Suchergebnisse

Economic and social conditions on Swedish farms have altered in recent decades, restructuring the sector, but the family farm is still the primary production unit. Sweden is often described as a role model in gender equality, but a gender-unequal situation in farming has been identified, posing a political challenge. This thesis critically assessed how gender inequalities are reproduced within Swedish family farming by analysing how the 'doing' of family farming, in terms of labour and material relations, is shaped and reproduced. This approach focused the analysis on relations of and in production, by placing labour and property at the centre. Other approaches yielded novel information. The theoretical frameworks of labour process theory, political economy, feminist standpoint theory and material feminism, provided conceptual space to examine the reproduction of gender inequalities. In mixed method research, two types of survey data, interviews with farmers and literature on occupational health and safety in agriculture were used to analyse gendered access to arable land and farming conditions; the Swedish agrarian structure and the gendered organisation of the labour process; the gendered understating of agricultural health and safety; and the temporalities of Swedish family farming. The results showed how gender inequalities are reproduced in the temporal and spatial organisation and structuring of the labour process and through unequal distribution of resources. Unequal access to arable land contributes particularly to the gendering of farm management, farm diversification and farm ability to provide household income. A spatial stratification was observed, with larger gendered differences in more productive areas. The farm labour process forms the diverse experience of time, space, economy and labour of men and women in family farming. The different spheres and socio-economic modes of the labour process puts men and women in unequal positions, with differing materialised experiences of family farming and farm work; its risks, problems and consequences. The findings highlight the persistence of family farming in the Swedish agrarian structure and the importance of gender mainstreaming in e.g. policy, education and risk prevention work. More research is needed on the gendering effects of renegotiation of the family farm concept and situated agrarian change.

Key Points • Forestry cannot be thought of in isolation from its relations with other sectors and other parts of people's lives – for both the health of the forests and the well-being of forest peoples. • Forest governance and everyday management are upheld by a superstructure of gendered forest relations – invisible to mainstream forestry – that often disadvantages women as a social group. • Well-intentioned gender programmes can backfire, causing adverse effects on forests and forest peoples, if the efforts are not cognisant of context and power relations. • Constant awareness of differences among various social groups – men, women, different classes, ethnicities – and how their interests intersect differently in various forest contexts is needed for everyone's energy, creativity and motivation to contribute to sustainable forest management. • Research suggests that greater democratic governance of forests leads to better environmental outcomes. • The gender-neutral framing of some SDG goals undermines efforts towards achieving the outcomes called for in SDG 5.

