Suchergebnisse

1. Introducing the Palgrave Handbook of Masculinity and Sport; Rory Magrath, Jamie Cleland and Eric Anderson -- Part I: The Foundations of Masculinity and Sport.-2. Theories of men and masculinity, and their ability to account for positive change; Brittany Ralph and Steven Roberts -- 3. Arousing cheer: Exhibitionism in men's sports from Weimar to the present; Erik Jensen -- 4. 'Land of my fathers': Reflections on the evolution of a modern sports club; Campbell Williams -- 5. Sexual abuse and masculine cultures: Reflections on the British football scandal of 2016; Kevin Dixon -- Part II: Sport's Use in Making and Stratifying Men -- 6. 'It used to be brutal, now it's an art': Changing negotiations of violence and masculinity in British karate; Chloe Maclean -- 7. Figurational sociology and masculine embodiment in male physical education; Mark Mierzwinski and Philippa Velija -- 8. From powerhouses to pixies and back: boys, men, and troubled masculinity in artistic gymnastics; Aaron Gurlly -- 9. "I probably shouldn't say this, should I…but…": Mischievous masculinities as a way for men to convey reflexivity and make choices in sporting sites; Kitty Nichols -- 10. The positive impact of trans inclusion in team Sports: Men's roller derby; Dawn Fletcher -- 11. I have no idea what my body is now capable of, or should I say 'not capable of': The ageing male body in sport: To midlife and beyondMurray Drummond -- Part III: Sport, Masculinity, and the Media -- 12. "Man's game:" Media, masculinity, and early Canadian hockey; Taylor McKee and Brittany Reid -- 13. Commodification and heroic masculinity: Interrogating race and the NFL quarterback in Super Bowl commercials; Lawrence A. Wenner -- 14. "I Hate Christian Laettner" and the persistence of hegemonic masculinity and heteronormativity in sporting cultures; Nathan Kalman-Lamb -- 15. Dance diversity on YouTube: How participatory culture encourages inclusive masculinities; Craig Owen and Sarah Riley -- 16. Making American white men great again: Tom Brady, Donald Trump, and the allure of white male omnipotence in post-Obama America; Kyle Kusz -- Part IV: The Relationship Between Masculinity and Sexuality -- 17. The man on the horse: Masculinity and sexuality in British horse racing; David Letts -- 18. Masculinity and inclusive rugby in the UK; Ken Muir, Keith Parry and Eric Anderson -- 19. Association football, masculinity, and sexuality: An evolving relationship; Jamie Cleland and Rory Magrath -- 20. "They were constantly harassing us and a lot of it was to do with our sexuality": Masculinities, heteronormativity and homophobia in university-based sport; Catherine Phipps -- 21. From stoicism to bromance: millennial men's friendships Ryan Scoats and Stefan Robinson -- 22. Inclusive masculinities in American high school athletics: An ethnography; Luis Emilio Morales; Part V: International Sporting Masculinities -- 23. Developing sport in a developing nation: Gendered challenges and considerations; Kerry Wardell -- 24. Boys in rhythmic gymnastics: Gymnasts', parents' and coaches' perspectives from Southern Spain; Joaquin Piedra, Daniel Gallardo and George Jennings -- 25. Exploring the attitudes towards homosexuality of a semi-professional Swedish football team with an openly gay teammate; Connor Humphries, Lindsey Gaston, Rory Magrath and Adam White -- 26. Sport and masculinities in Sweden: Performance and the notion of gender equality; Håkan Larsson and Jesper Andreasson -- 27. Sport, masculinities and disabilities in Zimbabwe; Tafadzwa Rugoho -- 28. Turkish oil wrestling and the Western gaze: Hegemonic heteronormativity, Islamic body culture, and folk wrestling masculinities; Thomas Fabian -- 29. The reproduction of hegemonic masculinity in football fandom. An analysis of the performance of Polish ultras; Radosław Kossakowski, Dominik Antonowicz and Honorata Jakubowska -- 30. Is soccer just for machos?: The construction of masculinity in contemporary Peruvian kick-lit" stories and "kick-flicks"; Jesús Hidalgo Campos

part PART I FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY -- chapter 1 Michele J. Burman, Susan A. Batchelor, and Jane A. Brown (2001), 'Researching Girls and Violence: Facing the Dilemmas of Fieldwork', British Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 443–59. -- chapter 2 Elizabeth Comack (1999), 'Producing Feminist Knowledge: Lessons from Women in Trouble', Theoretical Criminology, 3, pp. 287–306. -- chapter 3 Russell P. Dobash and R. Emerson Dobash (2004), 'Women's Violence to Men in Intimate Relationships: Working on a Puzzle', British Journal of Criminology, 44, pp. 324–49. -- part PART II PATRIARCHY, CRIME AND JUSTICE -- chapter 4 Lisa Maher and Kathleen Daly (1996), 'Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change?', Criminology, 34, pp. 465–91. -- chapter 5 Teela Sanders (2004), 'The Risks of Street Prostitution: Punters, Police and Protesters', Urban Studies, 41, pp. 1703–17. -- chapter 6 Elizabeth A. Stanko (2006), 'Theorizing About Violence: Observations from the Economic and Social Research Council's Violence Research Program', Violence Against Women, 12, pp. 543–55. -- part PART III MASCULINITIES AND FEMININITIES -- chapter 7 Karen Joe Laidler and Geoffrey Hunt (2001), 'Accomplishing Femininity among the Girls in the Gang', British Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 656–78. -- chapter 8 Katherine Irwin and Meda Chesney-Lind (2008), 'Girls' Violence: Beyond Dangerous Masculinity', Sociology Compass, 2, pp. 837–55. -- chapter 9 Mona J.E. Danner and Dianne Cyr Carmody (2001), 'Missing Gender in Cases of Infamous School Violence: Investigating Research and Media Explanation's', Justice Quarterly, 18, pp. 87–114. -- chapter 10 Hoan Bui and Merry Morash (2008), 'Immigration, Masculinity, and Intimate Partner Violence from the Standpoint of Domestic Violence Service Providers and Vietnamese-Origin Women', Feminist Criminology, 3, pp. 191–215. -- part PART IV INTERSECTIONS -- chapter 11 Hillary Potter (2006), 'An Argument for Black Feminist Criminology: Understanding African American Women's Experiences with Intimate Partner Abuse Using an Integrated Approach', Feminist Criminology, 1, pp. 106–24. -- chapter 12 Nikki Jones (2004), ' -- chapter 13 Yasmin Jiwani (2005), 'Walking a Tightrope: The Many Faces of Violence in the Lives of Racialized Immigrant Girls and Young Women', Violence Against Women, 11, pp. 846–75. -- chapter 14 Edna Erez, Madelaine Adelman and Carol Gregory (2009), 'Intersections of Immigration and Domestic Violence: Voices of Battered Immigrant Women', Feminist Criminology, 4, pp. 32–56. -- part PART V FEMINIST ASSESSMENTS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ENTERPRISE -- chapter 15 John M. Macdonald and Meda Chesney-Lind (2001), 'Gender Bias and Juvenile Justice Revisited: A Multiyear Analysis', Crime and Delinquency, 47, pp. 173–95. -- chapter 16 Emily Gaarder, Nancy Rodriguez and Marjorie S. Zatz (2004), 'Criers, Liars and Manipulators: Probation Officers' Views of Girls', Justice Quarterly, 21, pp. 547–78. -- chapter 17 Kathleen J. Ferraro (2003), 'The Words Change, But the Melody Lingers: The Persistence of Battered Woman Syndrome in Criminal Cases Involving Battered Women', Violence Against Women, 9, pp. 110–29. -- chapter 18 Kelly Hannah-Moffat (1999), 'Moral Agent or Actuarial Subject: Risk and Canadian Women's Imprisonment', Theoretical Criminology, 3, pp. 71–94. -- chapter 19 Jill A. McCorkel (2003), 'Embodied Surveillance and the Gendering of Punishment', Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32, pp. 41–76. -- chapter 20 Julia Sudbury (2002), 'Celling Black Bodies: Black Women in the Global Prison Industrial Complex', Feminist Review, 70, pp. 57–74. -- part PART VI FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES ON THE LAW AND ON JUSTICE -- chapter 21 Neal S. Websdale (1996), 'Predators: The Social Construction of -- chapter 22 Kathleen Daly and Julie Stubbs (2006), 'Feminist Engagement with Restorative Justice', Theoretical Criminology, 10, pp. 9–28. -- chapter 23 Tristan Anne Borer (2009), 'Gendered War and Gendered Peace: Truth Commissions and Postconflict Gender Violence: Lessons from South Africa', Violence Against Women, 15, pp. 1169–93.

