Suchergebnisse

U ovom radu analizira se ravnoteža između učinkovitosti i pravednosti u poreznom sustavu. Dok se učinkovitost obično odnosi na to koliko se dobro u nekom gospodarstvu dodjeljuju ograničeni resursi da bi se zadovoljile potrebe potrošača, cilj pravednosti je analizirati distribuciju resursa. Stoga je povezan s pojmovima poštenja i socijalne pravde. Učinkovitost se bavi optimalnom proizvodnjom i alokacijom resursa unutar dostupnih čimbenika proizvodnje. U poreznom sustavu učinkovitost znači sposobnost ubiranja dovoljnih javnih prihoda putem najvećeg mogućeg pojednostavljenja poreznog sustava. Pravednost analizira kako se dostupni resursi raspodjeljuju unutar društva. Okomita pravednost bavi se relativnim dohotkom i dobrobiti stanovništva ili time koliko se pravedno raspodjeljuju dostupni resursi. To može značiti više porezne stope za građane s većim primanjima. Vodoravna pravednost temelji se na uvjerenju da bi građani s istim dohotkom trebali plaćati poreze prema istoj poreznoj stopi. Cilj rada je identificirati uvjete pod kojima nema konflikta između pravednosti i učinkovitosti u poreznom sustavu. Porezni sustav je glavni instrument vlade za redistribuciju dohotka, ali postoji potencijalna ravnoteža između pravednosti i učinkovitosti. Ideja je odrediti one mjere koje potiču veću pravednost, ali ne utječu ili vrlo malo utječu na učinkovitost. Drugim riječima, namjera je rada odrediti mjere politike kojima se međusobno podupiru pravednost i učinkovitost i porezne mjere koje možda mogu omogućiti učinkovitiji fiskalni sustav. ; The paper examines the efficiency and equity trade-off in the tax system. While efficiency usually recounts to how well an economy assigns limited resources to meet the needs of consumers, the goal of equity is to analyse the distribution of resources. Thus, it is related to the concepts of fairness and social justice. Efficiency deals with the optimal production and allocation of resources within the available production factors. In the tax system, efficiency means the ability to collect sufficient public revenues by making a tax system as simple as possible. Equity examines how available resources are distributed in the society. Vertical equity deals with the relative income and welfare of the population or with how equitably available resources are distributed. It may imply higher tax rates for citizens with higher incomes. Horizontal equity is based on the belief that earners with the same income should pay taxes at the same tax rate. The aim of the article is to identify those conditions under which there is no conflict between equity and efficiency in the tax system. The tax system is the government's main lever to redistribute income, but there is a potential balance between equity and efficiency. The idea is to determine policy measures which stimulate greater equity, but have no or little effect on efficiency. In other words, our intention is to find out policy actions where equity and efficiency support each other and where tax measures may perhaps even enable a more efficient fiscal system.

The author analyzes the relationship among atomism, pluralism, & democracy from the standpoint of contemporary Rawlsian & Kafkian theory of justice. The author views fairness & justice as forms of substituting democratic decision making in multicultural communities. Adapted from the source document.

The author analyzes the relationship among atomism, pluralism, & democracy from the standpoint of contemporary Rawlsian & Kafkian theory of justice. The author views fairness & justice as forms of substituting democratic decision making in multicultural communities. Adapted from the source document.

The author reviews the interchange between Jurgen Habermas & John Rawls, published in The Journal of Philosophy in Mar 1995. Habermas's criticism of Rawls's theory of justice as fairness is constructive & immanent. Habermas raises three objections against Rawls's theory. The first is that Rawls's design of original position is not adequate to clarify & secure the standpoint of impartial judgment of the principles of justice. The second is that Rawls should make a sharper distinction between the question of justification & that of acceptance of a theory of justice. The third is that Rawls does not succeed in bringing the liberties of moderns into harmony with the liberties of pre-moderns. The first two of Habermas's objections reveal the main thought of his criticism of Rawls, which is that Rawls's theory of justice as fairness is substantive, not procedural, & therefore is wrong. The third of Habermas's objections refers to a consequence of Rawls's theory of a rigid boundary between the political & non-political identities of citizens. In his reply to Habermas, Rawls emphasizes two main differences between his own & Habermas's theory. The first is that Habermas's theory is "comprehensive," while Rawls's is "political." The is that Habermas uses as means of representation the situation of ideal discourse, which is a part of his theory of communicative action, while Rawls uses the original position. Rawls answers in turn Habermas' objections & defends his liberal theory of justice as fairness as substantive justice. Adapted from the source document.

