Suchergebnisse

1. Areas de actividad y contextos en el Noreste Mexicano: caracterización de sitios de recolectores - cazadores mediante el uso de la Tipología Espacial / Gustavo A. Ramirez Castilla -- 2. Ubicación espacial de sitios arqueológicos en el municipio de Dr. Gonzalez Nuevo Leon / Efrain Flores Lopez -- 3. Sedentarismo en las adaptaciones de los cazadores y recolectores del bajo Rio Bravo / Martin Salinas -- 4. Permanencia de grupos cazadores - recolectores en respuesta a condiciones topográficas y naturales / Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez -- 5. Un campamento-taller a la orilla del río Salado / Victor Hugo Valdovinos Perez y Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez -- 6. Consideraciones sobre la arqueología de Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Carlos Vanueth Perez Silva -- 7. Tatuajes en las rocas: El lenguaje rupestre Chiquihuitillos en la region de Burgos, Tamaulipas / Diana Radillo Rolon -- 8. "Líneas de horizonte" un locatipo del arte rupestre de Nuevo Leon / Manuel Graniel Tellez. Segunda parte - Poblamiento y resistencia = Parte II - People and resistance: 9. Indian responses to New Santander colonizing process / Gerardo Lara Cisneros and Fernando Olvera Charles -- 10. La redencion de cautivos en el septentrión novohispano en la postrimería del siglo XVIII / Limonar Soto Salazar -- 11. Pames y otras etnias en Rioverde, Santiago de los Valles y Nuevo Santander, siglos XVII - XVIII / Jose Alfredo Rangel Silva -- 12. El poblamiento de la frontera de la Nueva Galicia: Mazapil, siglo XVI / Juana Elizabeth Salas Hernandez -- 13. El poblamiento entre Texas y Louisiana, durante las Reformas Borbonicas / Luis Arnal Simon -- 14. Uso y función de los bienes materiales de las misiones franciscanas: San Juan Bautista y San Bernardo en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII / Diana Ramiro Esteban -- 15. El rio Bravo y la conformación de la frontera entre Texas y el noreste mexicano entre 1824 y 1848 / Antonio Guerrero Aguilar -- 16. Los trabajos científicos de la Comision de Limites en Tamaulipas y Texas, febrero - mayo 1828 / Erika Adan Morales -- 17. La propiedad rural en el sur de Saltillo, siglos XVI al XX. Las haciendas de Buenavista, El Nogal y Santa Elena de la Punta / Juana Gabriela Roman Jaquez -- 18. "Diles quien eres." Honrando a las familias pioneras del Rio Bravo del Norte / Antonio Noe Zavaleta Reid y Câesar A. Munoz Garcâia -- 19. Las redes sociales en la migraciâon indígena al Noreste de Mexico / Carlos Lemus y Ana Maria Châavez. Tercera parte - Conflicto y adaptaciâon = Parte III - Adaptation and conflict: 20. Spanish plans for the reconquest of Mexico and the invasion of Tampico (1829) / Catherine Andrews y Leticia Dunay Garcâia Martâinez -- 21. Repercusiones del asentamiento colonial en el valle de la Mota evidencia material de trapiches / Araceli Rivera Estrada y Tehua Osnaya Rodriguez -- 22. Freedom's eagle loudly calls: the misinterpretation of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma / D. Clark Wernecke -- 23. La transformación del espacio y arqueología de la Batalla de la Angostura / Carlos Recio Davila -- 24. Revealing the ephemeral: finding traces of 18 critical minutes and their aftermath at San Jacinto / Roger Moore -- 25. Batalla de Monterrey en el Fortin de la Teneria (1846): hallazgos arqueológicos de las fuerzas en combate / Araceli Rivera Estrada -- 26. Con un pie en cada lado: ethnicities and the archaeology of Nuevo Santander rancho communities in South Texas and Northeastern Mexico / Mary Jo Galindo -- 27. Washington, La Habana y Matamoros: los vertices del triangulo transitorio de pertrechos para los constitucionalistas, 1913-1914 / Indra Labardini Fragoso. Cuarta parte - Sociedad e ideas = Parte IV - Ideas and society: 28. La presencia liberal en el periódico El Tulteco / Thelma Camacho Morfin -- 29. El taumaturgo de Espinazo. Breve historia de Jose Fidencio de Jesus Constantino Sintora, mejor conocido como el Nino Fidencio, 1898-1938 / Jose Oscar Avila Juarez -- 30. Gendering the making of a borderlands: women's work in the garment industry / Sonia Hernandez -- 31. From conflict to consensus: Fort Brown becomes the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College / John B. Hawthorne. Fuentes de information = Sources of information: A. Siglas, abreviaturas, acrónimos y signos -- B. Repositorios documentales consultados -- C. Fuentes documentales -- D. Fuentes primarias publicadas -- E. Reportes arqueologicos de campo -- F. Fuentes bibliográficas secundarias -- G. Fuentes hemerográficas -- H. Fuentes electrónicas. TRANSLATIONS: 1. Activity areas and contexts in the Mexican Northeast: characterization of gatherer-hunter sites using the Space Typology / Gustavo A. Ramirez Castilla - 2. Spatial location of archaeological sites in the municipality of Dr. Gonzalez Nuevo Leon / Efrain Flores Lopez - 3. Sedentarism in the adaptations of hunters and gatherers of the lower Rio Bravo / Martin Salinas - 4. Permanence of hunter-gatherer groups in response to topographic and natural conditions / Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez - 5. A camp-workshop on the banks of the Salado river / Victor Hugo Valdovinos Perez and Iran Roxana Dominguez Rodriguez - 6. Considerations on the archeology of Reynosa, Tamaulipas / Carlos Vanueth Perez Silva - 7. Tattoos on the rocks: The rock language Chiguihuitillos in the Burgos region, Tamaulipas / Diana Radillo Rolon - 8. "Lineas de horizonte" a locale of rock art from Nuevo Leon / Manuel Graniel Tellez. Second part - Population and resistance = Part II - People and resistance: 9. Indian responses to New Santander colonizing process / Gerardo Lara Cisneros and Fernando Olvera Charles - 10. The redemption of captives in the northern part of New Spain in the late eighteenth century / Limonar Soto Salazar - 11. Pames and other ethnic groups in Rioverde, Santiago de los Valles and Nuevo Santander, XVII - XVIII centuries / Jose Alfredo Rangel Silva -- 12. The settlement of the border of Nueva Galicia: Mazapil, sixteenth century / Juana Elizabeth Salas Hernandez - 13. The settlement between Texas and Louisiana, during the Bourbon Reforms / Luis Arnal Simon - 14. Use and function of the material assets of the Franciscan missions: San Juan Bautista and San Bernardo in the second half of the 18th century / Diana Ramiro Esteban - 15. The Rio Grande and the formation of the border between Texas and Northeast Mexico between 1824 and 1848 / Antonio Guerrero Aguilar -- 16. The scientific work of the Boundary Commission in Tamaulipas and Texas, February - May 1828 / Erika Adan Morales - 17. Rural property in southern Saltillo, 16th to 20th centuries. The estates of Buenavista, El Nogal and Santa Elena de la Punta / Juana Gabriela Roman Jaquez - 18. "Tell them who you are." Honoring the pioneering families of the Rio Bravo del Norte / Antonio Noe Zavaleta Reid and Câesar A. Munoz Garcia - 19. Social networks in indigenous migration to Northeast Mexico / Carlos Lemus and Ana Marâia Chavez. Third part - Conflict and adaptation = Part III - Adaptation and conflict: 20. Spanish plans for the reconquest of Mexico and the invasion of Tampico (1829) / Catherine Andrews and Leticia Dunay Garcâia Martâinez - 21. Impact of the colonial settlement on the valley de la Mota material evidence of sugar mills / Araceli Rivera Estrada and Tehua Osnaya Rodriguez - 22. Freedom's eagle loudly calls: the misinterpretation of the Battle of Resaca de la Palma / D. Clark Wernecke - 23. The transformation of space and archeology of the Battle of Angostura / Carlos Recio Davila - 24. Revealing the ephemeral: finding traces of 18 critical minutes and their aftermath at San Jacinto / Roger Moore - 25. Battle of Monterrey in Fortin de la Teneria (1846): findings Archaeologists of the forces in combat / Araceli Rivera Estrada -- 26. With one foot on each side: ethnicities and the archeology of Nuevo Santander rancho communities in South Texas and Northeastern Mexico / Mary Jo Galindo - 27. Washington, Havana and Matamoros: the vertices of the transitory triangle of supplies for constitutionalists, 1913-1914 / Indra Labardini Fragoso. Fourth part - Society and ideas = Part IV - Ideas and society: 28. The liberal presence in the newspaper El Tulteco / Thelma Camacho Morfin - 29. The thaumaturge of Espinazo. Brief history of Jose Fidencio de Jesus Constantino Sintora, better known as El Nino Fidencio, 1898-1938 / Jose Oscar Avila Juarez - 30. Gendering the making of a borderlands: women's work in the garment industry / Sonia Hernandez - 31. From conflict to consensus: Fort Brown becomes the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College / John B. Hawthorne. Sources of information = Sources of information: A. Acronyms, abbreviations, acronyms and signs - B. Consulted documentary repositories - C. Documentary sources - D. Primary published sources - E. Field archaeological reports - F. Sources secondary bibliographic - G. Hemerographic sources - H. Electronic sources. ; https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/digitalbooks/1001/thumbnail.jpg

The objective of this thesis is to contribute as well on the theoretical level as empirical to the research on the links between the macro-economic policies and the social indicators and that in a context of the post-conflict country, the case of Rwanda.The main issue raised here to know what is really the economic policies which can be set up in a country post-conflict in order to reduce poverty within the households? Our thesis is based on two assumptions: First, the economic reforms should converge towards the economic growth and the reduction of poverty in the only condition which this growth is equitably distributed. In addition, we consider the political good-will and the stable macroeconomic environment.It is clear that it is difficult for a poor country as Rwanda which underwent during four years of the ethnic conflicts leading to a genocide waits at intervals of fast growth of its GDP per capita without setting up a parallel program of family planning in order to reduce the growth rate of its population estimated currently at 2,9%. It s required also a solid program of the social sectors through the education and the health.To try to answer this question, we used the Model developed by the World Bank called Poverty Analysis Macroeconomic Model . PAMS is a model which link the households survey to the macro-economic framework. It s evaluate the impact of macro-economic policies - in particular those associated the strategies of reduction of poverty - on employment with the centre of the various socio-economic groups, the households s income, the incidence of poverty and the distribution of income.This thesis is articulated on four chapters; the first one which tried to the poverty under all its dimensions, it weaves the difference between the thresholds of poverty according to various authors; it analyzes then and measures the indicators relating to poverty. This first part of the thesis also makes the overall picture of the empirical literature in context of poverty, etc; finally, it defined and analyzes the Millenium Development Goals, and set out the level that Rwanda reached and the challenges to reach the vision 2020.The second chapter try to set out the links between economic growth and monetary and non monetary dimensions of poverty; it examine the inequalities resulting from this growth . It presents and analyzes briefly the evolution of the certain macroeconomic aggregates and principal measurements of economic policies in post-conflict context. The third chapter analyzes the decade 1990-2000, it makes initially the diagnosis of the year 1990, it analyzes different macro-economic incoherencies on which Rwanda Government was faced too during the period, the impact of the international community, the principal products of exports of Rwanda (coffee and tea), it makes then an outline on the political tendencies and the origin of the genocide of 1994 in Rwanda and the effects of this one on the socio-economic situation; this chapter releases the role of the international community in the genocide and finally compares the results of the economic reforms in end period 1990- 1995-2000. The fourth chapter finally brings additional information on the links between the growth and the poverty reduction using PAMS. This chapter makes simulations on the economic policies and judges the effect on poverty against different external shocks, the goal being not to reduce the poverty of half in a 2020, poverty located at 60% in 2003 but a scenario much more realistic to reduce poverty to 45, 6% in 2020.From the reference scenario, other simulations of economic policy were made by analyzing their effects on poverty and inequalities among different quintiles. We selected five of them:(I) modification of the volume of exports; (II) increase in the agricultural production; (III) the rise of the civil servant salaries and; (iv) modification of the composition of GDP growth and finally, to take an economic socio group like target of economic policy. In conclusion, this analytical work formulated some simulations and recommendations within the macroeconomic framework. ; L objectif de cette thèse c est de contribuer tant sur le plan théorique qu empirique à la recherche des liens qui existent entre les politiques macroéconomiques et les indicateurs sociaux et cela dans un contexte des pays sortant des guerres.La question principale qui attire notre attention est la suivante : quelles sont les politiques économiques à mettre en place dans un pays post-conflit afin de réduire sensiblement la pauvreté au sein des ménages ?Notre thèse s appuie sur deux hypothèses : D une part, nous pouvons souligné que toutes les réformes économiques devraient converger vers la croissance économique et la réduction de la pauvreté à la seule condition que cette croissance soit équitablement répartie. D autre part, nous considérons la volonté politique et l environnement macroéconomique stable.Il est clair que c est difficile pour qu un pays pauvre comme le Rwanda qui a subi pendant quatre ans des conflits ethniques aboutissant à un génocide s attende à un rythme de croissance rapide de son PIB par tête sans mettre en place un programme parallèle de discipline du planning familial afin de réduire le taux de croissance de sa population estimé actuellement à 2,9% et un programme solide des secteurs sociaux à travers l éducation et la santé de sa population.Pour tenter de répondre à cette question, nous utilisons le Modèle développé par la Banque mondiale appelé Simulateur Macroéconomique pour l Analyse de la Pauvreté . PAMS est un modèle qui lie les enquêtes sur les conditions de vies des ménages à des cadres macro-économiques. Il permet d'évaluer l'impact de politiques macro-économiques - en particulier celles associées aux stratégies de réduction de la pauvreté - sur l'emploi au sein des différents groupes socio-économiques, les revenus des ménages, l'incidence de la