaknesses, notably their lack of ideologiccal cohesion, their absence of organization & the political inexperience of their leaders. These factors help to explain why their sudden overexposure contributed to equally abrupt decline in the subsequent state elections in Oct 1978. However, they do represent a particular vein of political attitude in the Federal Republic, & so long as environmentalist & nuclear energy issues continue to concern public opinion they will have an audience. AA.

BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY: Donavon Lyngholm, 1927-1993, was a range scientist and active environmentalist. Born January 27, 1927 in Sidney, Nebraska he attended college at Colorado State University and graduated from the Fort Collins school in 1950 with a degree in range science. After a stint in the United States Army, he went to work for the federal government as a range scientist. He began his work with the Forest Service and later transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. His last assignment was to the Joint Use Land office in Flagstaff where he lived and worked until his retirement in 1982. After his retirement Don continued to work as a private range science consultant, Sierra Club trip leader and volunteer researcher for environmental issues. Don Lyngholm passed away May 12, 1993.The Donavon Lyngholm papers consist of reports, newsletter, articles and scientific data concerning issues of wilderness preservation and range management in the southwestern United States. The Range management material includes reports prepared for the Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation Commission and several Northern Arizona ranches.

A study is made of the evolution of American agricultural price policy. After WWII, governmental agencies designed to deal with food surpluses seemed incapable of adjusting to perpetual shortages. The maintenance of high price supports led to the creation of vast stockpiles of feed grains, wheat, & cotton, many of which were disposed of through export & dumping. With the decline in the number of farmers in the 1960s, agriculture lost much of its traditional foothold in Congress to new interests: consumers, environmentalists, & organized labor. The Executive branch also began to preempt agricultural policy through imposition of embargoes. The 1960s also saw the end of expensive price supports & the instituton of a market-oriented approach designed to reimburse the farmer for the differences between market prices & support prices. However, the maintenance of market-oriented policy is threatened by fragmentation among local & special interests. A current trend seems to favor a commodity approach with differentiations within commodities. This fragmentary trend can be countered by consolidation among congressional hierarchies & by the development of centralized leadership within the agricultural bureaucracy. M. Cain.