Suchergebnisse

Die erste Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Essener Mark bei Osnabrück von der Reformation bis in den Vormärz. Für die Geschichte der ländlichen Gesellschaft Nordwestdeutschlands spielten die gemeinen Marken über Jahrhunderte hinweg eine prägende Rolle. Dabei handelte es sich um ländliche Gemeingüter, in denen die Aneignung natürlicher Ressourcen von sozialen Kollektiven organisiert wurde. In den Osnabrücker Marken wirkten Akteure aus Landesherrschaft, Grundherrschaft und Bauernschaft an der gemeinschaftlichen Verwaltung und Nutzung von Wald, Weide und Heide mit. Die Fallstudie zur Essener Mark untersucht anhand archivalischer Quellen den kollektiven Umgang dieser ungleichen Akteure mit land- und waldwirtschaftlichen Ressourcen. Jonas Hübner liefert damit erstmals eine Gesamtdarstellung ländlicher Gemeingüterverwaltung und -nutzung in einem frühneuzeitlichen Markenverband vom späten 16. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert. Gegenstand der Analyse sind die Kooperationen und Konflikte im Spannungsfeld von Landesherrschaft, Gutsherren und bäuerlicher Selbstverwaltung. Dabei geht es auch um die Positionierung der ständischen Akteure im Prozess der Agrarreformen, die schließlich zur Auflösung der gemeinen Marken führten.

Extending theory within the justice domain and work on the human alarm system, the current paper argues that the process by which justice judgments are formed may be influenced reliably by the activation of psychological systems that people use to detect and handle alarming situations. Building on this analysis, it is further proposed that if this line of reasoning is true then presenting alarm-related stimuli, such as exclamation points and flashing lights, to people should lead to more extreme judgments about subsequent justice-related events than not presenting these alarming stimuli. Findings collected using different experimental paradigms provide evidence supporting these predictions both inside and outside the psychology lab. Implications for the social psychology of justice and the human alarm system literature are discussed.

IntroductionGuidelines in resource‐poor settings have progressively included interventions to reduce postnatal HIV transmission through breast milk. In addition to HIV‐free survival, infant growth and non‐HIV infections should be considered. Determining the effect of these interventions on infant growth and non‐HIV infections will inform healthcare decisions about feeding HIV‐exposed infants. We synthesize findings from studies comparing breast to formula feeding, early weaning to standard‐duration breastfeeding, breastfeeding with extended antiretroviral (ARV) to short‐course ARV prophylaxis, and alternative preparations of infant formula to standard formula in HIV‐exposed infants, focusing on infant growth and non‐HIV infectious morbidity outcomes. The review objectives were to collate and appraise evidence of interventions to reduce postnatal vertical HIV transmission, and to estimate their effect on growth and non‐HIV infections from birth to two years of age among HIV‐exposed infants.MethodsWe searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane CENTRAL Controlled Trials Register. We included randomized trials and prospective cohort studies. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated risk of bias. Rate ratios and mean differences were used as effect measures for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. Where pooling was possible, we used fixed‐effects meta‐analysis to pool results across studies. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.Results and discussionProspective cohort studies comparing breast‐ versus formula‐fed HIV‐exposed infants found breastfeeding to be protective against diarrhoea in early life [risk ratio (RR)=0.31; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.13 to 0.74]. The effect of breastfeeding against diarrhoea [hazard ratio (HR)=0.74; 95% CI=0.57 to 0.97] and respiratory infections (HR=0.65; 95% CI=0.41 to 1.00) was significant through two years of age. The only randomized controlled trial (RCT) available showed that breastfeeding tended to be protective against malnutrition (RR=0.63; 95% CI=0.36 to 1.12). We found no statistically significant differences in the rates of non‐HIV infections or malnutrition between breast‐fed infants in the extended and short‐course ARV prophylaxis groups.ConclusionsLow to moderate quality evidence suggests breastfeeding may improve growth and non‐HIV infection outcomes of HIV‐exposed infants. Extended ARV prophylaxis does not appear to increase the risk for HIV‐exposed infants for adverse growth or non‐HIV infections compared to short‐course ARV prophylaxis.

Peter Franz Josef Müller ; Titelblatt fehlt ; Angaben aus: Sellmann, Walter: Essener Bibliographie. Bd. 1, Sp. 345 ; Das Buch ist ohne Titelbl. erschienen, die letzten S. fehlen. - Beschlagnahmt 1797 von der Polizei, als es bis S. 416 gedr. war. - Nur noch in wenigen Ex. vorhanden ; In Fraktur

"The implementation of a Refusal Avoidance Training (RAT) within wave 2 of the German part of the European Social Survey (ESS) successful reduced the amount of reported refusal by nearly 7%. The effect of the reduction was compensated by a nearly equal increase in the proportion of non-contacted designated respondents. This effect may be due to non-random allocation of trained interviewers. Further randomized experiments are neccessary to separate the effects of RAT on response rates." (author's abstract)