pauvreté et la distribution du revenu.Cette thèse s articule sur quatre chapitres ; le premier chapitre qui s'inscrit dans le débat actuel de la définition de la pauvreté sous toutes ses dimensions, il tisse la différence entre les seuils de la pauvreté selon différents auteurs ; il analyse ensuite et mesure les indicateurs relatifs à la pauvreté. Cette première partie de la thèse fait également le tour de la littérature en rapport avec le concept de la pauvreté, etc ; enfin, il défini et s interroge sur les Objectifs du Développement du Millénaire, en analysant le niveau que le Rwanda a atteint et le défis qu il doit lever afin d atteindre l horizon 2015.Le second chapitre essaye de tisser des liens entre la croissance et les dimensions monétaires et non monétaires de la pauvreté ; il examine les inégalités issues de cette croissance une fois réalisée dans un sens global.Il présente et analyse brièvement l évolution des certains agrégats 2 macroéconomiques et les principales mesures de politiques économiques qui ont été mises en place pendant la période post-conflit.Le troisième chapitre en revanche fait le bilan de la décennie 1990-2000, il fait d abord le diagnostic de l année 1990, il analyse les différents déséquilibres macro-économiques dont souffrait l économie Rwandaise pendant cette période, l impact des cours internationaux sur les principaux produits d exportations du Rwanda (café et thé), il fait ensuite un aperçu sur les tendances politiques et l origine du génocide de 1994 au Rwanda et les effets de celui-ci sur la situation socio-économique ; ce chapitre dégage le rôle de la communauté internationale dans le génocide et enfin compare les résultats des réformes économiques en fin période 1990- 1995-2000.Le quatrième chapitre finalement apporte des informations supplémentaires sur les liens entre la croissance et la réduction de la pauvreté au moyen du SMAP. Ce chapitre fait des simulations des politiques économiques permettant de juger l effet sur la pauvreté de différentes voies de croissance et des chocs exogènes, le but étant non pas de réduire la pauvreté de moitié en 2020, une pauvreté situé à 60% en 2003 mais un scénario beaucoup plus réaliste de réduire la pauvreté à 45,6% en 2020.A partir du scénario de référence, d autres simulations de politique économique ont été faites en analysant leurs effets sur la pauvreté et les inégalités. Nous en avons sélectionné cinq :(i) la modification du volume des exportations ; (ii) l augmentation de la production agricole ; (iii) la hausse des traitements des fonctionnaires et ; (iv) la modification de la composition de la croissance du PIB et enfin, prendre un groupe socio économique comme cible de politique économique. Pour conclure ce travail, sur base des simulations faites, les recommandations ont été formulées dans le cadre de la politique économique.

In the first edition of the Handbook, published in 1994, we as editors ventured the judgment that, in the previous 15 years, economic sociology had enjoyed a remarkable renaissance, following on a season of relative quiescence. This led us to believe that the time was ripe for a consolidating publication that told about the past, assessed the present, and looked toward the future. The decade following that volume's appearance seemed to validate those assessments, if the amount of critical attention given, sizable and sustained sales, and course adoptions are taken as measures. If anything, the book's fortunes surpassed our expectations. Furthermore, the momentum of economic sociology as an enterprise has accelerated in the meantime. The quality and quantity of research have remained high; new and young talent continues to flow into the field; sociology departments in half a dozen or more leading research universities have established centers of excellence in economic sociology; courses in economic sociology have become standard fare in the curricula of most colleges and universities; and a section on economic sociology has formed and now thrives in the American Sociological Association. All these circumstances have convinced us that a second, fully updated edition of the Handbook is needed, and we are more confident of this judgment than we were the first time around. While the first edition still contains much of value to scholars and students, the knowledge it contains has in some cases been superseded by advances in the meantime. To take these into account—and also to accelerate the development of economic sociology— we had to undertake a wholesale revamping of the first edition. Fully two-thirds of the chapters in this second edition are either new or have authors different from those in the first. Despite this transformation, we found that the general intellectual architecture of the first edition remained a good organizing framework for the second. Thus, part I (chapters 1–6) is a series of general considerations of the field from a variety of different perspectives; part II (chapters 7–21), which we call the economic core, deals with economic systems, economic institutions, and economic behavior behavior. Part III (chapters 22–30) concerns a number of intersections among the economy and various noneconomic sectors of the society. Within this general frame the reader will find the following substantial thematic changes: • Two chapters on international and global concerns (contrasted with the single chapter in the first edition), with international aspects covered in other chapters as well • A chapter on behavioral economics, which continues as a vibrant subfield of economics • A chapter by Pierre Bourdieu on economic anthropology; Bourdieu had agreed to write such a chapter but his untimely death in 2002 prevented this; still wishing to have him represented, we are printing the English translation of "Principes d'une anthropologie économique," which is published on pp. 233–70 in Les structures sociales de l'économie (Paris: Seuil, 2000) • A chapter on new lines of institutional analysis in economics and sociology • A chapter on the transitions from socialist economies (replacing the earlier chapter on socialist economies themselves) • A chapter on labor markets and trade unions • A chapter on the sociology of work and the professions • A chapter on culture and consumption • A chapter on the sociology of money and credit • A chapter on law and the economy • A chapter on technology and the economy • A chapter on emotions and the economy We regard these changes as reflecting recent shifts in emphasis and active lines of research in economic sociology. We now provide a brief supplement to the table of contents, intended as a guide to readers wishing to delve selectively into the volume according to their specific interests. For those interested in learning about the scope of sociology we recommend chapter 1 ("Introducing Economic Sociology"). The remainder of part I contains chapters on comparative and historical treatments of economy and society in chapter 2 ("Comparative and Historical Approaches to Economic Sociology," by Frank Dobbin), recent developments in institutional analysis of the economy in chapter 3 ("The New Institutionalisms in Economics and Sociology" by Victor Nee), Pierre Bourdieu's critical anthropological formulations in chapter 4 ("Principles of an Economic Anthropology"), developments in behavioral economics, which has made its main business the modification of the psychological assumptions of neoclassical economics and tracing the implications of these modifications (chapter 5, "Behavioral