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Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide.

Ubemandede flyvemaskiner (UAV'er) eller droner bliver i stigende grad brugt i missioner hvor bemandede fly ikke egner sig. De ubemandede fly har en række fordele med hensyn til størrelse, vægt og manøvredygtighed som gør at de kan løse opgaver som fly før i tiden ikke kunne løse. Den primære årsag til at udviklingen af UAV'er er nået til det niveau vi ser i dag er at militæret har set potentialet i dem. Både til overvågnings operationer og direkte angreb har UAV'erne mange fordele frem for de bemandede fly, hvoraf den største nok er at piloterne ikke direkte kommer i kontakt med fjenden. Efterhånden har UAV'erne dog også fundet vej til civil anvendelse. Her har de kunne lette opgaver som foto-inspektion af store bygningsværker og redningsaktioner til havs. Alt i alt har UAV'er inden for de sidste år vist deres mangfoldige potentiale. Den stigende brug af UAV'er betyder også at de skal færdes sammen med bemandede fly og i områder hvor mennesker færdes på jorden. Dette stiller selvsagt nogle krav til flyenes sikkerhed og pålidelighed. Det er uundgåeligt at komponenter ombord på en UAV på et eller andet tidspunkt vil fejle. Når dette sker, er det vigtigt at fejlen opdages i tide således at en passende indgriben kan iværksættes. Enten kan flyets styrecomputer tage højde for den opståede fejl eller en menneskelig operatør kan gribe ind. Detektion af fejl der opstår under flyvningen er netop emnet for denne afhandling. For bemandede fly består sikkerheden overfor fejl ofte i at de fleste systemer ombord er redundante. Derved opnår man let en høj grad af sikkerhed da fejl på et enkelt system ikke er katastrofale. Det fejlede delsystem kan udkobles og de redundante systemer kan overtage det fejlede systems opgave. For mindre UAV'er hvor både pris og flyets vægt er af høj betydning vil redundant hardware i mange tilfælde ikke være en brugbar sikkerhedsløsning. Derfor er der i denne afhandling fokuseret på metoder hvor redundanser i stedet opnås ved hjælp af modeller og viden om flyets opførsel. Med udgangspunkt i telemetri data fra en specifik UAV, benyttet af det danske forsvar, undersøges hvordan en række kritiske fejl kan detekteres og håndteres. En af udfordringerne ved at benytte telemetri data til fejldiagnose er den begrænsede båndbredde i radioforbindelsen mellem flyet og base-stationen på jorden. Sammen med denne begrænsning gør støj på de enkelte signaler det vanskeligt at bruge præcise modeller til fejldiagnosen. Dette er løst ved at bruge statistiske fordelinger til at beskrive flyets normale opførsel og afvigelser fra denne, som indikerer forskellige fejl. For at øge anvendeligheden er de modeller, der bliver brugt til fejldiagnose, til en hvis grad selvindstillende. Det gør at mindre afvigelser mellem fly og vindforhold ikke har så stor indflydelse på fejldiagnosens ydelse i form af detektions tid og afvisning af falske alarmer. Det betyder også mindre justering hvis metoderne skal anvendes på en ny type fly med andre parametre. Et af hovedresultaterne af dette forskningsprojekt er en metode der kan finde fejl på en UAV's pitot rør, der måler flyets hastighed. En række software redundanser baseret på hastigheds information fra GPS samt motorens trækkraft bruges til at detektere unormale hastigheds signaler. Et andet bidrag, der er værd at nævne, omhandler diagnose af fejl på styreflader. Her benyttes en række modeller med lav kompleksitet mellem flyets drejehastigheder og styrefladernes udslag til fejldetektionen. Begge metoder er blevet verificeret mod data fra hændelser hvor de respektive fejl optræder, og viser lovende resultater. Afhandling består af et resume af de forskellige metoder, undersøgelser og resultater fundet i forbindelse med projektet. Mere detaljerede beskrivelser findes i en række artikler indsendt til videnskabelige konferencer og tidsskrifter i løbet af projektet. Disse er vedlagt i sidste del af afhandlingen. ; Unmanned Aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones are used increasingly for missions where piloted aircraft are unsuitable. The unmanned aircraft has a number of advantages with respect to size, weight and manoeuvrability that makes it possible for them to solve tasks that an aircraft previously has been unable to solve. The primary cause that UAVs has reached the current level of development is their military potential. Both for surveillance operations and direct strikes, UAVs has many benefits compared to manned aircraft, and the biggest of those are that no pilots are put in direct contact with enemy troops. Gradually UAV's are also being introduced in civilian applications. In this setting they have reduced the difficulty of tasks such as photo inspections of large buildings and rescue missions at sea. All in all UAVs have shown their great potential within the recent years. The increasing use of UAVs causes them to coexist with manned aircraft and in areas where humans are present on ground. This of course carries demands to the safety and reliability of the aircraft. It is inevitable that components onboard a UAV will fail at some point in time. When this happens it is important that the fault is discovered in time such that appropriate actions can be taken. That could either be the aircraft controlling computer taking the fault into account or a human operator that intervenes. Detection of faults that occur during flight is exactly the subject of this thesis. Safety towards faults for manned aircraft is often achieved by making most of the systems onboard redundant. This is an easy way to obtain safety since no single system fault is catastrophic. The failed subsystem can be disconnected and the redundant systems can take over the tasks of the failed system. For smaller UAVs both price and weight of the aircraft is very important meaning that redundant hardware will not be an applicable safety solution. This is why focus of this thesis have been on methods where redundancies are obtained by models and knowledge about the aircraft behaviour. Based on telemetry data from a specific UAV, used by the Danish military, it is investigated how a number of critical faults can be detected and handled. One of the challenges using telemetry data for the fault diagnosis is the limited bandwidth in the radio link between the aircraft and the base-station on ground. This combined with noise on the signals makes it difficult to use precise models for the fault diagnosis. This is solved by using statistical distributions to describe the aircraft's normal behaviour and deviations from this, indicating different faults. To increase the applicability of the models, used for fault diagnosis, these are adaptive to some extent. This makes small discrepancies between aircraft and wind conditions to have less influence on the performance of the fault diagnosis with respect to time to detect and false alarms. It also means that less adjustment is needed if the methods should be applied to another type of aircraft with different parameters. Amongst the main findings of this research project is a method to handle faults on the UAV's pitot tube, which measures the aircraft speed. A set of software redundancies based on GPS velocity information and engine thrust are used to detect abnormal airspeed signals. Another contribution worth mentioning considers diagnosis of control surface faults. Here a set of low-complexity models between the aircraft's turn rates and input deflections are used in the fault detection. Both methods has been verified against data from incidents where the respective faults occurs, and show good potential. The thesis consists of a summary of the different methods, investigations and results obtained during the project. Detailed descriptions are found in a number of papers submitted to research conferences and journals during the project. These have been enclosed in the last part of the thesis.

