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527 p. ; For more than 40 years, mobilizations around environmental issues try to engage the public and the public authorities about the relationship between human beings and nature. But all environmental issues do not become the focus of public attention or public authorities. Based on the sociology of social problems and knowledge sociology, the thesis shows how the question of dead wood conservation was instituted as a public problem by scientists and managers of environmental associations and how it was put on the agenda of environmental policies. If the professional dimension of this type of problem has complicated its media coverage, the thesis shows that this issue benefited from the alignment of its interpretative framework with some public debates which were already identified such as biodiversity issues. The thesis also queries the normative production inherent to the publicization of this issue and the conditions for the development of solutions. If the production of standards that ought to solve these problems is more and more decentralized and negotiated, this standardization shows its limits in terms of asymmetry of power, social legitimacy given to the different actors of the negotiation and the heterogeneity of the standards systems that are sometimes based on functional and minimalist compromises. Despite this absence of interpretative frameworks and stabilized normative references, foresters, in the Landes of Gascony and the forest of Rambouillet, were more and more receptive to the biodiversity issues associated with dead wood, but also to the use of this biomass as a renewable energy source. Our approach of cognitive sociology shows that this competition between these two public environmental problems is of equal importance for foresters who are dubious about the way to reconcile environmental ethics and economics in the framework of their forest management. ; Depuis plus de 40 ans, les mobilisations autour d'enjeux environnementaux interrogent les relations que l'homme entretient avec la ...

527 p. ; For more than 40 years, mobilizations around environmental issues try to engage the public and the public authorities about the relationship between human beings and nature. But all environmental issues do not become the focus of public attention or public authorities. Based on the sociology of social problems and knowledge sociology, the thesis shows how the question of dead wood conservation was instituted as a public problem by scientists and managers of environmental associations and how it was put on the agenda of environmental policies. If the professional dimension of this type of problem has complicated its media coverage, the thesis shows that this issue benefited from the alignment of its interpretative framework with some public debates which were already identified such as biodiversity issues. The thesis also queries the normative production inherent to the publicization of this issue and the conditions for the development of solutions. If the production of standards that ought to solve these problems is more and more decentralized and negotiated, this standardization shows its limits in terms of asymmetry of power, social legitimacy given to the different actors of the negotiation and the heterogeneity of the standards systems that are sometimes based on functional and minimalist compromises. Despite this absence of interpretative frameworks and stabilized normative references, foresters, in the Landes of Gascony and the forest of Rambouillet, were more and more receptive to the biodiversity issues associated with dead wood, but also to the use of this biomass as a renewable energy source. Our approach of cognitive sociology shows that this competition between these two public environmental problems is of equal importance for foresters who are dubious about the way to reconcile environmental ethics and economics in the framework of their forest management. ; Depuis plus de 40 ans, les mobilisations autour d'enjeux environnementaux interrogent les relations que l'homme entretient avec la ...

Defending the environment in the Czech Republic.
The environmentalist cause redefined and actors' trajectories
Through changes in organizations and individuals' trajectories, light is shed on how environmental issues have been formulated in Czech lands since the 1970s. The hypothesis is advanced that various persons involved in protecting nature during the Communist era have exerted an influence on the environmentalist cause since 1990. This approach helps us glimpse points of convergence and divergence with trends observed during the same period in the West. It points out how permeable these societies were to international issues, which they translated back into the Communist system. Analyzing the construction of the environmentalist cause leads us to notice both "occupational conversions", which have circulated know- how, and the consolidation of activist careers, which gave shape to a type of environmentalist mobilization.

Examines the political attitudes of environmentalists, based on a survey of 77 prominent ecologists. Summary in English.