Economics," by Roberto Weber and Robyn Dawes), and an assessment of the scattered literature on the role that emotions play in economic life (chapter 6, "Emotions and the Economy," by Mabel Berezin). The first section of part II takes a look at sociological aspects of economies at the macroscopic— including the global—level. We introduce the section with the chapter by Ian Morris and J. G. Manning on the economic sociology of the classical civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome (chapter 7, "The Economic Sociology of the Ancient Mediterranean World"). Next comes a general chapter on the international economy (chapter 8, "The Global Economy: Organization Governance, and Development," by Gary Gereffi), and one on its governance (chapter 9, "The Political and Economic Sociology of International Economic Arrangements," by Neil Fligstein). Finally, Lawrence King and Iván Szelényi develop a distinctive perspective on the varieties of transition from socialist to post-socialist economies (chapter 10, "Post-Communist Economic Systems"). The second section of part II—"The Sociology of Economic Institutions and Economic Behavior"— reaches to the heart of economic activity itself. The section begins with three chapters on markets, the core economic institutions. Richard Swedberg (chapter 11, "Markets in Society") treats the subject from a sociological and historical point of view. Wolfgang Streeck (chapter 12, "The Sociology of Labor Markets and Trade Unions") concentrates on the market for labor services, and Linda Brewster Stearns and Mark Mizruchi (chapter 13, "Banking and Financial Markets") deal with a range of markets that have only recently commanded significant sociological attention. The sociology of the production side of the economic process is the topic of Andrew Abbott's contribution (chapter 14, "Sociology of Work and Occupations"). Viviana Zelizer explores the diversity of ways in which cultural factors infuse consumption (chapter 15, "Culture and Consumption"), and Bruce Carruthers synthesizes past and present literature on the social aspects of money and credit (chapter 16, "The Sociology of Money and Credit"). Two additional chapters deal with the less formal aspects of economic life. The important work on networks in the economy is covered in chapter 17 ("Networks and Economic Life," by Laurel Smith-Doerr and Walter Powell); and the complex and seemingly contradictory nature of the informal economy is analyzed in chapter 18 ("The Informal Economy," by Alejandro Portes and William Haller). The third secion of part II—"The Sociology of Firms, Organizations, and Industry"—draws mainly from organization theory and general economic sociology. Mark Granovetter updates and reassesses the character of business groups in a comparative context (chapter 19, "Business Groups and Social Organization"). Howard Aldrich examines the nature of entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurs in chapter 20 ("Entrepreneurship"), and Gerald Davis examines a number of environments of business firms—especially other business firms—in chapter 21 ("Firms and Environments"). Part III—"Intersections of the Economy"— deals with the mutual penetration of economic activity and many "noneconomic" sectors of society. Three chapters address the most important aspects of the economy and the polity. The first is on the state in general (chapter 22, "The State and the Economy," by Fred Block and Peter Evans). Lauren Edelman and Robin Stryker focus on law as a special aspect of state activity (chapter 23, "A Sociological Approach to Law and the Economy"), while Evelyne Huber and John Stephens assess recent developments in the welfare state and a number of assessments of those developments (chapter 24, "Welfare States and the Economy"). Two additional chapters deal with economic intersections with the institutions of education (chapter 25, "Education and the Economy," by Mary Brinton) and religion (chapter 26, "New Directions in the Study of Religion and Economic Life," by Robert Wuthnow). Chapters 27 ("Gender and Economic Sociology," by Paula England and Nancy Folbre) and 28 ("The Ethnic Economy," by Ivan Light) deal with the embeddedness of the socially constructed dimensions of gender and ethnicity in economic life. The volume is rounded out by a chapter on technology (chapter 29, "Technology and the Economy," by Giovanni Dosi, Luigi Orsenigo, and Mauro Sylos Labini), and one on economic- environmental relations (chapter 30, "The Economy and the Environment," by Allan Schnaiviii berg). Both these final topics have significant international aspects. We conclude with the hope that the stocktaking of economic sociology contained in this Handbook, as well as its attempts to drive the field forward by selecting a few new important areas, will be successful. Economic sociology, we are convinced, currently represents one of the leading edges of sociology, as well as one of its most important interdisciplinary adventures.

ÖZETRus İdesi ve Rus İdeali Rus Siyasal Düşüncesinde Doğu, Asya ve Avrasya (1700'lerden 1920'lere)Bu tezin amacı Rus Düşünce tarihi içersinde Doğunun, Asya'nın ve Avrasya'nın yerini analiz etmek ve bu kavramların sadece stratejik bir anlam ifade etmediğini açıklamaya çalışmaktır. Çalışmamızda görüleceği gibi Doğu, Asya ve Avrasya kavramlarının anlamları birbirlerinden farklı olmakla beraber zamanla aynı kavramsal çerçeve içinde kullanılmış ve ulusal bir nitelik kazanmışlardır.Bu durumun esas nedeni Rus Düşünürlerinin Rusya'nın hem fiziki, hem de tarihsel varlığını Doğu-Batı karşıtlığı içinde anlamlı görmeleridir. Rusya'nın tarihsel varlığı tezimizde Rus İdesi olarak ifade edilmiştir. Rus düşünce geleneği bu ideyi 19. yy.' da Otokrasi, Ortodoksluk ve Milliyetçilik formülü içersinde açıklamıştır. Daha sonra bu genel bir tanım haline gelmiştir. Bu tezin diğer bir amacı, Doğu- Batı; Asya-Avrupa karşıtlığı bağlamında ortaya çıkan bu tür tanımların daha geniş bir çerçevede değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini belirtmektir. Rus Düşünce tarihi de bu tür bir anlam genişliğine meyillidir. Bu Avrasya coğrafyasında çok kültürlü, çok etnikli bir yapıyı tek bir devletin yönetiminde tutmak için gereklidir. Bu çerçevede, Rus İdesi tezimde "hizmet, sosyal adalet/ etik, ve tabilik" bağlamında tanımlanmıştır. Bu kavramlar Rus toplumsal yapısını entegre bir bütüne döndürmek için kullanılmıştır. Kısaca Rus İdesi Rus toplumunun bütünlüğünü tekrar ve tekrar entelektüellerin geliştirdiği tanımlamalar aracılığı ile sağlamıştır. Bu süreç içersinde sözünü ettiğimiz İdeyi Rus yapan iki faktör vardır: Rus Devletinin varlığı ve İdenin batılı olmayan içeriği. Göreceğimiz gibi, Rus düşünürleri Rus İdesine, Rus doğasının batılı olmadığı ve olamayacağını vurgulamak için atıfta bulunmuşlardır. Rusya başka bir yol izlemek, kendi ayrı dünyasını kurmak zorundadır.Bu anlayış, Rus İdeali anlayışı ile birleşmektedir. Rus İdeali Rusya'nın kendi güvenliğini, ekonomik ve sosyal bütünlüğünü, ve kendi kendine yeterliliğini en iyi şekilde koruyabileceği coğrafi sınırları ifade eder. Rus İdeali bu sınırlar içersinde Rus İdesinin öngördüğü biçimde tam bir birliği öngörür. Rus düşünürler bu sınırları Asya üzerinde tanımlarlar. Rus emperyal sisteminin Doğuya yayılışı kolonyalizmi hatırlatsa da, tezimizin ikinci bölümünde görüleceği gibi bu Avrupa kolonyal yönetimlerinden farklıdır. En önemli farklılık da bu yayılmanın "yeni" bir ulus oluşumuna işaret etmesidir. Devletin ve emperyal sistemin oluşumunun ulus oluşumundan önce