"This volume is dedicated to creating a single source that both summarizes what we know regarding errors in organizations and provide a focused effort toward identifying future directions for research. The goal is to provide a forum for researchers who have conducted a considerable amount of research in the error domain to discuss how to extend this research, and provide researchers who have not considered the implications of errors for their domain of organizational research an outlet to do so"--Provided by publisher.

Ruggeri et al. tested perceptions of opposing political party members in 10,207 participants from 26 countries. Results show that beliefs about others are overly negative but could be more realistic with transparency about actual group beliefs. Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide.

Pervading global narratives suggest that political polarization is increasing, yet the accuracy of such group meta-perceptions has been drawn into question. A recent US study suggests that these beliefs are inaccurate and drive polarized beliefs about out-groups. However, it also found that informing people of inaccuracies reduces those negative beliefs. In this work, we explore whether these results generalize to other countries. To achieve this, we replicate two of the original experiments with 10,207 participants across 26 countries. We focus on local group divisions, which we refer to as fault lines. We find broad generalizability for both inaccurate meta-perceptions and reduced negative motive attribution through a simple disclosure intervention. We conclude that inaccurate and negative group meta-perceptions are exhibited in myriad contexts and that informing individuals of their misperceptions can yield positive benefits for intergroup relations. Such generalizability highlights a robust phenomenon with implications for political discourse worldwide.

Despite the significance and prevalence of errors in organizations, there has been no attempt within the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology to create a single source summarizing what we know regarding errors in organizations and providing a focused effort toward identifying future directions of research. This volume answers that need and provides contributions by researchers who have conducted a considerable amount of research on errors occurring in the work context. Students, academics and practitioners in a wide range of disciplines, i.e., industrial organizational psycholo