The author reviews the interchange between Jurgen Habermas & John Rawls, published in The Journal of Philosophy in Mar 1995. Habermas's criticism of Rawls's theory of justice as fairness is constructive & immanent. Habermas raises three objections against Rawls's theory. The first is that Rawls's design of original position is not adequate to clarify & secure the standpoint of impartial judgment of the principles of justice. The second is that Rawls should make a sharper distinction between the question of justification & that of acceptance of a theory of justice. The third is that Rawls does not succeed in bringing the liberties of moderns into harmony with the liberties of pre-moderns. The first two of Habermas's objections reveal the main thought of his criticism of Rawls, which is that Rawls's theory of justice as fairness is substantive, not procedural, & therefore is wrong. The third of Habermas's objections refers to a consequence of Rawls's theory of a rigid boundary between the political & non-political identities of citizens. In his reply to Habermas, Rawls emphasizes two main differences between his own & Habermas's theory. The first is that Habermas's theory is "comprehensive," while Rawls's is "political." The is that Habermas uses as means of representation the situation of ideal discourse, which is a part of his theory of communicative action, while Rawls uses the original position. Rawls answers in turn Habermas' objections & defends his liberal theory of justice as fairness as substantive justice. Adapted from the source document.

John Rawls has revised his theory of justice in recent works & turned it into a theory of political liberalism. This article analyzes three basic aspects of that theory as the theory of (political) fairness & attempts to document the consequences of the application of Rawls's concept of political liberalism as a transcendental framework for a rational political debate within the Croatian political context. Adapted from the source document.

The author's starting point is the argument that Rawls cannot be a Kantian, because he -- unlike Kant -- was faced with the pluralism of the contemporary innovative society, in which individuals are not divided into the existential winners & losers solely on the basis of different traditions but also of different innovations. Rawls thinks that this fact of pluralism may only be a posteriori politically regulated in a way that it is permanently cultivated to the level of political, moral, & legal order, acceptable for citizens, which gives legitimacy to the inequalities among them. Individuals are thus linked into a political community by means of justice understood as fairness. In this type of justice, citizens allow for the inequalities because they live in uncertainty or vagueness, which the author considers to be conditio humana in the innovative society. Under such circumstances. the author concludes, fairness is an ability to cope with ail unfamiliar injustice. 7 References. Adapted from the source document.

Classical liberalism as opposed to traditional concepts has established a notion of justice that envisages the equality of individual (negative) freedoms & (tutelary) rights. Under the influence of socialist criticism, modern-day liberals have been trying to include within the concept of justice the problem of the distribution of positive freedoms & rights. The already classic attempt of solving this problem is John Rawls's theory that defines justice as fairness, based on the principles of the equality of basic freedoms of individuals compatible with the freedom of other individuals; the distribution of goods that will most benefit the least privileged; & the primacy of freedom over social equality & justice over economic efficiency. In a pluralist society, these principles should facilitate the establishment of the "overlapping consensus" among divergent social groups on the issues of the basic social structure. In his attempt to solve the problems of social equality, which Rawls's theory leaves open-ended, Michael Walzer postulates the principle of complex equality, which requires different ways of distribution for different types of goods. These types cannot be specified in advance; however, their distribution is the most remarkable skill of liberal politics. Finally, the author claims that the problem of a just political organization of multicultural societies can be solved by applying Rawls's principles of fairness to the negotiating processes & to achieving consensus among divergent cultural groups on certain issues. Adapted from the source document.