The relatively frequent occurrence of rapid onset and very brief, but often florid, psychotic states, with periodic recurrence, alongside relatively low rates of PTSD and chronic psychosis, were unexpected findings from the 2004 East Timor Mental Health Study, conducted in the context of the country's recently won independence and in the wake of the atrocities endured in the protracted fight for sovereignty. Further unanticipated was the frequent association of recurrence with the time of the new moon (fulan lotuk) and other times or places of sacred (lulik) or associated cultural significance. The perceived violation of culturally sacrosanct lulikobligations often also appeared to foreshadow the initial onset of such patterns of distress. Significant episodes of trauma and loss appeared a hidden feature of affected individuals histories, which we argue have become symbolically entwined with local cultural understandings of ritual obligation, sacredness, and taboo.-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> This volume develops a dynamic but contextualized multi-level formulation of psychosis and psychotic-symptoms, able to incorporate a range of factors from the biological, through the sociocultural, to the political. The work is truly interdisciplinary drawing on both the quantitative and qualitative findings of our own study but further supported through local ethnography and broader anthropological enquiry into the outcomes of psychosis in non-Western settings; psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic anthropology; evidence and theory exploring links between trauma, dissociation and psychosis; and novel culturally-adaptable psychosocial focused interventions for psychosis. We situate both evidence and theorising in wider epistemological and political context, including in relation to the movement for Global Mental Health. Culturally patterned presentations of brief remitting-relapsing psychosis are ultimately conceived as the trade-off between competing fragmentary and synthetic forces: the former in part secondary to the lasting and deleterious effects of overwhelming loss, trauma and adversity; the latter emboldened by cultural meaning and social response in the context of broad ecological pressures demanding survival and resilience. Dr. James Rodgeris a Consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist in the United Kingdom National Health Service and an Honorary Associate Research Fellow at the University of Exeter. He holds an additional degree in Medical Anthropology and has undertaken postgraduate training in Systemic Practice. His principle clinical and research interest is the developmental, social and cultural aspects of psychotic phenomena and related implications for intervention. He undertook the key fieldwork forming the basis of this work in 2004, in the context of an 18-month mental health research program in Timor-Leste. In addition Dr Rodger has provided expert evidence relating to transcultural trauma-related psychiatric presentations for both asylum and criminal cases. Previous publications relate to the wider epidemiological research findings and implications from Timor-Leste, to critical-relational challenges to psychiatric practice, and to the anthropology of altered mental states. ZacharySteel is a clinical psychologist who holds the St John of God Professorial Chair of Trauma and Mental Health,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales and Richmond Hospital, New South Wales, Australia. Dr Steel has developed a program of mental health research across culturally diverse communities and settings with a particular focus on traumatic stress, forced displacement, conflict and culturally specific symptoms of mental disorder and distress. Within the Asia-Pacific region he is involved in collaborative mental health research programs in Vietnam, Aceh-Indonesia, and Timor-Leste as well as with asylum seeker and refugee communities in Australia and amongst Aboriginal communities in Far West New South Wales. His research with asylum seeker populations in Australia has helped to develop an evidence base on the adverse mental health consequences of harsh asylum policies including the use of immigration detention and temporary protection visas.

TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Taboo of Criminological Research amongst Minority Ethnic Groups -- The Origins of Interest n Race and Crime -- Crime and Culture -- Race and Crime in Britain: Discrimination, Policing and the Criminal Justice System -- Taking Culture Out of the Picture: Alexander's Study -- Colonial and Post-Colonial Criminology: Tatum's Theoretical Framework -- 'Blacks Don't Have Culture': Pryce's Participant Observation in Bristol -- De-Essentialising and De-Pathologising: Benson vs Werbner -- The Structural Bias: Deprivationism According to Ballard -- Conclusion: Towards a 'Minority Criminology' -- 2. Theoretical and Methodological Solutions to the 'Race and Crime' Taboo -- Criminality as a migration stage: Mawby and Batta -- Bringing religion into the picture: Macey's bold attempt -- Islam and its 'betrayal': Qurash's transnational study -- The anthropological gaze: Len's ethnography of deviance -- Masculinities and identity: Webster and Imtiaz -- Attachment and commitment to the community: Wardak's approach -- Ethnographic information as a working whole: the 'emic' approach -- Access and multi-sited fieldwork as the key to the 'working whole' -- The sampling and labelling of sub-groups -- Breaking the taboo through methodology: criminology, minority perspectives and anthropology -- 3. Bradford as a case study -- A 'BrAsian' city -- Ethnic disadvantage -- The migration history -- Ethnic resources and networks: the peculiarities of the biraderi system -- 'From textile mills to taxiranks' (Kalra 2000) -- Assertiveness, self-defence and political struggles n the 1980s -- The Rushdie affair and vigilantism -- The climax of tension: 2001 -- Local and global: Bradford post-9/11 -- A community caught between biraderi and the Umma? -- 4. Criminological Discourses: Labelling -- Crime in the community: an endemic problem? -- The labelling process: crime within and without the community -- Many problems, one name: drugs in the community -- Drug-dealing, drug-taking and the chain of criminal activities -- 'Poisoning the community' -- Purity and contamination: haram, halal and makkru -- Crime as a threat to community stability -- 5. Aetiologies of crime -- The Asian economic niche -- Deprivation, discrimination and unemployment -- 'The lure of big things': strain theory -- Demography and education -- The interplay of ethnic resources and networks: the 'out of place culture' -- The erosion of ethnic networks: the generation gap, vertical and horizontal ties, and khidmat -- The risks of excessive bonding and biraderism -- Competing sources: culture, Islam and the West -- Conclusion: theories of community criminologies -- 6. Criminological Discourses: Gender and Deviance -- Pathologising young men: subcultural studies in the British Pakistani context -- 'Double consciousness' or 'torn between two cultures'? -- Women and deviance: unveiling the problem -- Victimhood, agency and double deviance -- Women as an indicator of the level of deviance in the community -- Rude boys' lifestyles: appearances, locations and 'Sharifisation' -- From self defence to heroes: the growth of a 'mafia mentality' -- Conclusion: young people and moral panic -- 7. Criminological discourses: informal social control -- Social control through the family: prevention for girls, retrieval for boys -- Social control through the family: three case studies of parental strategies -- The mother's roles -- 'Home-made rehabilitation': 'village rehab' and the 'marriage cure' -- Means of social control: gossip and scandal -- Importing a communal system of social control -- Between culture and religion: taweez -- Religion as a protective factor -- Purification, reintegration and 'reconversions' -- Popular preaching: Sheikh Ahmed Ali - a case study -- Conclusion: informal control as a partial solution -- 8. Criminological discourses: formal social control -- Mosques: caught between the local and the global -- Madrassas and the understanding of Islam -- Mosques as community centres -- Media -- Local institutions -- Schools -- Prisons -- Policing -- Conclusion: complementarity of.

Marks of the Chicana corpus : an intervention in the universality debate / Helena Maria Viramontes -- The new Latin nation : immigration and the Hispanic population of the United States / Alejandro Portes -- "Dime con quién hablas, y te diré quién eres" : linguistic (in)security and Latina/o unity / Ana Celia Zentella -- (Re)constructing Latinidad : the challenge of Latina/o studies / Frances R. Aparicio -- The name game : locating Latinas/os, Latins, and Latin Americans in the US popular music landscape / Deborah Pacini Hernández -- Cuando Dios y usted quiere : Latina/o studies between religious powers and social thought / David Carrasco -- Latina/o cultural expressions : a view of US society through the eyes of the subaltern / Edna Acosta-Belén -- José Limón, the devil and the dance / Jose E. Limón -- The everyday civil war : migrant labor, capital, and Latina/o studies / Nicholas De Genova -- The powers of women's words : oral traditions and performance art / Yolanda Broyles-González -- Language and other lethal weapons : cultural politics and the rites of children as translators of culture / Antonio I. Castañeda -- Looking for Papi : longing and desire among Chicano gay men / Tomás Almaguer -- On becoming / Nelly Rosario -- Of heretics and interlopers / Arturo Madrid -- Coloring class : racial constructions in twentieth-century Chicana/o historiography / Vicki Ruiz -- "El Louie" by Jośe Montoya : an appreciation / Raúl Villa -- Preservation matters : research, community, and the archive / Chon A. Noriega -- The star in my compass / Virginia Sánchez Korrol -- "Y que pasara con jovenes como Miguel Fernandez?" : education, immigration, and the future of Latinas/os in the United States / Pedro A. Noguera -- Latinas/os and the elusive queso for equal education / Sonia Nieto -- The moral monster : Hispanics recasting honor and respectability behind bars / Patricia Fernández-Kelly -- A rebellious philosophy born in East LA / Gerald P. López -- Latinas/os at the threshold of the information age : telecommunications challenges and opportunities / Jorge Reina Schement -- Conceptualizing the Latina experience in care work / Mary Romero -- Surviving AIDs in an uneven world : Latina/o studies for a brown epidemic / Carlos Ulises Decena -- Post-movimiento : the contemporary (re)generation of Chicana/o art / Tomás Ybarra-Frausto -- "God bless the law, he is white" : legal, local, and international politics of Latina/o and Black desegregation cases in post-World War II California and Texas / Neil Foley -- Latinas/os and the Mestizo racial heritage of Mexican Americans / Martha Menchaca -- Looking at that middle ground : racial mixing as a panacea? / Miriam Jiménez-Román -- Color matters : Latina/o racial identities and life chances / Ginetta E.B. Candelario -- Between blackness and latinidad in the hip hop zone / Raquel Z. Rivera -- Afro-Latinas/os and the racial wall / Silvio Torres-Saillant -- The (w)rite to remember : indigena as scribe 2004-5 (an excerpt) / Cherrie Moraga -- "How I learned to love salseros when my hair was a mess" by Edwin Torres : a comment / Edwin Torres -- Reflections on thirty years of critical practice in Chicana/o cultural studies / Yvonne Yarbro-Bejarano -- Social aesthetics and the transnational imaginary / Ramón Saldívar -- The Taino identity movement among Caribbean Latinas/os in the United States / Gabriel Haslip-Viera -- Looking good / Frances Negrón-Muntaner -- "Chico, what does it feel like to be a problem?" : the transmission of brownness / José Esteban Muñoz -- "Fantasy heritage" : tracking Latina bloodlines / Rosa Linda Fregoso -- Latinas/os and Latin America : topics, destinies, disciplines / Román de la Campa -- Latinas/os and the (re)racializing of US society and politics / Suzanne Oboler -- Refugees or economic immigrants? : immigration from Latin America and the politics of US refugee policy / Maria Cristina García -- Inter-American ethnography : tracking Salvadoran transnationality at the borders of Latina/o and Latin American studies / Elana Zilberg -- From the borderlands to the transnational? : critiquing empire in the twenty-first century / Maria Josefina Saldaña-Portillo

В статье рассмотрены некоторые наблюдения и умозаключения, сделанные французским путешественником и литератором А. де Кюстином в течение нескольких летних месяцев 1839 г., проведенных им в России. Он тогда ездил по стране, побывав не только в ее крупнейших городах, но и в провинции. В отечественной историографии уже имеется немало работ о Кюстине и его книге «Россия в 1839 году». Однако представляется интересным проанализировать не только обобщенные суждения Кюстина о России, но и конкретные детали, приведенные в его знаменитой книге. В ней не слишком много зарисовок провинциальной жизни, зато есть масса дорожных впечатлений. Дорожная традиция – это условия, обстоятельства и ситуации, которые сопутствовали дальнему сухопутному перемещению. Такая тематика находится на пересечении исторического знания с антропологическим и этнографическим. Она связана с социальным измерением повседневности. Дорожная традиция России привлекала пристрастное внимание путешественников-иностранцев, которые вольно или невольно сравнивали ее с более привычными для них иноземными дорожными обстоятельствами и ситуациями. Кюстин подмечал особенности уличного движения и экипажей, дорожное обустройство, сценки на загородных трактах и многое другое. Изученные и прокомментированные в статье материалы позволяют уточнить отношение Кюстина к дорожной традиции России. Было бы неверно полагать, что он лишь критиковал российское провинциальное дорожное обустройство. Некоторые его наблюдения в достаточной мере точны, что подтверждается иными историческими источниками, тем самым делая их интересными для нас. Однако в случае с некоей параллельной дорогой на участке между Петербургом и Москвой, якобы существовавшей ради удобства российского самодержца, он оказался не вполне прав. Привычка Кюстина по самым разным поводам вдаваться в морализаторство, блистая мыслями и формулировками, в этом случае сыграла с ним злую шутку.