gelmesi, Rus İdeali içersinde ve Rus İdesi kılavuzluğunda gerçekleşecek entegrasyon sürecine oldukça modern bir anlam katar. Yurtaşlık, Rus Asyasında yaşayan Pagan ve çoğunlukla Müslüman hakların etnik ve kültürel olarak Rus kültür ve medeniyetine asimile olmasından ziyade, Rus İdesini en geniş şekilde (hizmet, sosyal adalet/ etik, ve tabilik) algılayan yeni bir ulus oluşumuna işaret eder. Rus düşün hayatı bunu yeni bir medeniyet oluşumu olarak algılarlar.Böylece Rus Doğası, Rusya'nın tarihsel ve coğrafi varlığı, kendi içersinde bir dönüşüm geçirir. Rus düşünürlerinin gözünde ancak bu özel doğaya uygun siyasi modeller Rus varlığını güvence altına alır. Rus düşünürleri, Batının ( Avrupa'nın) gittikçe artan askeri gücüne ( kolonyalizmin Asya'da stratejik amaçla kullanılması), geliştirdiği ekonomik sisteme (ticari ve finansal kapitalizm) , iddia ettiği kültürel gelişmişliğe ( Avrupa medeniyetinin bütünlüğü ve üstünlüğü) karşı bir güvence aramaktadırlar. Bu durum düşünürlerin Asyalılığı ve Doğululuğu Batılılığa karşı harekete geçirmelerine yol açmıştır. Ancak, Batıdakinin aksine bu atıfla Doğuya aktif olma rolü verilmiştir. Bu Rus coğrafyası içersinde ulusallaşma sürecini de kapsıyordu. Çünkü her milli canlanış arayışında olduğu gibi, Rus Düşünürleri kendi değerlerine dönmek istediklerinde, Rus milletinin Avrupalı ve Asyalı kavimlerin, ulusların aktif kültürel, etnik, ve politik katkıları sonucu oluştuklarını farkettiler.Avrasyacılık bu anlayışın Rusya'nın geleceğini belirleyecek bir ideoloji olarak ortaya çıkışını anlatır. Avrasyacılar hem Rus İdesini hem de Rus İdealini batı karşıtı bir retorikle yorumlamayı başarmışlardır.Üçüncü Bölümde göreceğimiz gibi bu yorumlama sadece Rus düşünce tarihinin Doğu-Batı karşıtlığı geleneğinden kaynaklanmıyordu. Aynı düşünce geleneği Batı'da da hakimdir. En önemlisi de Batı düşünce sistematiği içersinde Rusya batılı bir güç değildir. Hatta ekonomik, siyasi ve toplumsal dinamiklerinin nasıl yorumlandığına bakacak olursak, onun Doğulu bir güç olarak görüldüğünü anlarız.Avrasyacılar, Batının Batılı olmayan tüm uluslara karşı ayrımcı ve hatta saldırgan davranacağını varsayarak, Batılı olmayan Rus /Avrasya doğasını gerektiğinde Batı karşıtı olacak bir iradeyle kullanmayı planlarlar. Dolayısıyla tezin diğer bir amacı, Avrasyacılığın basit bir strateji olmadığı, Rus Düşünce tarihinin ana dinamiklerini kullanan bir doktrin ve bölgesel bir model olduğunu vurgulamaktır.ABSTRACTThe main aim of this thesis is to maintain that three geographic concepts East, Asia, and Eurasia are not only strategic. They are also philosophical and political notions. As it can be seen in our study, although, East, Asia and Eurasia are originally different concepts in nature, East and Asia are associated and acquire a national feature together with Eurasia throughout Russian political thought.The main reason of this perception is the imagination of Russian political thinkers. They saw Russian physical (geographic) and historical existence meaningful only within East-West dichotomy.In our thesis Russian historical existence is symbolised as Russian Idea. In 19th century, it was explained within the formula of "Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationalism." For years, it became the general definition of Russian Idea. Thus, another goal of my thesis is to emphasise that Russian Idea that has emerged from West-East, Asia-Europe contradiction, should be taken into consideration within a broader perspective. Indeed, Russian political thought has been inclined to such flexibility. This kind of flexibility was a requirement to cover multicultural and multiethnic structure of Eurasian geography under the aegis of one state.Within this framework, I prefer "service, social justice/ morality, and nature" basis for the definition of Russian Idea. I observe that Russian thinkers used these concepts to make Russian social structure an integral entity. Within this process, Idea was called Russian due to two reasons: The presence of Russian State, and its non-western nature.As it can be seen, Russian thinkers refer to Russian Idea to express the belief that Russian nature has been non-western and would never be western. The consequence of this logic is the claim that Russia has to follow a different path in order to establish her distinct world.This understanding was combined with Russian Ideal. Russian Ideal is used to denote the geographic area where Russia can maintain her security, economic and social integrity, and her ability to form self-sufficiency more efficiently. So, Russian Ideal proposes integration within certain boundaries like Russian Idea. Russian thinkers chose to define these boundaries on Asia. Although, expansion of Russian imperial system to east reminds us colonialism, as we see in Part II of the thesis, it is very different from European colonialism. The most significant distinction is that Russian eastward expansion is also a process of nation building.Thus, state-building and empire-building processes proceed nation-building period. This gives modern aspect to the integration realised on Russian Ideal (geography of Russian Empire), and under the guidance of Russian Idea. Thus, citizenship in Eurasian geography means more than assimilation of pagan and Muslim natives into the Russian culture. It points to the appearance of a new nation including members who perceive Russian Idea in its broader version (service, morality, and nature).In this sense, Russian nature, the physical and historical existence of Russia transformed in itself. In the eyes of Russian political thinkers, only the political models that are suitable for Russian nature can save Russian future. It is a search to find a guarantee for Russia at the face of expanding militarily power (colonialism), rising economic system (financial capitalism) and so-called cultural superiority of West (Europe).This is the situation that paved the way for the mobilisation of native dynamics under the name of Asianism or Easternism. However, by this mobilisation, Russian thinkers, and bureaucrats gave active role to eastern forces contrary to the tradition of western political thought. This was coincided with nation building process within Russia. Because when Russian thinkers turned to their native forces in order to renovate Russia, they perceived that Russian nation has been formed by the active cultural, ethnic, economic and political contributions of European and Asian nationalities.Eurasianism followed this logic of integrity. It emerged as a doctrine that used Russian Idea and Ideal within anti-western rhetoric. As we see in Part III, this anti-westernism can not be explained only with a reference to the traditional Russian political thought. This vision also derives from east-west contradiction and assumes that this contradiction is essential one. Actually, this understanding is not different from the dominant view within the Western political thought, which supposes that Russia is not a western power rather it has been an eastern one.Accordingly, Eurasians accepted that western (European) attitude toward non-western powers is always discriminative. As a result, they planned the non-western system of Russia /Eurasia in a manner to be anti-western when a direct confrontation between Europe and Asia were observed.Thus, another goal of my thesis is to prove that Eurasianism is not a simple strategy. Rather it is a doctrine and a regional model making use of the main dynamics of Russian political thought (Russian Idea and Russian Ideal).