Ubrzani razvoj nekonvencionalnih ležišta nafte u SAD-u započeo je 2010. godine, uz naredno petogodišnje razdoblje sa stabilnim i relativno visokim cijenama nafte na tržištu. Tijekom toga relativno kratkoga perioda ekspanzije došlo je do znatnijih promjena u kapitalnim i operativnim troškovima zbog neprestanoga tehnološkog napretka u bušenju i opremanju, rastu pratećega naftno-servisnog sektora te povoljnijega financiranja projekata uz državnu politiku monetarnoga popuštanja. U radu su analizirani trendovi u troškovima razvoja nekonvencionalnih ležišta te ovisnost kretanja cijene nafte (WTI – West Texas Intermediate) o intenzitetu broja aktivnih bušotina i ukupnim proizvodnim kvotama s najvećih ležišta nekonvencionalne nafte. Nakon svjetske financijske krize iz 2008./2009. ekonomski oporavak u SAD-u bio je donekle usporen, što je uzrokovalo ekstremnu volatilnost na dioničkim i robnim tržištima. U takvim nesigurnim uvjetima dnevna kretanja cijena nafte te vrijednosti dionica i roba pokazuju znatno reagiranje na periodične izvještaje o promjenama glavnih makroekonomskih indikatora kao glavnih pokazatelja trenda ekonomskoga oporavka. Prije nego što državne institucije objave takve izvještaje, postoje i predviđanja vrijednosti indikatora temeljem anketa među ekonomskim analitičarima i očekivanim trendovima. Stoga, bilo kakvo pozitivno ili negativno iznenađenje prilikom objave stvarnih podataka u odnosu na predviđeno utječe na dnevno kretanje cijene nafte. U ovome radu statistički su analizi rani utjecaji takvih promjena u makroekonomskim indikatorima na dnevnu završnu cijenu nafte te utjecaj ostalih važnijih burzovnih indeksa u SAD-u. Analiza je pokazala da od makroekonomskih indikatora najveći utjecaj na dnevne pomake u cijeni nafte ima indeks industrijskih proizvođačkih cijena (PPI – Producer Price Index) kao temeljni indeks pokazatelja inflacije. ; Large scale development of tight oil resources in US started after 2010. with following five-year period of favorable steady increase in crude oil price. During this relatively short expansion cycle, operating and capital expenses changed drastically for main tight oil plays due to technological improvements in both well drilling and completion, expansion of service sector as well as loose government monetary policy which allowed favorable financing. This paper analyzed trends in costs during expansion period, as well as correlation of oil price to number of operating rigs and production quotas. After 2008/2009. world financial crisis economy recovery in US was somewhat sluggish and it caused extreme volatile environment in both equity and commodity markets. In such volatile environment intra-day crude oil prices, as well as other commodities and equities, show significant reaction to monthly published macroeconomic indicator reports, which give better overviews of trends in economic recovery. Prior to announcement, these reports always have forecasted value determined by consensus among market analysts. Therefore, any positive or negative surprise in real value tends to influence price of oil. This paper investigated influence of such macroeconomic reports to closing intraday oil price, as well as effect of other important daily market indices. Analysis showed that only Producer Price Index (PPI), among other indicators, has statistical significance of affecting intraday closing oil price.

Basic education of the future – Let's turn the trend! was a development project on compulsory education in Finland. The aim was to assess the current situation, examine the reasons for the drop in the learning outcomes at the national and international levels and study the needs to develop teaching and learning in the Finnish educational system. Two working groups coordinated by a broad-based steering group were set up for the purposes of the project. The objective of the working group on competence and learning was to discover means to improve learning outcomes, bridge the gap in the learning outcomes between girls and boys, ensure regional equality, safeguard equal opportunities for further studies and halt the trend of increasing disparities within and between schools. The project also examined the position of minorities and their learning outcomes in the Finnish educational system. The working group on motivation and teaching explored different learning environments, study materials including educational games, and innovations that support learning, investigated how learning motivation and well-being could be improved, and assessed the significance of motivation and school satisfaction for learning and school attendance. The group members also looked at the content and methods of education and pre- and in-service training for teachers. In the autumn an online survey was organized and 7,000 people responded. Also, six regional events were held in late autumn in 2014. The purpose of these events was to facilitate an extensive public discussion about the future of basic education. The working groups' proposals as well as the results of the survey were presented in more detail at the beginning of March when the report on this development project was published. The proposals are to be exploited in the drawing up of the government programme after the next parliamentary elections in April 2015. ; Osnovno obrazovanje u budućnosti – Promijenimo trend! razvojni je projekt u osnovnom i srednjoškolskom obrazovanju u Finskoj. Cilj je procijeniti trenutnu situaciju, proučiti razloge za pad u ishodima učenja na nacionalnoj i međunarodnoj razini i proučiti potrebe za razvojem poučavanja i učenja u finskom obrazovnom sustavu. Dvije radne skupine koordinira upravni odbor. Cilj radne skupine zadužene za kompetencije i učenje je pronaći načine za poboljšanje ishoda učenja, premošćivanje jaza između ishoda učenja djevojčica i dječaka, uspostavljanja regionalne ravnopravnosti; očuvanje jednakih mogućnosti za buduća istraživanja i zaustavljanja trenda povećanja nejednakosti unutar škola i među školama. Projekt će također proučiti položaj manjina i njihove ishode učenja u finskom obrazovnom sustavu. Radna skupina zadužena za motivaciju i poučavanje proučit će različita okruženja za učenje, zatim materijale koji uključuju obrazovne igre i inovacije koje potpomažu učenje, proučiti kako se motivacija za učenje i dobrobit mogu poboljšati te ocijeniti važnost motivacije i zadovoljstva školom za učenje i pohađanje škole. Također će biti istraženi sadržaj i metode obrazovanja, zatim obrazovanje budućih nastavnika i nastavnika praktičara. Online anketa organizirana je prošlu jesen i anketirano je 7000 ispitanika. Također, u kasnu jesen održana su regionalna događanja. Svrha tih događanja je olakšati opsežnu javnu raspravu o budućnosti osnovnog obrazovanja. Prijedlozi radnih skupina kao i rezultati ankete bit će detaljnije prikazani početkom ožujka 2015. kada će biti prikazan i izvještaj o razvojnom projektu. Prijedlozi će se razmatrati i putem razvoja Vladina programa nakon sljedećih parlamentarnih izbora u travnju 2015.