This paper discusses some observations and conclusions made by Astolphe de Custine, a French traveler and writer, during the summer months he spent in Russia in 1839. He traveled a lot around Russia and visited not only the largest cities of the empire but also the provinces. There are quite a few works about de Custine and his book Russia in 1839 in Russian historiography. However, it is important to pay attention not only to his generalized judgments about Russia but also to the specific details that are included in his famous book. The book contains few sketches of Russian provincial life, but a lot of road impressions of Custine's travels in the Russian provinces. The road tradition encompasses the conditions, circumstances and situations that accompanied the long-distance overland movement. This topic is located at the intersection of historical knowledge, anthropology, and ethnography. It is connected with the social dimension of daily life. The road tradition of Russia attracted close attention of foreign travelers, who voluntarily or involuntarily compared it with their native road circumstances and situations to which they were more accustomed. Custine noticed the peculiarities of traffic and carriages, road improvement, scenes on suburban highways, and much more. The material reviewed and commented on in this paper makes it possible to clarify Custine's attitude to the road tradition of Russia. It would be wrong to assume that he did nothing more than criticized the Russian provincial road infrastructure. Some of his observations are quite accurate, which is confirmed by other historical sources, and therefore are of interest to us now. However, in the case of a parallel road between St Petersburg and Moscow, which allegedly existed for the convenience of the Russian tsar, he turned out to be mistaken. In that instance, Custine's habit of moralizing, shining with his thoughts and formulations on various occasions, played a mean trick on him.

Մեղրու Սբ. Հովհաննես վանքը, որ հայտնի է նաև Անապաստանաց վանք անունով, գտնվում է ՀՀ Սյունիքի մարզի Մեղրի քաղաքում: 2015 թ. «Երկիր և մշակույթ» համազգային բարեգործական կազմակերպությունը (նախագահ՝ Գ. Գևոնյան) հանդես եկավ վանքի վերականգնման աշխատանքների ծրագրով, որի շրջանակում պետք է իրականացվեին նաև տարածքի պեղումները: Ողջ աշխատանքային գործընթացի ծախսերը ստանձնեցին ամերիկահայ բարերարներ Հայկ և Հիլդա Մանջիկյանները: Պեղումներն իրականացվեցին 2016 և 2018-2020 թթ.` ՀՀ ԳԱԱ հնագիտության և ազգագրության ինստիտուտի արշավախմբի կողմից (արշ. ղեկ.` Ա. Նալբանդյան, հնագետներ` Հ. Բադալյան, Տ. Ալեքսանյան): Հնագիտական ուսումնասիրությունները և պեղումները տվեցին կարևոր արդյունքներ, որոնց ընթացքում հայտնաբերվեցին բազմաթիվ արտեֆակտներ, որոնց թվում նաև մեծ թվով մետաղական իրեր: Գտնված տասնյակ մետաղյա առարկաները պատկանում են միջնադարյան հոգևոր և նյութական մշակույթի զանազան բնագավառներին: Դրանց մեջ մեծ թիվ են կազմում, ինչպես եկեղեցական-ծիսական բազմապիսի առարկաների մասերը, այնպես էլ կենցաղային, առևտրական, արհեստագործական նշանակության իրերը: Մետաղական գտածոների գերակշիռ մեծամասնությունը կարելի է բաժանել երկու մեծ խմբի՝ ա) ջահերի մասեր, բ) աշտանակ-մոմակալների մասեր: Չնայած որ մեզ են հասել բավական խաթարված վիճակում, սակայն դրանք հնարավորություն են տալիս վերակազմել եկեղեցու լուսավորության միջոցների մոտավոր տեսքը: Բացի դրանցից, գտնվել են նաև այլ ուշագրավ իրեր` ինչպիսիք են արձանագիր պնակը և ծնծղան, մետաղադրամները, գնդասեղները, բոժոժները և այլն:
Монастырь Св. Ованеса, известный также как монастырь Анапастанац, находится в городе Мегри Сюникского марза РА. В 2015 г. общенациональная благотворительная организация «Еркир ев мшакуйт» (Страна и культура) (председатель Г. Гевонян) разработала план восстановления монастыря, в рамках которого должны были быть проведены рас- копки местности. Расходы на весь рабочий процесс взяли на себя армяне – меценаты из Америки Айк и Хильда Манджикяны. Раскопки проводились в 2016 и 2018- 2020 гг. экспедицией Института археологии и этнографии НАН РА (руко- водитель А. Налбандян, археологи А. Бадалян, Т. Алексанян). В ходе раскопок было обнаружено множество артефактов, в том числе огромное число металлических предметов, относящихся к различным сферам средневековой духовной и материальной культуры, к примеру, фрагменты церковно-обрядовой утвари, а также предметы быта, торговли и ремесленные изделия. Подавляющее большинство металлических находок можно разделить на две большие группы: а) фрагменты факелов-светильников, б) фрагменты подсвечников. Несмотря на плохую сохранность, они позволяют реконструировать примерный вид средств освещения храма. Помимо этого были найдены и другие предметы, такие как пиала с надписью и кимвал – ударный музыкальный инструмент, монеты, булавки, бубенчики и др.
