Suchergebnisse

Master's thesis formulates a problem for household participation in II pension pillar. It identifies the factors that have the greatest impact on households choice to withdraw or extend the accumulation in II pension pillar. Master's thesis is formed – to analyze theoretically the characteristics of the pension system and to identify households choice accumulate II pillar determinants and to assess the determinants effects of the Lithuanian population cumulated II pension pillar, pension reform aspect. Theoretical part of the thesis provides analyzed and systematized various Lithuanian and foreign authors' opinion about the household saving significance and cause, the pension system's development, pension pillars, which dominates in the world. It was identify the advantages and disadvantages of the pension system and systematise factors (economic, political, demographic and social), which promotes the accumulation of their old age through the pension system pillars. It was found that there is no universal pension systems that is appropriate for differentparts of the world. And it should take into account each country's political, economic, demographic and social situacijon when it needs to choose pay as you go and funded pensions systems alternatives. Empirical part of the thesis analyses Lithuanian social insurance to insured persons, II pillar participants, pensioners, contributions and benefits dynamics and structure of the retrospective point of view. It was found that 73.29 percent. social insurance for insured persons are II pension pillar participants, because they wanted to ensure financial security during pension. The average pension is only 230.50 EUR and the poverty line - 208 EUR in Lithuania. It was a quantitative survey (questionnaire) to collect the raw data on household participation in the II pension pillar. It was found that most of of respondents share (48.25 percent.) decided to keep under the conditions in force until 2012. 39,75 percent. of the respondents chose to expand the collection of pension contributions and pay additional pension contributions from their own funds. The smallest share of respondents (12 percent.) decided to stop the accumulation of II pension pillar. Logistic regression analysis showed that the primary factor leading to the choice to withdraw, modify or extend the storage conditions of II pension pillar is training after high school graduation.

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of the public policy in both developing and most advanced countries. Therefore, significant financial and human resources are made available for the implementation of this policy measures. For instance, in 2007 through 2013 the European Union (EU) budget for European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development accounted for EUR 96.2 billion (11 per cent of the total EU budget). A similar situation was observed in Lithuania. The amount of the EU support for rural development in 2007-2013 amounted to LTL 6 billion 096 million with co-financing from the Lithuanian national budget of LTL 1 billion 799 million. A large number of specialists and designated institutions develop and implement rural policy measures and monitor the support programmes. Are the huge financial and human resources assigned for rural development actually used in an efficient way, are rural policy decisions able to adapt to the highly dynamic situation in the business and social life?

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of the public policy in both developing and most advanced countries. Therefore, significant financial and human resources are made available for the implementation of this policy measures. For instance, in 2007 through 2013 the European Union (EU) budget for European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development accounted for EUR 96.2 billion (11 per cent of the total EU budget). A similar situation was observed in Lithuania. The amount of the EU support for rural development in 2007-2013 amounted to LTL 6 billion 096 million with co-financing from the Lithuanian national budget of LTL 1 billion 799 million. A large number of specialists and designated institutions develop and implement rural policy measures and monitor the support programmes. Are the huge financial and human resources assigned for rural development actually used in an efficient way, are rural policy decisions able to adapt to the highly dynamic situation in the business and social life?

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of the public policy in both developing and most advanced countries. Therefore, significant financial and human resources are made available for the implementation of this policy measures. For instance, in 2007 through 2013 the European Union (EU) budget for European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development accounted for EUR 96.2 billion (11 per cent of the total EU budget). A similar situation was observed in Lithuania. The amount of the EU support for rural development in 2007-2013 amounted to LTL 6 billion 096 million with co-financing from the Lithuanian national budget of LTL 1 billion 799 million. A large number of specialists and designated institutions develop and implement rural policy measures and monitor the support programmes. Are the huge financial and human resources assigned for rural development actually used in an efficient way, are rural policy decisions able to adapt to the highly dynamic situation in the business and social life?

At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of the public policy in both developing and most advanced countries. Therefore, significant financial and human resources are made available for the implementation of this policy measures. For instance, in 2007 through 2013 the European Union (EU) budget for European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development accounted for EUR 96.2 billion (11 per cent of the total EU budget). A similar situation was observed in Lithuania. The amount of the EU support for rural development in 2007-2013 amounted to LTL 6 billion 096 million with co-financing from the Lithuanian national budget of LTL 1 billion 799 million. A large number of specialists and designated institutions develop and implement rural policy measures and monitor the support programmes. Are the huge financial and human resources assigned for rural development actually used in an efficient way, are rural policy decisions able to adapt to the highly dynamic situation in the business and social life?