Familjelantbruket har genom historien haft en central roll för att producera samhällsviktiga konsumtionsvaror. Den starka industrialiseringen under 1900-talet har familjen fortsatt att utgöra en essentiell grund för produktionen inom de gröna näringarna. Tillgången på billig arbetskraft har utgjort grunden för familjelantbrukets överlevnad inom ramarna för den kapitalistiska marknadsekonomin. Familjen som källa till arbetskraft skapar en större flexibilitet i form av arbetsförhållanden, arbetstider, arbetsmiljö och ekonomi, i en produktion som i stor utsträckning är manuell och därför tidskrävande. Studiet av arbetsdelningen och ägandet könskodning inom familjelantbruket har bidragit till förståelsen av familjens roll i kvinnors underordning. Kärnfamiljen, liksom landsbygden, är två centrala nationella symboler som är starkt politiskt kodade och nära knutna till vår förståelse av svenskhet. Den sociala organiseringen av familjen bidrar till framställandet av de samhälliga hierarkierna och relationerna som naturaliga. Barn socialiseras in i gårdens arbete samt deras sociala position och identitet. Därigenom spelar den rurala kärnfamiljen en betydande symbolisk roll i upprätthållandet av heterosexuella ideologin och den patriarkala arbetsdelningen inom familjen. Därför är det av stor betydelse att undersöka hur kön kodar arbetsuppgifter, ägande och ojämlikhet i organiseringen av familjelantbruket. De sociala relationerna är inte en deterministisk process av inordnande, utan en process som formas av subjekt, agentskap och motstånd, vilket tar sig utryck på olika sätt och genom skiftande strategier. Genusvetenskapen inom landbygdsforskningen har en dryg fyrtioårig historia som akademiskt fält. I strömmarna efter den andra vågens kvinnorörelser formerades fältets ursprungliga forskningsmål som främst syftade att ifrågasätta den rådande bilden av den manliga lantbrukaren och synliggöra kvinnors arbete och deltagande inom landbygdens produktion. Under 80-talet förde marxistiskt och strukturalistiskt inspirerade forskare upp betydelsen av den socioekonomiska kontexten för kvinnors erfarenheter och liv i västvälden och utvecklingsländerna. Under 90-talet ökade mekaniseringen av lantbruket, vilket medförde att kvinnornas roll på gården förändrades till följd av att deras arbete ofta ersattes av maskiner. Denna process belyser ytterligare den ojämlika värderingen av arbetet på gården och i hushållet. Den tidigare förståelsen av kön, som en fix och distinkt kategori, ersattes av ett mer socialkonstruktivistiska synsätt. Förståelsen av genusrelationerna som könade praktiker och meningsskapande ersatte gradvis könsrollstänkandet. Identitetsforskningen har vidgat det rurala genusperspektivet till att även omfatta klass, etnicitet, rasifiering, ålder och sexualitet i studerandet av ojämlikhet. Familjelantbruket, i sin rurala kontext, har halkat efter den allmänna utvecklingen inom jämställdhetsområdet, vilket grundar sig i flera olika faktorer. För att öka jämställdheten inom familjelantbruket är det viktigt att analyser den sociala organiseringen av ojämställdhet inom detsamma. I denna process har både de kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoderna en fruktbar och viktig roll. Statistikens främsta användningsområde är att synliggöra orättvisor, underminera stereotyper och utgöra grunden för politiska beslut som syftar mot ett mer jämlikt samhälle. Kvantitativa metoder är ett bra verktyg för att fånga den strukturella organiseringen av samhället och erbjuder, i ifrågasättandet av singulariteten, en bredare bild av den sociala världen. Det är däremot viktigt att betona att definierandet av statistiska data är mer än teknikalitet, utan även något djupt politiskt. Genusvetenskapen inom landbygdsforskningen har etablerat sig som ett särkilt fält inom rural sociologi, geografi och ekonomi. Problematiken kring fältets isolering kvarstår drygt tjugo år efter att det för först gången påtalades av forskare. För att utveckla fältet empiriskt och teoretiskt krävs det att fältet vidgas och även involverar andra discipliner och akademiska fält. Det är viktigt att skapa grunder för breda forskarnätverk samt att föra ut forskningsresultat och diskussioner i både offentlig debatt och till andra akademiska fält. I studierna av familjelantbruket är det nödvändigt att inkludera kunskaper från andra akademiska fält som t.ex. familjestudier, genusvetenskap, arbetsvetenskap, ekonomi och organisationssociologi. Det är angeläget att bredda de sociala perspektiven och se till hur olika sociala relationer formar ojämställdheten inom familjelantbruket. Ojämställdhet kan inte separeras från andra ojämlikheter på samma sätt som kön inte kan särskiljas från andra sociala relationer. I detta utgör det intersektionella perspektivet ett alternativ till identitetpolitik. I flera offentliga utredningar betonas behovet av en tydligare koppling mellan teoretisk genusvetenskap och praktiskt jämställdhetsarbete. Jag har intentioner att med min forskning bidra till den teoretiska och metodologiska utvecklingen, och därmed vidga den genusvetenskapen inom landbygdsforskningen. En sådan utveckling öppnar upp fältet i förhållandet till dess omvärld och inkluderar ett brett socialt perspektiv med hjälp av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder.

This article focuses on the justification of a positive & a negative attitude respectively towards judicial review. The analysis is performed by textual analysis of the texts of four authors with different opinions on the subject matter: Robert Dahl & Jeremy Waldron who have a negative attitude towards judicial review, & Erwin Chemerinsky & Ronald Dworkin who have a positive attitude. A theoretical model is being used for the analysis, which consists of different dimensions of the issue of democracy & judicial review. The study shows that there are important differences in the democratic values underpinning a positive & a negative attitude. There are differences of opinion on the balance between democracy as; process or substance, rule by the broad mass of people or rule by an elite, the spirit of the community or the rights of the individual. The analysis also points out that there are differences concerning the comprehension of the important democratic concepts of liberty & equality. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses the problematic integration concept that in certain occasions mean equality, in others forced assimilation. A research is presented that will look at the concept of integration and whether the contact or the conflict theory is more applicable to the interactions between natives and immigrants in the Swedish society. The study will be conducted by surveys and interviews. L. Pitkaniemi