Authors' introductionAlthough Latinas/os have a long history in the United States and represent a growing percentage of the population, they remain largely invisible or stereotyped in popular images and discourses. Ahistoric, fragmented, and individual‐level perspectives often frame Latina/o migration, education, and activism and thus negatively influence public perceptions and policy. Fortunately, over the past 30 years, scholars in disciplines such as sociology, history, Chicana/o–Latina/o Studies, and Latin American Studies have done much to remedy these gaps and misperceptions. However, for a broad and inclusive approach to understanding the structures influencing Latina/o lives and communities, we believe that more work is needed to connect these scholarly developments which are often separated by academic divisions. Thus, we recommend the following materials that together offer a multidisciplinary and multifaceted framework that highlights the significance of global capitalism and white supremacy on Latina/o immigration, education, and activism. Key to this framework is a movement away from individual‐level arguments and assimilationist perspectives to an emphasis on US imperialism, economic exploitation, and schooling within capitalism. By broadening the frameworks for analysis and linking together the factors shaping Latina/o migration, education, and activism, we emphasize the systems of power and inequality that influence the lives of marginalized communities, without losing sight of the legacy of resistance in Latin America and the United States.Suggested textsTomas Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994).Using primary and secondary sources, this book traces the distinct racialized experiences of Native Americans, Mexican Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans in late‐19th century California. Almaguer focuses on the material and ideological basis of group placement and delivers one of the few theoretical works on the factors shaping the multiracial hierarchy that characterizes the history of California.Antonia Darder, Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002).This engaging book roots contemporary schooling to global capitalism and racism. In it, Darder draws on the legacy of renowned Brazilian educator Paulo Freire to offer powerful reflections and examples from today's teachers who are practicing liberatory education in the struggle for social and economic justice.Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia, PA: Balch Institute Press, 1990).This foundational book is devoted to the history of Chicana/o education and traces the roots of inequality in education from the early 1900s to Mendez v. Westminster, the landmark desegregation case in 1947. Gonzalez uses historical documents and dissertations to detail the historical relationships between capitalism, sociological theories, and school practices in reproducing a classed, raced, and gendered labor market. He placed particular attention on Americanization Programs, segregated schooling, vocational education, and the political economy. The book ends with an analysis of the role of parents, community, and various organizations in the eventual elimination of de jure segregation for Mexican American students in schools.Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2001).Employing a hemispheric approach, journalist Juan Gonzalez analyzes the close connection between US imperial expansion and Latino/a migration. As part of the harvest of empire, Gonzalez examines migration from various countries, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba, focusing on the macro‐structural factors that have led to migration.'History and Critical Pedagogies: Transforming Consciousness, Classrooms, and Communities', Radical History Review, 102 (Fall 2008).This special journal issue explores how scholars and activists have used critical pedagogies to challenge unequal power relations in classrooms and communities. A number of articles provide concrete reflections and strategies such as drama‐based pedagogies, service‐learning, and community‐based projects. Interviews with scholars and activists demonstrate how praxis has the power to transform society and popular education employs an asset‐based approach to education.Pierrette Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Doméstica: Central Americans Cleaning and Caring in the Shadow of Affluence (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).This qualitative study focuses on the lives and experiences of domestic workers and the people who employ them. After beginning with an important overview of the historical, economic, and political context shaping Central American migration and the service industry, Hondagneu‐Sotelo provides an in‐depth and nuanced analysis of domestic work and employee‐employer relationships. She ends the book with crucial strategies for improving the occupation and examples of labor organizing among Los Angeles‐area domestic workers.Enrique C. Ochoa and Gilda L. Ochoa, eds., Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005).This collection of articles examines diverse Latina/o communities in the greater Los Angeles regions and their formations and activism in the context of global capitalism. The first section examines how migration is connected to macro factors including US foreign policy and capitalist restructuring. The second section explores community and identity (re)formation. The final section examines multiple forms of activism, with articles on the struggle for Chicana/o Studies at UCLA, Justice for Janitors, and labor and community alliances with day laborers.Suggested videos El Norte (1983)This now‐classic feature length film by Gregory Nava traces the harrowing experiences of a young brother and sister as they migrate from Guatemala to the United States. Along with capturing their trying experiences crossing multiple borders, the film also details the struggles they encounter as they try to adjust to the hardships of life in the United States, including their distinct gendered experiences. We recommend combining this film with a discussion of the increased border deaths accompanying the growing criminalization of immigrants and the militarization of the Guatemala–Mexico and the Mexico–United States borders. Fear and Learning at Hoover Elementary (1997)In this documentary, Director Laura Angelica Simon details the contemporary impact of anti‐immigration policies and debates on students and teachers at a Los Angeles elementary school. The documentary was made during the 1990s when California was in the midst of an economic recession and citizens were voting on Proposition 187, an initiative that sought to deny social services to undocumented immigrants. It is a powerful teaching tool that includes students' voices and experiences; however, we suggest combining the video with some historical background on US military, economic, and political involvement in Latin America. Viewers might also be encouraged to deconstruct some of the director's images, interview questions, and racially loaded language. Made in L.A. (Hecho in Los Angeles) (2007)This documentary follows the lives of three inspiring Latina garment workers originally from Mexico and El Salvador and their participation in the 3‐year struggle for labor rights. In the process of organizing through the Garment Worker Center for basic labor protections from the trendy clothing retailer Forever 21, the women become increasingly empowered – resulting in one who separates from her husband and another who becomes an organizer. Woven throughout their narratives are the historical struggle of garment workers, the role of nation‐states in dividing families, and the power of coalition building. Salt of the Earth (1954)This feature‐length move is based on an actual labor struggle of the era. It examines the intersections of class, race/ethnicity, and gender as a primarily Mexicana/o community goes on strike and struggles with historic patriarchy to unify against the large mining company that dominates their lives. The movie deals with the legacy of US conquest of the Southwest and capitalist expansion in the region, while showing how communities have struggled to challenge inequalities. Salt of the Earth was made by artists shunned during the McCarthy era and the movie was not played widely in the United States. Much of the cast were not professional actors but were workers and union activists involved in the strike. Taking Back the Schools (1996)This documentary focuses on the 1968 Chicana/o School Blowouts where over 10,000 East Los Angeles students walked out of their high schools demanding bilingual‐bicultural education, more Mexican American teachers, relevant curriculum, accurate textbooks, and the end of curriculum tracking and prejudiced teachers who steered Mexican Americans into vocational classes. It uses original footage from the walkouts and contemporary interviews with the student organizers. It also highlights the precursors to the walkouts such as a history of Spanish language repression and de jure and de facto segregation in schools. Voces inocentes/Innocent Voices (2005)Set in 1980s El Salvador, the movie follows the life of a young boy during the Civil War. It deals with the impacts of war and US intervention on youth.Suggested websites David Bacon, 'Uprooted and