St. Hovhannes monastery of Meghri, which is also known as Anapastanac monastery, is located in the town of Meghri of the Syunik province of the RA. In 2015 the nationwide charity ″Land and Culture″ (president Keram Kevonian) came forward with the programme of restoration of the church, under the framework of which the excavations of its area were also to be carried out. The entire workflow expenses were covered by the American-Armenian benefactors Haig and Hilda Manjikian. The excavations have been carried out by the archaeological expedition of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography NAS RA in 2016 and 2018-2020 (the expedition leader A. Nalbandyan, archaeologists H. Badalyan, T. Aleksanyan). The archaeological research and excavations gave important results. During the work many artifacts were found, including a large number of metal objects. Dozens of metal objects belong to the various spheres of medieval spiritual and material culture. Many of them are the parts of ritual objects, as well as household, trade and craft items. The vast majority of metal finds can be divided into two large groups: a) parts of chandeliers, b) parts of candlesticks. Despite the fact that they have come down to us in rather poor condition, they make it possible to reconstruct the approximate appearance of the lights of the church. In addition, other noteworthy objects were found, such as the inscribed plate and cymbal, coins, pins, ″bells″, and so on.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the use of symbolic power at the establishment of the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Cilician kingdom of Armenia, and to further explore and discuss problems of language, translation, ethnography, legitimacy, culture and distinctions between "East" and "West" through these cases. Despite their geographical distance and diverse histories, these regions are united through a past of Byzantine domination and by their entering into unions with the Roman Papacy at this time. The central source of the study is the correspondence between the pope and the rulers of Bulgaria and Armenia. Numerous other sources from and about them are used as well, including historical, theological and eschatological works. Employing the sociological concepts of category and groupness and cultural semiotic concept of repertoire, this dissertation analyses the establishment of these two powers as well as the eastbound ambitions of the Papacy. The study demonstrates that the cultural repertoire of Cilician Armenia was gearing westwards in this age, both through importing foreign items such as Latin titles and through stressing historical and legendary connections with the Roman Empire as a source of symbolic power. The repertoire of the Second Bulgarian Empire was very closely aligned with Byzantine ideas but went through changes too during this time, stressing the importance of Bulgarian history as a source of symbolic power as well as investing that history with connections to the Papacy in Rome. Many and sometimes contradictory ideas of Rome were at play. They could refer back to the ancient Roman Empire, to Byzantium or to the Holy Roman Empire, as well as to the city of Rome and its Papacy. Pope Innocentius III propagated a Rome that was Christian rather than imperial through the eastward expansion of the Roman Church and his engagement with temporal rulers. Armenia and Bulgaria played key roles not only as eastern bastions and possible helpers in crusades but also in showcasing the expansion of papal influence and an order in which the Holy Roman Empire was not exalted but one power among others. The Armenian king Lewon did not acknowledge Byzantium as Roman but showcased his relationship with the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Papacy, having use both for an imperial Rome with associations back to ancient legends and for the Papacy that put him in a better position to deal with Latin neighbours. The Bulgarian emperor Caloiohannes, by contrast, acknowledged Byzantium as Roman and would indeed emulate many Byzantine practices and hierarchies. While he turned away from Byzantium, he did not turn away from Byzantine ideas, bonding with the pope that he knew as the patriarch of Rome in order to be properly crowned emperor. The thesis also shows that there was no contradiction between the Vlach and Bulgarian elements in the foundation of the Bulgarian Empire, arguing that Vlachs and Bulgarians were not reified groups but categories employed for different political purposes. Vlach was a word used to brand someone as barbaric and illegitimate while Bulgarian could be connected with a glorious past and invested with groupness and symbolic power. Similar if not as striking processes can be observed in Armenia, where Lewon made sure to become part of the category of Roman Christian which he had in common with his Latin neighbours, using that to achieve goals that the more exclusive category of Armenian could not.

Multiscalarity is a central feature of the neoliberal governance of extractivist models that are constructed by interweaving multiple levels and jurisdictions of public and private law. In this article, we expose the complex relationships between the multiscale landscape of global legal pluralism that structures socioenvironmental conflicts over mining, the processes of juridification and the varied forms of violence that motivate quests for justice. We briefly outline the legal dimensions of industrial mining and conceptually explore the specificities of multiscale juridification in relation to this activity. Based on ethnography and document analysis among different legal defense and grassroots organizations, we examine three cases of socioenvironmental conflicts in Honduras, Guatemala and Mexico. This allows us to show how fragmented multiscalarity means that rights recognized in one jurisdiction can become invisible in another and be accompanied by a repressive use of law or lawfare. We conclude that even in fields of power marked by abysmal inequalities and ecologies of multiple forms of violence, juridified struggles open up new possibilities for social and political mobilization. We also argue that such struggles facilitate connections between jurisdictions, subjects and places, and generate new political grammars. ; La multiescalaridad es una característica central de la gobernanza neoliberal de los modelos extractivistas que se construyen entretejiendo múltiples niveles y jurisdicciones del derecho público y privado. En este artículo exponemos las complejas relaciones entre el panorama multiescalar de pluralismo legal global que estructura los conflictos socioambientales sobre la minería, los procesos de juridificación y las variadas formas de violencia que motivan las búsquedas de justicia. Señalamos, de manera breve, las dimensiones legales de la minería industrial y exploramos conceptualmente las especificidades de la juridificación multiescalar en relación con esta actividad. A partir de un análisis etnográfico y documental con distintas organizaciones de defensa legal y de base, examinamos tres casos de conflictos socioambientales en Honduras, Guatemala y México. Ello nos permite mostrar cómo la multiescalaridad fragmentada implica que los derechos reconocidos en una jurisdicción se puedan tornar invisibles en otra y acompañarse de un uso represivo del derecho o lawfare. Concluimos que aun en campos de poder marcados por desigualdades abismales y ecologías de violencias múltiples, las luchas juridificadas abren nuevas posibilidades para la movilización social y política. Asimismo, argumentamos que tales luchas facilitan las conexiones entre jurisdicciones, sujetos y lugares, y generan nuevas gramáticas políticas. ; A multiescalaridade é uma característica central da governança neoliberal dos modelos extrativistas que são construídos a partir do entrelaçamento de múltiplos níveis e jurisdições de direito público e privado. Neste artigo, expomos as complexas relações entre o panorama multiescala do pluralismo jurídico global que estrutura os conflitos socioambientais sobre a mineração, os processos de juridificação e as diversas formas de violência que motivam a busca por justiça. Apontamos brevemente as dimensões legais da mineração industrial e exploramos conceitualmente as especificidades da juridificação multiescala em relação a essa atividade. Com base em uma análise etnográfica e documental com diferentes organizações jurídicas e de base, examinamos três casos de conflitos socioambientais em Honduras, Guatemala e México. Isso nos permite mostrar como a multiescalaridade fragmentada implica que os direitos reconhecidos em uma jurisdição podem se tornar invisíveis em outra e ser acompanhados por um uso repressivo do Direito ou lawfare. Concluímos que mesmo em campos de poder marcados por abissais desigualdades e ecologias de múltiplas violências, as lutas juridificadas abrem novas possibilidades de mobilização social e política. Também argumentamos que tais lutas facilitam conexões entre jurisdições, sujeitos e lugares, e suscitam novas gramáticas políticas.