An interview with Gunnel Gustafsson, vice general director of the Swedish Research Council, on equality in research. The Swedish Research Council's main equality goal is an equal distribution of males and females in academic positions and research grants. According to Gustafsson, this policy has already achieved limited success, but the male dominated hard sciences remain a challenge. L. Pitkaniemi

Equal pay for equal work and equal opportunities for promotion, the theme of this study, serves to highlight the conditions for equality in one of the most important areas in most adult lives; work. Why study gender? One answer is that the ability to achieve equality in the social hierarchy, given equal qualifications, is a moral intuition that appears to be a necessary condition for steering a progressive society. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of the dissertation is to analyze the institutionalization of national masculinity policy in Sweden, focusing on idea and policy development regarding the issue of men and gender equality from the 1980s until the 2020s. Swedish national masculinity policy can be characterized as a delimitable area within gender equality policy that is specifically focused on promoting the development of gender equal men. The dissertation shows Sweden as pioneering in regard to this institutional invention promoting "the new man" and as active in disseminating these ambitions internationally. The main material consists of reports from Swedish governmental working groups and inquiries on men and gender equality during the period, as well as the gender equality policy bills and written communications submitted by the Swedish government to parliament. A methodological approach for an ideational policy analysis in historical perspective is outlined to study the institutionalization process of this policy area over time. The dissertation analyzes the discursive framework that the issue of men and gender equality has been embedded in, how the issue has been addressed at the political level, how it has been problematized in the working groups and inquiries, and finally formally institutionalized by the government. Based on Carol Bacchi's method for policy analysis, the dissertation shows how policy problems regarding men and gender equality have been constructed and represented in different ways during the institutionalization process and what the discursive effects of different policy representations have been. In comparison to previous research on masculinity politics in various men's groups or social movements, the dissertation shows the need to analyze "national masculinity policy" in relation to institutional factors and frameworks. The development of national masculinity policy is discussed in relation to theories of institutional change. The dissertation shows how ideas about men and gender equality that have been developed in research, social movements, and public debate have influenced politics, confirming the assumptions in feminist institutional research that emphasize the importance of ideas for institutional change. This development is described in terms of idea-based incremental institutional change. The dissertation also points to the importance of actors in problem representation processes, using the concept of interpretive repertoire to highlight how the actors who participated in the governmental inquiries on men and gender equality balanced the different perspectives found in their contexts (ideas in public debate, research, and policy). In other words, the dissertation studies the path from idea to formal institution when it comes to the question of the new man in Sweden.

In a comparative perspective, Sweden is a society with high social trust, corruption, law and high political trust. Research shows that the presence of social trust in society is crucial for economic growth, corruption, law and functioning democratic institutions. A society with high levels of trust leads to positive effects of increased security, more economic equality, more tolerance, better health and increased ability to solve social problems of various kinds. Adapted from the source document.

Theoretically, gender research deals with two discourses, sameness/difference and power. I argue against male critics who flatly deny that there can be a power relation between the sexes or critizise it as a holistic concept without much connection with reality. Within gender research, I criticize the postmodernistist thought that all apparent realities are social constructs. In queer theory the identities of individuals as men and women are purely social constructs to be dissolved. In that way one can avoid the power question altogether: no political groups exist, only individuals. A political theory dealing with the relationship between the sexes has yet to be developed. Formal equality is a first step, the difficult question is how to deal with power, the preferential interpretation of the dominant group of what is important and valuable in society. The division in a public and a private sphere is inadequately dealing with family as an institution. Are women in countries where the state is minimal, where they marry very young and have thirteen children, "free"? Adapted from the source document.

While gender equality in Swedish political science has increased during the last two decades, the top university positions of the field are still dominated by men. While the time lag hypothesis predicts full equality, practical evidence has proven otherwise. Several juridical, collective and individual actions are suggested to alleviate the problem. L. Pitkaniemi