Environmental action systems in the British and German contexts of the 1980s were characterised both by the lobbying of environmentalists to force industrialists by regulation and by major opinion campaigns leading to electoral pressure. Environmentalists are a new front of opposition to industry, but they do not compete face-to-face. The confrontation takes place through conflicting pressure games on the public authorities. But opinion campaigns, lobbying and political decisions can only be given content by reference to the message of scientists. In the public debates that have emerged, scientists have played the role of leading opinion guides. The development of environmental policies reinforces the influence of scientists on the political sphere. ; International audience ; Environmental action systems in the British and German contexts of the 1980s were characterised both by the lobbying of environmentalists to force industrialists by regulation and by major opinion campaigns leading to electoral pressure. Environmentalists are a new front of opposition to industry, but they do not compete face-to-face. The confrontation takes place through conflicting pressure games on the public authorities. But opinion campaigns, lobbying and political decisions can only be given content by reference to the message of scientists. In the public debates that have emerged, scientists have played the role of leading opinion guides. The development of environmental policies reinforces the influence of scientists on the political sphere. ; Les systèmes d'action environnementaux dans les contextes britannique et allemand des années 1980, ont été caractérisés à la fois par le lobbying des environnementalistes visant à contraindre des industriels par voie réglementaire et par de grandes campagnes d'opinion aboutissant à des pressions électorales. Les environnementalistes forment un nouveau front d'opposition aux industriels, mais les uns et les autres ne s'affrontent pas face à face. L'affrontement se produit à travers les jeux de ...

An examination of the militant career trajectories of French environmentalists, or Green activists, shows that great importance is given to people perceived as experts in these organizations, but also demonstrates that the phenomenon of the "expert-activist" is more complex than it may at first appear. Simple activism, it is argued, has been replaced to a large extent in these groups by professional expertise. Internal conflicts in the environmental movement are caused, at least in part, by differences in the reactive, scientific, & political trajectories of experts. Two main eras of Green activism are identified, the professional approach of contemporary environmentalists, & the strong focus on activism seen in the 1970s. It is very difficult in the current environment to become an expert-activist without the right academic background. Adapted from the source document.

Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY). Suggests an approach whereby militant environmentalists, who wish to protect specific landscapes from changes related to construction or other projects, can refute charges that they are motivated by purely selfish interests. Summary in English.

This article focuses on the intrinsic vulnerability to environmental militance in the context of abundant society. In the period after the two world wars, the growing success of environmental activism in the United States seems to be largely due to the unprecedented spread of material prosperity. Many US environmentalists after 1945 warn their fellow citizens about the negative externalities of economic growth and mass consumption, effectively trying to eradicate a type of economic organisation that has allowed environmental theories to advance in public opinion. In other words, the environmental movement then seems to depend on the socio-economic conditions it is fighting for. It will therefore be necessary to question the constraints which such tension imposes on environmental activism: if the challenge to material abundance is successful, will there still be a desire to preserve the environment? To answer these questions, this article will focus on the case of David Ross Brower, a great artist of the transformation of the Sierra Club after war and founder of Friends of the Earth, drawing on his archives gathered at the Bancroft Library of the University of California in Berkeley. What is Brower's speech on the socio-economic conditions of his time? What are the limits of his commitment in such a context? ; International audience This article addresses the vulnerability of the American environmentalist discourse during the postwar boom: while the growing success of the US environmental movement can largely be attributed to an unprecedentedly large distribution of material wealth after 1945, many US environmentalists had warned the population about the negative effects of economic growth and mass consumption. Therefore, the success of the environmental movement depended on the very socioeconomic conditions against which it was protesting, which, from a strategic perspective, meant that the end of prosperity might also undermine public appetite for environmental protection. This article aims to analyze the ...

Based on the example of the debate on the relations between the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the environment, this article offers a longitudinal analysis of a public problem definition. Focusing on actor struggles, it shows how, in twenty years, the vision of the relations between the CAP and the environment carried out by some environmentalists has become dominant at the European level, generating a large and tacit consensus. Three complementary elements are identified to explain political consensus production: the use of 'science' allows projecting a seemly depoliticized and universal worldview, promising an inevitable future; the plasticity of the logic of this vision enables various appropriations, likely to integrate diverse interests; finally, legal consecration of this vision favors a phenomenon of symbolic impact. Adapted from the source document.

أثارت مسألة استغلال الغاز غير التقليدي، خاصة الغاز الصخري الكثير من النقاش والجدل بين المختصين في الصناعة البترولية والناشطين في المجال البيئي نظرا للمخاطر المحتملة التي يمكن أن يسفر عنها استخراج الغاز غير التقليدي. يحاول الباحثان في هذه الدراسة تحديد إذا ما كان استخراج الغاز الصخري يستجيب لمعايير التنمية المستدامة ويحقق أهدافها أم لا. توصل الباحثان إلى أن استخراج واستغلال الغاز غير التقليدي لا يتعارض مع التنمية المستدامة. الكلمات المفتاحية: الغاز الصخري ، التنمية المستدامة، الآثار البيئية. The issue of extracting unconventional gas, particularly shale gas has raised many concerns worldwide about the potential environmental risks and damages associated with its extraction and exploitation. Algeria is not an exception to that, the government's willing to invest in shale gas has generated a fierce opposition by environmentalists as well as politicians. The present paper attempts to determine whether the extraction and exploitation of shale gas is environmentally friendly. Contrary to what one would expect shale gas extraction and exploitation is consistent with the sustainable development concept.Key words: shale gas, sustainable development, environmental effects .