Abstract The use of digital technologies is driving the mass creation and collection of health data, fuelling disruptions in the healthcare ecosystem, and shifting the competitive landscape of health service provision. In response to this paradigm shift, the insurance industry is exploring new avenues of value creation as part of the digital health economy. Connected insurance has emerged as a strategy to leverage digitalization efforts for preventative and proactive health services. As insurance organizations strive towards implementing novel data-driven services, they are grappling with organizational and legislative challenges surrounding four necessary health data factors: access, control, sharing, and use. The research followed a qualitative methodological approach that was conducted in two phases as part of a single holistic case study of a transforming Finnish insurance organization. In the first phase, five empirical studies have been conducted which ascertain four case study boundaries: the health data environment in the Nordic countries, governance within the EU, insurance organizations as processors and controllers of health data, and customers as data subjects. In the second phase, a theory-driven narration of digital transformation in the insurance organization has been developed. The narration is a synthesis of data collected from interviews, ethnography, and a survey. The four health data factors — access, control, sharing, and use — were thematically analyzed and content-driven themes were empirically crafted to produce an inductive framework of health data mechanisms. The resulting framework of eleven health data mechanisms provides tactics for the design and development of proactive digital health services, stressing the importance of culture, interoperability, and transparency for service provision. How health data can be utilized as a resource for value creation requires key strategic decision-making practices by policymakers, organizations, and management and is informed by the conditions inherent in the boundaries of health data. Theoretical contributions indicate the capacity of health data as part of digital transformation. More holistic research is required to expand the mechanisms of health data which support fair, equal, and open value creation among stakeholders in the digital health economy. ; Tiivistelmä Digitaalisilla teknologioilla voidaan tuottaa ja kerätä terveysdataa, mikä vauhdittaa terveydenhuollon ekosysteemin murrosta ja muuttaa terveydenhuollon palveluiden kilpailuasetelmaa. Paradigman muutoksen ansiosta vakuutussektori etsii tapoja luoda lisäarvoa osana digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoita. Digitaalinen vakuutuspalvelu on uusi strategia, ja se hyödyntää digitalisaatiota ennaltaehkäisevissä ja ennakoivissa terveyspalveluissa. Ottaessaan käyttöön uusia dataan perustuvia palveluja vakuutusyhtiöt kohtaavat organisatorisia ja lainsäädännöllisiä haasteita. Nämä liittyvät neljään terveysdatan elementtiin: saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö. Tutkimuksen metodologiseksi lähtökohdaksi valittiin kvalitatiivinen lähestymistapa ja se tehtiin kahdessa vaiheessa osana yhden tapauksen kokonaisvaltaista tapaustutkimusta, jossa tarkasteltiin muuttuvaa suomalaista vakuutusorganisaatiota. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa toteutettiin viisi empiiristä tutkimusta, joiden perusteella määritettiin neljä tapaustutkimuksessa tarkasteltavaa osa-aluetta: pohjoismainen terveysdataympäristö, EU-ohjaus, vakuutusorganisaatiot terveysdatan käsittelijöinä ja hallinnoijina ja asiakkaat rekisteröityinä henkilöinä. Toisessa vaiheessa kehitettiin teoriapohjainen kertomus digitaalisesta transformaatiosta vakuutusyhtiössä. Kertomus yhdistelee haastattelujen, etnografisten menetelmien ja kyselyiden avulla kerättyjä tutkimusaineistoja. Neljä terveysdatan elementtiä — saavutettavuus, hallinta, jakaminen ja käyttö — analysoitiin temaattisesti ja niistä laadittiin empiirisesti sisältölähtöiset teemat. Näin luotiin terveysdatan mekanismeja kuvaava induktiivinen malli. Syntynyt malli käsittää yksitoista terveysdatan mekanismia ja tarjoaa keinoja ennakoivien digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen suunnitteluun ja kehittämiseen painottaen kulttuuria, yhteensopivuutta ja läpinäkyvyyttä palvelujen tarjoamisessa. Terveysdatan hyödyntäminen lisäarvon tuottamiseksi vaatii strategisen päätöksenteon avainkäytäntöjä päättäjiltä, organisaatioilta ja johdolta. Siihen vaikuttavat myös terveysdatan osa-alueiden reunaehdot. Teoreettiset tulokset osoittavat terveysdatan potentiaalin osana digitaalista transformaatiota. Kokonaisvaltaista tutkimusta tarvitaan laajentamaan terveysdatan mekanismeja, jotka tukevat reilua, tasa-arvoista ja avointa tapaa luoda lisäarvoa eri osapuolille digitaalisten terveyspalvelujen markkinoilla.

Cette recherche doctorale s'inscrit dans l'interface entre les domaines de l'anthropologie urbaine, de l'anthropologie des formes sensibles, de l'anthropologie visuelle et de l'anthropologie politique. Elle répond à une supposition du sens commun brésilien qui perçoit le carnaval comme une politique publique du pain et des jeux, comme un processus d'aliénation du peuple. Nous chercherons à montrer que le carnaval va au-delà d'un simple divertissement, qu'il est ancré dans la culture populaire et fait partie de l'identité nationale, en plus de mettre en négociation la micro politique au quotidien avec la macro politique gouvernementale. À partir d'une ethnographie menée sur le carnaval des écoles de samba dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro, cette étude s'intéresse aux rapports de résistance et d'adhésion entre les sujets qui font la fête carnavalesque, l'État et les bailleurs de fonds du carnaval qui prônent des mesures de normalisation et de purification du carnaval. Le but de cette thèse est de faire comprendre la complexité de la fête carnavalesque brésilienne, au-delà d'une perception dichotomique. Le carnaval, en même temps, qui fait partie de la macrostructure politique nationale et gouvernementale, a lieu grâce aux failles, aux brèches, aux lacunes et aux fissures de ce système, qui permettent que le carnaval perdure à partir d'un intense processus d'agenceité entre les différents acteurs en scène. Le carnaval est multiple. Il est à la fois une manifestation de la culture populaire, une politique publique de construction de l'identité sociale, une politique d'unification de la société brésilienne, un spectacle commercial et globalisé, une festivité traversée par le processus de marchandisation de la culture populaire, une fête qui se bat pour demeurer populaire. Le carnaval présente cette multitude de facettes qui sont en constante négociation. En étant populaire, il possède une identité bricoleuse qui réinvente sa tradition dans un processus d'agenceité entre ses acteurs sociaux. ; This doctoral research takes part inside the interface between the fields of urban anthropology, anthropology of sensitive forms, visual anthropology, and political anthropology. It responds to the assumption of the Brazilian common sense which perceives carnival as a public policy of bread and circuses and a process of alienating the population. We will try to show that the carnival goes beyond simple entertainment, that it is rooted in popular culture and it's part of the national identity, in addition to negotiating daily micro politics with the macro government policy. Based on an ethnography conducted on the carnival of the samba schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, this study focuses on the relationships of resistance and adherence between the members of the samba schools that celebrate the carnival party, the state and the donors who impose the normalization and purification measures of the carnival. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the complexity of the Brazilian carnival festival beyond a dichotomous perception. The carnival, which at the same time is part of the macro national and governmental political structure, takes place thanks to the faults, gaps, and the cracks of this system, which allow the carnival to endure an intense process of agency between the different actors on stage. The carnival is multiple. It is at the same time a manifestation of popular culture, a public policy of construction of the social identity, a political maneuver of unification of the Brazilian society, a commercial and globalized spectacle, a festivity crossed by the process of merchandising of the popular culture, a party that struggles to remain popular. The carnival presents this multitude of facets which are in constant negotiation. By being popular, it has a tricky identity that reinvents its tradition in a process of agency between its social actors.