Criminalized: The Impact of Free Market on Migrants,'Backgrounder The Oakland Institute (Autumn 2008) http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/pdfs/backgrounder_uprooted.pdf Renowned journalist and activist David Bacon provides a lively analysis of the link between free trade policies and migration. Drawing on his years of activism and journalism, Bacon underscores the human toll of free trade and migration while laying bare the system that undergirds it. Several powerful photographs complement the report. In Motion Magazine‐Education Rights Section http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/er.html In Motion Magazine is a multicultural progressive on‐line magazine dealing with democracy. Harvard education professor Pedro Noguera co‐edits the Education Rights section to provide 'a forum for activists, educators, parents and students who are searching for alternative ideas to the challenges confronting education today.' Mexican Labor News and Analysis (MLNA) http://www.ueinternational.org/Mexico_info/mlna.php MLNA publishes the latest news on labor and social justice issues in Mexico. It emphasizes labor and working class struggles and does an excellent job of tracking strikes, demonstrations, and demands for social justice. MLNA is published in conjunction with the Authentic Labor Front in Mexico and the United Electrical Workers in the United States. ICED (I Can End Deportation) http://www.icedgame.com This an educational game deals with combating deportation. It focuses on several New York City youth and their struggles. Players must answer a series of questions on immigration and avoid ICE agents. Background lesson material is provided and is aligned with the New York State Standards. Rethinking Schools http://www.rethinkingschools.org/ Rethinking Schools is a monthly publication committed to educational equality and the vision of the public school as foundational in a democratic society. Articles are published by teachers, activists, parents, and students on a wide range of issues affecting schools. In addition to the monthly magazine, it publishes a broad range of progressive educational materials dealing with educating working class students of color.Sample syllabusMost general courses should include materials on Latinas/os especially given the historical presence and the contemporary growth of the population. For example, the following sections, topics, and reading could be incorporated into any of the following courses: Introduction to Sociology, Sociology of (Im)Migration, Sociology of Education, Race and Ethnicity, Social Movements, and Chicanas/os‐Latinas/os in the United States.Section 1: Chicana/o‐Latina/o Identities in the U.S.Topics: Latina/o Heterogeneity; Pan‐ethnicity; Identity Formation; Multiple Identities; Racial FormationReadings:Aurora Levins Morales, 'Child of the Americas,' in Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, ed. Paula Rothenberg (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press 2001), 660–661.Pat Mora, 'Legal Alien' in Making Face, Making Soul, Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color, ed. Gloria Anzaldúa (San Francisco, CA: Aunt Lute Foundation, 1990), p. 376.Martha E. Gimenez, 'Latino/Hispanic – Who Needs a Name?' in Latinos and Education: A Critical Reader, eds. Antonia Darder, Rodolofo D. Torres, and Henry Gutiérrez (New York, NY: Routledge, 1997), 225–238.Gilda L. Ochoa, ' "This is Who I Am": Negotiating Racial/Ethnic Constructions' in Becoming Neighbors in a Mexican American Community: Power, Conflict, and Solidarity (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004), 70–97.Anulkah Thomas, 'Black Face, Latin Looks: Racial‐Ethnic Identity among Afro‐Latinos in the Los Angeles Region' in Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005), 197–221.Bernadete Beserra, 'Negotiating Latinidade in Los Angeles: The Case of Brazilian Immigrants' in Latino Los Angeles: Transformations, Communities, and Activism (Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press, 2005), 178–196.Cherrie Moraga, 'La Güera' in Loving in the War Years (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1983), 50–59.Nicholas De Genova and Ana Y. Ramos‐Zayas, Latino Crossings: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and the Politics of Race and Citizenship (New York, NY: Routledge, 2003).Section 2: Theorizing and (De)Constructing Popular Conceptions of Latinas/os and Latin AmericaTopics: White Supremacy; Manifest Destiny; The Social Construction of Race; Dominant Conceptions of Immigration; Linking Migration, Education, and ActivismReadings:Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994).Clara E. Rodríguez, Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2000).Leo R. Chavez, Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).Gilda L. Ochoa and Enrique C. Ochoa, 'Framing Latina/o Immigration, Education, and Activism', Sociology Compass. 1/2 (2007), 701–719.Section 3: US Imperialism and Capitalist Expansion in Latin AmericaReadings:Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, Mexican Immigrants (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2003).Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, and Science and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA: UC Press, 2002).Robert G. Williams, Export Agriculture and the Crisis in Central America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).Juan Gonzalez, Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2001).Greg Grandin, Empire's Workshop: Latin America, The United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2006).Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The U.S. in Central America (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1993).Héctor Tober, Tattooed Soldier (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2000).Judith Adler Hellman, Mexican Lives (New York, NY: The New Press, 1995).David Bacon, Illegal People: How Globalization Creates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2007).Video: Voces inocentes/Innocent Voices (2005)Section 4: Politics, Economics, and Latin American Migration to the U.S.Topics: The 'Revolving Door Strategy;' Economic Restructuring; Transnational Ties; Gender and Migration; Undocumented MigrationReadings:Saskia Sassen, Globalization and Its Discontents: Essays on the New Mobility of People and Money (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1998).Maria Cristina García, Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).Jonathan Fox and Gaspar Rivera‐Salgado. Indigenous Mexican Migrants in the United States (San Diego, CA: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, 2004).Joseph Nevins, Dying to Live: A Story of U.S. Immigration in an Age of Global Apartheid (San Francisco, CA: City Lights Publishers, 2008).Robert Courtney Smith, Mexican New York: Transnational Lives of New Immigrants (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006).Cecilia Menjívar, Fragmented Ties: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000).Pierrette Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Doméstica: Central Americans Cleaning and Caring in the Shadow of Affluence (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001).Leon Fink, The Maya of Morgantown: Work and Community in the New South (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).Gloria González‐Lopez, Erotic Journeys: Mexican Immigrants and their Sex Lives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005).Video: El Norte (1983)Section 5: Latinas/os and Education: Schools as Reproducers of InequalityTopics: Americanization Programs; De Jure and De Facto Segregation; Curriculum Tracking; Education and Globalization; Raced and Gendered Experiences; Undocumented YouthReadings:Gilbert G. Gonzalez, Chicano Education in the Era of Segregation (Philadelphia, PA: Balch Institute Press, 1990).Antonia Darder, Reinventing Paulo Freire: A Pedagogy of Love (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002).Michael W. Apple, Educating the 'Right' Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality (New York, NY: Routledge Falmer, 2001).Gilda G. Ochoa, Learning from Latino Teachers (San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2007).Angela Valenzuela, Subtractive Schooling: U.S.‐Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1999).Nancy Lopez, Hopeful Girls, Troubled Boys: Race and Gender Disparity in Urban Education (New York, NY: Routledge, 2003).Gabriela Madera, Angelo A. Mathay, Armin M. Najafi, et al. Underground Undergrads: UCLA Undocumented Immigrant Students Speak Out (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education, 2008).Videos:The Lemon Grove Incident (1986)Mendez v. Westminster (2004)Taking Back the Schools (1996)Fear and Learning at Hoover Elementary (1997)Section 6: Latina/o Resistance and ActivismTopics: Responses to U.S. Imperialism; union and grassroots activism; school integration; cross‐border organizingWillia V. Flores and Rina Benmayor, Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1997).Mary Pardo, Mexican American Women Activists: Identity and Resistance in Two Los Angeles Communities (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1998).Ruth Milkman, L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the Labor Movement (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).Milagros Peña, Latina Activists Across Borders: Women's Grassroots Organizing in Mexico and Texas (Duke University Press, 2007).Guadalupe San Miguel Jr., Brown, Not White: School Integration and the Chicano Movement in Houston (College Station, TX: Texas A.M. Press, 2001).Kara Zugman, 'Autonomy in a Poetic Voice: Zapatistas and Politics Organizing in Los Angeles', Latino Studies. 