Various methodological improvements in production function modelling allow the integration of undesirable outputs, the distinction between stakeholders' objective-function and the sectoral aggregation of individual technologies. This paper gathers these concepts in order to assess the eco-efficiency of the dairy sector in La Reunion. Our assessment compare two objectives seemingly opposed: the productivist approach and the environmentalist approach. According to the productivist approach, focused on the milk production maximization, inefficiency reduction could create an increase of 54% of the dairy production, without additional undesirable emissions. At the same time, a better environmental management leads to an important potential decrease of undesirable outputs as greenhouse gases or nitrogen surpluses (- 46 %), given the current milk production. Unexpectedly, the two approaches lead to similar values of environmental indicators: Nitrogen surplus per liter of milk and greenhouse gases per liter of milk. On an insular territory as La Reunion, impacted by the food self-sufficiency issue of overseas department, efficiency sectoral analysis appears to be a powerful tool to support decision plan, as it allows an assessment of optimal allocation of local resources and an optimization of imported materials for agricultural sector. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Our paper explains the birth of an environmental problem, i.e. light pollution, viewed as a socio-technical controversy. Supported by the actor-network approach, it traces over forty years the conditions of its emergence, transformation and dissemination to local, national and transnational levels and through various professional disciplines. Schematically, "environmentalists" uphold a holistic approach of "nocturnality" and define artificial light as a pollutant. Facing them, the "technicist" defends a segmented approach and defines artificial light as a nuisance. The introduction of this controversy into the political agenda leads to institutional decisions that grasp with difficulty all its social, scientific and spatial dimensions. The spatial spread of the controversy in the zoning and standardization process appears as a partial and segmented regulatory response to this problem. ; Cet article explique la naissance d'un problème environnemental, la pollution lumineuse, appréhendé comme une controverse sociotechnique. Sur une quarantaine d'années, en appui sur la démarche de l'acteur réseau, il retrace les conditions de son émergence, de sa transformation et de sa diffusion aux échelles locales, nationales et transnationales, traversant différents champs professionnels et disciplinaires. Sa mise à l'agenda politique débouche sur des décisions institutionnelles qui peinent à le saisir dans toutes ses dimensions sociale, scientifique et spatiale. La dissémination spatiale de la controverse dans les zonages et le processus de normalisation apparaît alors comme une réponse régulatrice partielle et segmentée à ce problème.

International audience ; Our paper explains the birth of an environmental problem, i.e. light pollution, viewed as a socio-technical controversy. Supported by the actor-network approach, it traces over forty years the conditions of its emergence, transformation and dissemination to local, national and transnational levels and through various professional disciplines. Schematically, "environmentalists" uphold a holistic approach of "nocturnality" and define artificial light as a pollutant. Facing them, the "technicist" defends a segmented approach and defines artificial light as a nuisance. The introduction of this controversy into the political agenda leads to institutional decisions that grasp with difficulty all its social, scientific and spatial dimensions. The spatial spread of the controversy in the zoning and standardization process appears as a partial and segmented regulatory response to this problem. ; Cet article explique la naissance d'un problème environnemental, la pollution lumineuse, appréhendé comme une controverse sociotechnique. Sur une quarantaine d'années, en appui sur la démarche de l'acteur réseau, il retrace les conditions de son émergence, de sa transformation et de sa diffusion aux échelles locales, nationales et transnationales, traversant différents champs professionnels et disciplinaires. Sa mise à l'agenda politique débouche sur des décisions institutionnelles qui peinent à le saisir dans toutes ses dimensions sociale, scientifique et spatiale. La dissémination spatiale de la controverse dans les zonages et le processus de normalisation apparaît alors comme une réponse régulatrice partielle et segmentée à ce problème.