Objetivo: comprender cómo las relaciones entre cronicidad y política configuran la sociabilidad y la ayuda mutua entre las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Método: una etnografía virtual en un grupo cerrado en Facebook. Para recopilar la información, se utilizó la observación participante en línea y el análisis de documentos. Se analizaron 37 publicaciones utilizando el software NVivo 12 Pro y la técnica de codificación temática. Resultados: surgieron dos categorías temáticas: Haga el tratamiento y el tiempo se encargará del resto: ayuda mutua y VIH/SIDA como condición crónica; y Sí, hay peligro en la esquina, cariño: política, conflictos y sociabilidad en el grupo. El aspecto más relevante de este estudio se refiere a la evidencia de la fragilidad del discurso sobre la cronicidad del VIH/SIDA. Conclusión: a través del análisis de la sociabilidad y la ayuda mutua producida entre los miembros del grupo investigado, fue posible comprender las formas en que, en sus experiencias de vivir con el VIH/SIDA como una condición crónica, las relaciones entre salud-enfermedad, política y tiempo mostró la dependencia entre la cronicidad y el Estado, y su impacto en la vida diaria. ; Objetivo: compreender como as relações entre cronicidade e política modelam a sociabilidade e a ajuda mútua entre pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids. Método: trata-se de uma etnografia virtual em um grupo fechado no Facebook. Para coligir as informações, utilizaram-se observação participante on-line e análise documental. Analisaram-se 37 postagens por meio do software NVivo 12 Pro e pela técnica de codificação temática. Resultados: emergiram duas categorias temáticas: Faça o tratamento e o tempo se encarregará do resto: ajuda mútua e HIV/aids como condição crônica; e Sim, há perigo na esquina, meu bem: política, conflitos e sociabilidade no grupo. O aspecto mais relevante deste estudo diz respeito à evidência da fragilidade do discurso da cronicidade do HIV/aids. Conclusão: por meio da análise da sociabilidade e da ajuda mútua produzidas entre os membros do grupo investigado foi possível apreender os modos como, em suas experiências de viver com o HIV/aids como condição crônica, as relações entre saúde-doença, política e tempo evidenciaram a dependência entre cronicidade e Estado, e seus impactos na vida cotidiana. ; Objective: to understand how the relationships between chronicity and politics shape sociability and mutual help among people living with HIV/AIDS. Method: This is a virtual ethnography in a closed group on Facebook. To collect the information, on-lineparticipant observation and documental analysis were utilized. 37 posts were analyzed using the softwareNVivo 12 Pro and the thematic coding technique. Results: Two thematic categories emerged: Do the treatment and time will take care of the rest: Mutual help and HIV/AIDS as a chronic condition; and Yes, there is danger around the corner, my dear: Politics, conflicts and sociability in the group. The most relevant aspect of this study concerns the evidence of the fragility of the discourse on the chronicity of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Through the analysis of sociability and mutual help produced among the members of the investigated group, it was possible to apprehend the ways in which, in their experiences on living with HIV/AIDS as a chronic condition, the relationships between health-disease, politics and time showed the dependence between chronicity and the State, and its impacts on daily life.

This research analyzes the actors and the discourses that are activated around the urban renewal of the public space in Paseo Bolívar in the Center of Medellín (2016 - 2019), their motivations and incidents in the execution of the building work and in the right to the city. Ethnography is used for the compilation of discourses, and the Critical Theory for Discourse Analysis is proposed, which is studied through the implementation of own instruments, which allow the triangulation of information around different cases of urban renewal at a global, continental and national scale. The findings show how globalization influences urban renewal, the transformation of public space and the cities. In turn, the renewal activates different discourses that affect the right to the city. The tensions resulting from the negotiations do not affect the macro decisions of planners and politicians regarding the planning of the globalized city. However, they influence technical decisions about public space at a micro scale, affecting relationships in the social space, because the interests of citizens with better quality of life are included, which end up excluding marginalized sectors. Said inclusion is linked to the capacity for participation, where the vulnerable population is not expressed with the same efficiency. In addition, the expectation of real estate development for the downtown is evident, which becomes a process of progressive gentrification fostered by urban renewal, as a response to the global practices in which the city is inserted, object of visibility and global economic consolidation. Thus, the inhabitants who have resisted in the Center under precarious, marginalized conditions, sustaining themselves through informal, even illegal, practices, bear two strong tensions: that of social rejection of the upper classes and that of gentrification as a strategy of globalization of the culture. ; Esta investigación analiza los actores y los discursos que se activan en torno a la renovación urbana del espacio público en el Paseo Bolívar en el Centro de Medellín (2016 – 2019), sus motivaciones e incidencias en la ejecución de la obra y en el derecho a la ciudad. Se utiliza la etnografía para la recopilación de discursos, y se plantea la Teoría Crítica para el Análisis del Discurso que se estudia mediante la implementación de instrumentos propios, que posibilitan la triangulación de información en torno a diferentes casos de renovación urbana a escala global, continental y nacional. Los hallazgos evidencian cómo la globalización influye en la renovación urbana, en la transformación del espacio público y de las ciudades. A su vez, la renovación activa diferentes discursos que inciden en el derecho a la ciudad. Las tensiones devenidas en gestiones no afectan las decisiones macro de planificadores y políticos sobre la planeación de la ciudad globalizada. No obstante, influyen en decisiones técnicas sobre el espacio público a escala micro, afectando las relaciones en el espacio social, porque se incluyen los intereses de ciudadanos con mejor calidad de vida, que terminan excluyendo a los sectores marginados. Dicha inclusión está ligada a la capacidad de participación, en donde no se expresa con la misma eficiencia la población vulnerable. Además, se evidencia la expectativa de desarrollo inmobiliario para el Centro, que deviene en un proceso de gentrificación progresivo propiciado por la renovación urbana, como respuesta a las prácticas globales en las que se inserta la ciudad, objeto de visibilización y consolidación económica mundial. Así, los habitantes que han resistido en el Centro bajo condiciones precarias, de marginalidad, sosteniéndose mediante prácticas informales, incluso ilegales, soportan dos fuertes tensiones: la del rechazo social de las clases más altas y la de la gentrificación como estrategia de mundialización de la cultura. ; Línea de Investigación: Globalización económica y desarrollo local ; Maestría