Through the case of the rural-urban continuum model in China, this study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of local government's policy intervention in promoting equitable quality of early childhood education in rural and urban areas through multi-stakeholders' voices. With simultaneous mixed method approach and self-developed instruments, the authors collected 891 valid parent questionnaires, 184 teacher questionnaires, 52 observational evaluation scales, and conducted interviews with 13 kindergarten principals and 6 administrators. The data were analysed by SPSS and NVIVO Plus. The findings show that a) rural and urban parents' satisfaction levels had significant difference in terms of kindergartens' cost and environment conditions; b) rural and urban teachers exhibited significant difference only when evaluating their professional attitudes and access to material support; c) researchers found no significant difference in quality of play activities and group teaching between rural and urban kindergarten classes, while significant difference was found in child care activities; d) principals perceived positively the effectiveness of the RUC model, yet had big concerns about teachers' quality, and e) government intervention was proved to be a key factor enhancing equitable quality in rural and urban areas. ; Cilj ove studije je, putem slučaja trajnog modela ruralno-urbanog razvoja u Kini, glasovima više dionika provesti evaluaciju učinkovitosti intervencija lokalnih vlada na razini politika u promoviranje pravedne kvalitete predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja u ruralnim i urbanim područjima. Primjenom pristupa istodobno kombiniranih metoda i instrumenata koje su istraživači sami razvili, autori su izradili 891 upitnik za roditelje, 184 upitnika za učitelje, 52 evaluacijska upitnika, te su proveli intervjue s 13 ravnatelja dječjih vrtića i 6 administratora. Podatke su analizirali s pomoću SPSS i NVIVO Plus. Rezultati pokazuju: a) da se razina zadovoljstva cijenom vrtića i uvjetima uvelike razlikuje između ruralnih i urbanih roditelja, b) da se ruralni i urbani učitelji uvelike razlikuju samo u evaluaciji svojih profesionalnih stavova i pristupa materijalnoj podršci, c) da istraživači nisu našli značajne razlike u kvaliteti aktivnosti igara i grupnom podučavanju između sati u ruralnim i urbanim vrtićima; značajne razlike su ustanovljene u aktivnostima skrbi za djecu, d) da ravnatelji učinkovitost modela RUC ocjenjuju pozitivno, no dosta ih se brine o kvaliteti učitelja, e) da su se vladine intervencije pokazale ključnim čimbenikom u povećanju pravedne kvalitete obrazovanja u ruralnim i urbanim područjima.

Financijsko trenje kao poveznica povrata financijskog kapitala, tj. povrata kapitala i imovine, troška kapitala koji plaćaju poduzeća i iznosa koji ulagači zarađuju od financijskih zahtjeva, u ekonomskoj se teoriji rijetko koristi i uvodi u politiku financijske analize, uglavnom monetarnih vlasti. Dosadašnja istraživanja o tome ukazala su na potrebu uvođenja takvih modela u financijsku analizu, uglavnom radi ispitivanja potrebe za povećanjem priljeva raspoloživoga kapitala po prihvatljivim stopama. U ovome radu predložen je drugačiji pristup ovom problemu, tj. na uzorku financijskih podataka za pet poslovnih godina pedeset srednjih hrvatskih poduzeća, primjenom modela temeljenih na ANFIS-u, analiziran je utjecaj financijskog trenja na razvojni potencijal poduzeća. U definiciji modela korištene su varijable povrat imovine (ROA), povrat na kapital (ROE), koeficijent vlastitog financiranja, faktor zaduženosti i EBITDA marža. Provedena analiza može poslužiti poduzetnicima u pronalaženju optimalnih omjera financijske poluge za održivo poslovanje okrenuto razvojnim strategijama, ali i kreatorima politike u definiranju potrebe za subvencioniranjem kamatnih stopa na poslovne zajmove. ; Financial friction as a link between the return on financial capital, i.e. return on capital and assets, the cost of capital paid by companies, and the amount that investors earn from financial requirements, is rarely used in economic theory and introduced into financial analysis policy, mainly by monetary authorities. Previous research on this topic has indicated the need to introduce such models in financial analysis, mainly for the purpose of examining the need to increase available capital inflows at acceptable rates. This paper proposes a different approach to this problem, i.e. on the sample of financial data for 5 business years of 50 medium-sized Croatian companies, using models based on ANFIS, the impact of financial friction on the development potential of companies has been analysed. In the definition of the model, the variables such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), equity ratio, indebtedness ratio and EBITDA margin were used. The conducted analysis can serve entrepreneurs in finding the optimal ratio of financial leverage for sustainable business focused on development strategies, but also policy makers in defining the need to subsidize interest rates on business loans.