3 (2005): 325–46.Videos:Salt of the Earth (1954)Bread and Roses (2000)Made in L.A. (2007)Focus questionsWhat are the dominant images of Latina/o migration, education, and activism? From where do these images emerge? Why do they exist? Who benefits from them? How have they changed over time? What are their impacts? How are these images being challenged?What connections can be made between Latina/o migration, education, and activism? What theoretical frameworks can be used to understand each one individually and the three of them collectively? What are the relationships between Latina/o migration, education, and activism?Discuss the value of adopting a historical, economic, and political framework of Latina/o migration, education, and activism. Assess the value of applying a similar framework to other contemporary topics.Compare and contrast the similarities and differences that exist among Latinas/os in the United States.How does centering the history and experiences of Latinas/os enhance your understanding of race/ethnicity, class, and gender?Looking toward the future, what do you think will be the state of Latina/o migration, education, and activism in the next ten years? What led you to these hypotheses? What do you need to know to address this question? What do you hope will be the state of Latina/o migration, education, and activism in the next 10 years? Why? How does your desire compare with the desires conveyed in the videos or readings? What might account for these shared or different hopes?Note
* Correspondence address: Pomona College. Email: glo04747@pomona.edu

La celebración del Acuerdo de Paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y la guerrilla de las FARC-EP (Fuerza Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo) en el año 2015, presenta oportunidades u desafíos para la efectividad de la democracia y la participación ciudadana tanto en contextos urbanos como rurales. Los desafíos en distintos territorios son numerosos: por ejemplo, ¿cuáles son las estrategias gubernamentales de gestión territorios de un Estado históricamente selectivo como proveedor social? ¿Cuáles son los lugares donde se construye la paz o se tomas decisiones concernientes a estos asuntos desde escenarios locales? ¿Qué tipo de transformaciones instituciones han surgido a partir de la reingeniería institucional planteada por la implementación de los acuerdos? ¿Cómo se engrana la institucionalidad existente con la nueva creada por el Acuerdo? ; The International Development Research Centre de Canada (IDRC)

The Country Opinion Survey in Macedonia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in gaining a better understanding of how stakeholders in Macedonia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Macedonia on: 1) their views regarding the general environment in Macedonia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Macedonia; 3) overall impressions of the WBGs effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Macedonia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBGs future role in Macedonia.

Government of Australia ; Kenya's new constitution marks a critical juncture in the nation's history. It is widely perceived, by Kenyans from all walks of life, as a new beginning. Indeed, many feel that post- independence Kenya has been characterized by centralization of political and economic power in the hands of a few, resulting in an uneven and unfair distribution of resources and corresponding access to social services; the opposite of an inclusive state. Born of the political opportunity created by the 2008 post-election violence, the constitution finally adopted, after almost a decade of unsuccessful reform attempts, presages far-reaching changes. Its vision encompasses a dramatic transformation of the Kenyan state through new accountable and transparent institutions, inclusive approaches to government and a firm focus on equitable service delivery for all Kenyans through the newly established county governments. Devolution is at the heart of the new constitution and a key vehicle for addressing spatial inequities. A more decentralized government makes eminent sense, given Kenya's diversity and experience with political use of central power. Decentralization has been increasingly seen and adopted worldwide as a guarantee against discretionary use of power by central elites as well as a way to enhance the efficiency of social service provision, by allowing for a closer match between public policies and the desires and needs of local constituencies. Kenya's constitution entrenches devolved government by guaranteeing a minimum unconditional transfer to counties under the new dispensation. The devolution train has already left the station: the challenge is to make sure it arrives at destination, safely and on time. The politics of devolution explain the high intensity of hopes and expectations that have been pinned to it. It also means there are high risks if they are disappointed. There are great opportunities and enormous challenges waiting for Kenya, in a critical election year, which will determine the fate of the country, politically and economically for years to come. This report takes a snapshot look at the critical issues facing Kenya's policy makers today. It does not argue for or against devolution (a decision that belongs solely to Kenyans), but presents suggestions and recommendations on how best to navigate the tough choices ahead. It's main focus in on helping Kenya manage a delicate transition.

Community Driven Development (CDD) projects are now a major component of World Bank assistance to many developing countries. While varying greatly in size and form, such projects aim to ensure that communities have substantive control in deciding how project funds should be used. Giving beneficiaries the power to manage project resources is believed by its proponents to lead to more efficient and effective fund use. It is also claimed that project-initiated participatory processes can have wider 'spillover' impacts, building local institutions and leadership, enhancing civic capacity, improving social relations and boosting state legitimacy. This paper briefly reviews the World Bank's experience of using CDD in conflict-affected and post-conflict areas of the East Asia and Pacific region. The region has been at the forefront of developing large-scale CDD programming including high profile 'flagships' such as the Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) in Indonesia and the Kapitbisig Laban Sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (KALAHI-CIDSS) project in the Philippines. As of the end of 2007, CDD constituted fifteen percent of the lending portfolio in East Asia compared with ten percent globally. Many of East Asia's CDD projects have operated consciously or not in areas affected by protracted violent conflict. CDD has also been used as an explicit mechanism for post-conflict recovery in Mindanao in the Philippines and in Timor Leste, and for conflict victim reintegration in Aceh, Indonesia. It then looks at the evidence on whether and how projects have achieved these outcomes, focusing on a range of recent and current projects in Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Timor-Leste. The analysis summarizes results, draws on comparative evidence from other projects in the region and elsewhere, and seeks to identify factors that explain variation in outcomes and project performance. The paper concludes with a short summary of what we know, what we don't, and potential future directions for research and programming.

Rezension von: 1. Anke Spies / Gerd Stecklina (Hrsg.): Die Ganztagsschule. Band 1: Dimensionen und Reichweiten des Entwicklungsbedarfs. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2005 (246 S.; ISBN 3-7815-1429-3; 18,00 EUR); 2. Anke Spies / Gerd Stecklina (Hrsg.): Die Ganztagsschule. Band 2: Keine Chance ohne Kooperation - Handlungsformen und institutionelle Bedingungen. Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt 2005 (209 S.; ISBN 3-7815-1430-7; 18,00 EUR).

This article is motivated by the remarkable observation that children of land-rich households are often more likely to be in work than the children of land-poor households. The vast majority of working children in developing economies are in agricultural work, predominantly on farms operated by their families. Land is the most important store of wealth in agrarian societies, and it is typically distributed very unequally. These facts challenge the common presumption that child labor emerges from the poorest households. This article suggests that this apparent paradox can be explained by failures of the markets for labor and land. Credit market failure will tend to weaken the force of this paradox. These effects are modeled and estimates obtained using survey data from rural Pakistan and Ghana. The main result is that the wealth paradox persists for girls in both countries, whereas for boys it disappears after conditioning on other covariates.