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Translation of institutional texts is a challenge for translators due to the importance of conveying the meaning of the context as accurately as possible. The production of a good translation of official documents such as regulations that reflect the institutional register requires consideration of differences in the source and target languages in terms of syntax and lexis. As often as not, this results in transformations in sentence structure and word formation. English word formation, due to different language characteristics differs from Lithuanian in many ways. Although the definition of word formation is quite similar: 'Word-formation' is a traditional label, and one which is useful, but it does not generally cover all possible ways of forming everything that can be called a 'word'." (Bauer, 1983:9). The theoretical part of this paper discusses the main word formation types for the English and the Lithuanian languages. The second, empirical part, deals with the analysis of word formation types in the English language, their transformations in the Lithuanian language and the most common transformation patterns. For the purpose, data from original bilingual documents of the European Union representing the institutional register were collected from EUR-Lex database.

Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]

Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]

Not only in the past times, but even nowadays people treat God in the Old Testament as cruel and strict, just and demanding Lord, perfect omnipotent Absolute who is never kind and merciful. The latter attributes are ascribed to Jesus Christ. So, there is an impression that G od the Father and G od the Son are two different "gods" with totally different attributes and features. The mercy of G od is one of the essential truths in Judaism and Christianity coming from the divine Revelation. Divine mercy is not only a feeling or an abstraction but a concrete G od's feature revealing itself in the course of all the salvation history, starting with the creation and fulfilling itself in the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the act of salvation of mankind. The entire Bible is full of events witnessing G od's sensitivity, kindness, patience, understanding and mercy. According to some authors, even G od's name "El" is closely connected with mercy. In the Old T estament there is no expression of "merciful love", but G od's mercy is expressed in terms describing G od's patience, kindness and forgiveness. T erms most often used to describe God's mercy are: hesed, emet, rehamim. God's mercy in the Old T estament can be described according to the following levels: • Mercy to a concrete person: Cain, Lotus, David, Jonah etc. • Legislation as the form of G od's mercy • Mercy to the chosen nation showed by two major events: exodus from Egypt, when G od showed mercy answering the sufferings of the chosen nation and led it from slavery to the promised land; and in the book of Prophet Isaiah, where G od showed mercy to his people in the Babylonian exile. • Mercy to different nations and believers. It is showed in G od's behaviour with the people of N ineveh, the pagan capital, where He sends the prophet Jonah to urge the people of Nineveh to repent. [.]

European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.

European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.

European Green Deal by European Union (EU) provides goals for further waste utilization. Ratified directives oblige every member of EU to reuse or recycle 60% of all municipal waste by 2030 and also to recycle no less than 70% off all packaging waste. Both of these directives include plastic waste. The amount of plastic waste is increasing every year, whereas industry of plastic recycling is growing yearly as well, but not at the same pace as the accumulated amount of waste. It is significant not only to recycle the appointed amounts of waste but also to accomplish it while making as little environment impact as possible. The process of plastic waste processing (recycling) requires high volume of energy. Energy production is one of the main reasons causing Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Therefore, energy inefficiency indirectly increases GHG emissions. Between 2021 and 2030 Lithuania is committed to reduce GHGs by 40% comparing to the year of 1990. Reducing energy intensity is stipulated in the National Energy Independence Strategy, which obliges to minimize energy intensity until 2030 by 1.5 times comparing to the consumption in 2017. The aim of this research is to increase the efficiency of energy consumption in the plastic waste recycling by optimizing processing processes and, thus, minimizing the impact on the climate changes. Although the importance of the plastic processing sector in contributing to the implementation of the EU goals is obvious, separate studies examining the possibilities of reducing the impact of plastic processing haven't been carried out in Lithuania in the last five years. The object selected for the experiment is one of the largest plastic processing companies in the EU - AB Plasta, which annually recycles over 35 thousand tons of plastic waste, and uses secondary raw material for production. In the work are made analysis of plastic waste management in Lithuania. Identified problematic – insufficient sorting of plastic waste in centralized mechanical treatment facilities. During the analysis of scientific and practical literature, reviewed main technological processes of plastic recycling, their impact on the environment. Methods used to determine the amount of GHG (CO2e) are discussed. In the company, AB Plasta was made energy and environmental audit in LDPE waste recycling determined. Calculate the intensity of energy use, CO2e emission sources (system boundaries: from LDPE waste transportation to secondary raw material production). In order to reduce energy intensity and the impact on climate change due to GHGs. In work presented 3 industrial ecology alternatives. An analysis of their feasibility has been carried out: technical assessment, including testing, environmental and economic assessment. Applied industrial ecology methods: dematerialization (process optimization/integration), industrial symbiosis. Successful integration of all environmental suggestions provided in this work, would enable Plasta to reduce electricity consumption up to 17 475 MWh per year, energy intensity – by 33 % – 1.32 MWh per tonne of granulate produced. An overall amount of GHGs would be minimized by ~34 % – 7 672 t CO2e per year or 0.28 t CO2e per tonne of granulate produced. Then the GHG emitted during the production of 1 t of plastic granulate would be 0.543 t CO2e / t. Successful implementation of these projects would be a significant move forward in order to achieve the environmental goals of Lithuania, such as reduction of energy intensity and GHGs, as well as reaching the required norm of waste recycling. The projects, analysed in this work, could be easily applied to other plastic processing Lithuanian enterprises, which could also contribute to reducing environmental impact and achieving the EU's goals.