U ovom radu istražuje se veza između gospodarskog rasta i razvoja tržišta dionica u regiji GCC, a to je Vijeće za suradnju arapskih država Zaljeva, odnosno Saudijske Arabije, Bahreina, Ujedinjenih Arapskih Emirata, Omana, Kuvajta i Katara u razdoblju od 2000. do 2017. godine. Generalizirani linearni mješoviti model (GLMM) primjenjuje se kako bi se utvrdila povezanost i priroda odnosa. U usporedbi s konvencionalnim regresijskim modelima, GLMM pruža pouzdanije rezultate uzimajući u obzir podatke koji nedostaju i uklanja razlike specifične za pojedine zemlje. Ovim istraživanjem se potvrđuje značajna pozitivna povezanost između likvidnosti na burzi (SML) i realnog bruto domaćeg proizvoda (BDP) po stanovniku, kao i da je negativna povezanost između tržišne kapitalizacije (SMC) i BDP-a dugoročno beznačajna. Rezultati također ukazuju da su SML i SMC značajno i pozitivno povezani. Uzimajući u obzir da uspješne burze mogu povećati nacionalno bogatstvo, smanjiti preveliku ovisnost o nafti kao glavnom faktoru gospodarskog rasta, rezultati sugeriraju da bi kreatori politike u regiji trebali imati aktivniju ulogu u stimuliranju svojih tržišta dionica uključujući i globalnu integraciju. ; This paper attempts to test the relationship between economic growth and equity market development in GCC region which is the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, namely, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait and Qatar over the period of 2000 and 2017. The Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) is adopted to find the nexus and the nature of the relationship. Compared to the conventional regression models, GLMM provides a more reliable conclusion accounting for the missing data and eliminate the country specific differences. The study finds a significant positive association between stock market liquidity (SML) and per capita real gross domestic product (GDP) but insignificant negative association between stock market capitalization (SMC) and GDP in the long run. The results also indicate that SML and SMC are significantly and positively correlated. Considering well-performing stock markets can enhance the nation's wealth, reduce the over-dependence on oil as a major contributor to the economic growth, the results suggest that policy makers in the region ought to play more active role to stimulate their equity markets together with global integration.

Porez na dohodak, zbog svojega temeljnog strukturnog obilježja prilagodljivosti gospodarskoj snazi poreznih obveznika, jedan je od temeljnih instrumenata ostvarenja porezne pravednosti. Pritom progresivnost sustava oporezivanja dohotka ne utječe isključivo na ostvarenje redistributivnog načela, već se smatra pogodnim instrumentom ublažavanja ili anuliranja negativnih posljedica regresivnoga djelovanja neizravnih poreza, ponajprije poreza na dodanu vrijednost. Dodatno, sredstva ubrana s osnove poreza na dohodak, kao dijeljenog poreza, najizdašniji su izvor financiranja jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave i javnih usluga koje one osiguravaju građanima. Imajući navedeno na umu, promotri li se razvoj hrvatskoga sustava oporezivanja dohotka, osobito u posljednjih desetak godina, postavlja se pitanje uspijeva li on u ostvarivanju svojih temeljnih funkcija: fiskalne i socijalne. ; Because of its basic structural feature of adaptability to the taxpayer's economic capacity, personal income tax is one of the basic instruments for achieving tax equity. The progressiveness of the personal income tax system does not exclusively affect the realization of the redistributive principle; it is also considered as a suitable instrument for mitigating or annulling the negative consequences of the regressive effect of indirect taxes, primarily value added tax. In addition, the funds collected from personal income tax, as a shared tax, represent the most generous source of funding for local and regional self-government units and public services which they provide to their residents. Having this in mind, if the development of the Croatian personal income tax system is observed, especially in the last ten years, the question arises whether it succeeds in achieving its basic functions: fiscal and social.