A partir de una etnografía de larga duración en los proyectos de asentamiento de un programa estatal en lo que habían sido Ingenios azucareros en el nordeste de Brasil, cuestiono en este artículo la aparente evidencia de « la economía » como marco privilegiado para comprender la situación de vida de los pobres, la que está estructurada por la precariedad y la incertidumbre sobre el futuro. Explorando la semántica del verbo portugués esperar (que condensa las acciones de esperar en el tiempo, de tener esperanza y de esperar algo probable) se analiza la pluralidad de posibles orientaciones frente al futuro de los antiguos trabajadores de la caña de azúcar, hoy beneficiarios de los proyectos de reforma agraria y sus estrategias para mitigar la incertidumbre en situaciones diversas. Mientras que la incertidumbre radical está fuera del control de las personas, éstas si pueden actuar sobre otras formas de incertidumbre relativas. Si bien el dinero es deseable, tiene un carácter transitorio, mientras que el valor de los amigos reside en su potencial de ayudar, especialmente en caso de crisis. En este sentido, la etnografía nos permite ir más allá de una "antropología económica" que propone analizar "otras economías", para explorar más bien los campos de oportunidades y los marcos de referencia que estructuran las situaciones de vida de las personas y las versiones locales de oikonomia, en su significado original de "gobierno de la casa" (gouvernement of houselhold). ; Based on long-term ethnographic research in state-run settlement projects on former sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil, this article questions the evidence of "the economy" as a privileged framework for understanding the life situation of the poor, structured by precariousness and uncertainty about the future. Exploring the polysemy of Portuguese esperar (to wait, to hope, and to expect), it analyzes the plurality of orientations to the future among former sugarcane wageworkers included as beneficiaries in land reform projects, and their strategies to mitigate uncertainty in various configurations. If radical uncertainty lies out of reach of human hands, relative uncertainty may be acted on by mobilizing people. While money is desirable, it has a transitory character; and the value of friends lies in their potential to help, especially in case of a crisis. Ethnography thus suggests moving beyond an "economic anthropology" that aims to analyze "other economies" in order to explore the fields of opportunities and frames of reference that structure life situations and the local versions of oikonomia in its original meaning of "government of the household". ; Com base numa etnografia de longo prazo em projetos de assentamento estatais em antigas plantações de cana-de-açúcar no Nordeste do Brasil, este documento questiona a evidência da ideia de "economia" como um marco privilegiado para compreender a situação de vida dos pobres, que é estruturada pela precariedade e incerteza quanto ao futuro. Explorando a polissemia do verbo português "esperar" (aguardar, esperar e contar con), analiso a pluralidade de orientações em relação ao futuro entre os antigos trabalhadores assalariados da cana-de-açúcar incluídos como beneficiários em projetos de reforma agrária e as suas estratégias para mitigar a incerteza através de várias configurações. Se a incerteza radical está fora das mãos do homem, a incerteza relativa pode ser dirimida através da mobilização das pessoas. Embora o dinheiro seja desejável, ele tem um caráter transitório e o valor dos amigos reside no seu potencial de ajuda, especialmente em caso de crise. A etnografia sugere assim que é desejável ir além de uma "antropologia econômica" que visa analisar "outras economias" e se proponha a explorar os campos de oportunidades e quadros de referência que estruturam as situações da vida e as variantes locais da oikonomia no seu significado original de "governo do agregado da família".

A partir de una etnografía de larga duración en los proyectos de asentamiento de un programa estatal en lo que habían sido Ingenios azucareros en el nordeste de Brasil, cuestiono en este artículo la aparente evidencia de « la economía » como marco privilegiado para comprender la situación de vida de los pobres, la que está estructurada por la precariedad y la incertidumbre sobre el futuro. Explorando la semántica del verbo portugués esperar (que condensa las acciones de esperar en el tiempo, de tener esperanza y de esperar algo probable) se analiza la pluralidad de posibles orientaciones frente al futuro de los antiguos trabajadores de la caña de azúcar, hoy beneficiarios de los proyectos de reforma agraria y sus estrategias para mitigar la incertidumbre en situaciones diversas. Mientras que la incertidumbre radical está fuera del control de las personas, éstas si pueden actuar sobre otras formas de incertidumbre relativas. Si bien el dinero es deseable, tiene un carácter transitorio, mientras que el valor de los amigos reside en su potencial de ayudar, especialmente en caso de crisis. En este sentido, la etnografía nos permite ir más allá de una "antropología económica" que propone analizar "otras economías", para explorar más bien los campos de oportunidades y los marcos de referencia que estructuran las situaciones de vida de las personas y las versiones locales de oikonomia, en su significado original de "gobierno de la casa" (gouvernement of houselhold). ; Based on long-term ethnographic research in state-run settlement projects on former sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil, this article questions the evidence of "the economy" as a privileged framework for understanding the life situation of the poor, structured by precariousness and uncertainty about the future. Exploring the polysemy of Portuguese esperar (to wait, to hope, and to expect), it analyzes the plurality of orientations to the future among former sugarcane wageworkers included as beneficiaries in land reform projects, and their strategies to mitigate uncertainty in various configurations. If radical uncertainty lies out of reach of human hands, relative uncertainty may be acted on by mobilizing people. While money is desirable, it has a transitory character; and the value of friends lies in their potential to help, especially in case of a crisis. Ethnography thus suggests moving beyond an "economic anthropology" that aims to analyze "other economies" in order to explore the fields of opportunities and frames of reference that structure life situations and the local versions of oikonomia in its original meaning of "government of the household". ; Com base numa etnografia de longo prazo em projetos de assentamento estatais em antigas plantações de cana-de-açúcar no Nordeste do Brasil, este documento questiona a evidência da ideia de "economia" como um marco privilegiado para compreender a situação de vida dos pobres, que é estruturada pela precariedade e incerteza quanto ao futuro. Explorando a polissemia do verbo português "esperar" (aguardar, esperar e contar con), analiso a pluralidade de orientações em relação ao futuro entre os antigos trabalhadores assalariados da cana-de-açúcar incluídos como beneficiários em projetos de reforma agrária e as suas estratégias para mitigar a incerteza através de várias configurações. Se a incerteza radical está fora das mãos do homem, a incerteza relativa pode ser dirimida através da mobilização das pessoas. Embora o dinheiro seja desejável, ele tem um caráter transitório e o valor dos amigos reside no seu potencial de ajuda, especialmente em caso de crise. A etnografia sugere assim que é desejável ir além de uma "antropologia econômica" que visa analisar "outras economias" e se proponha a explorar os campos de oportunidades e quadros de referência que estruturam as situações da vida e as variantes locais da oikonomia no seu significado original de "governo do agregado da família".