Suchergebnisse

The goal of this paper – to suggest a methodology and evaluate the impact of globalization on income inequality in Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The first part of the paper deals with theoretical aspects of relationship between globalization and unequal income distribution, as well as analyzes quantitative methods of measuring globalization and income inequality. In the second part, the analysis of factors and indexes of globalization and income inequality is made within Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The methodology of empirical research is presented, as well as hypotheses with respect to the goal of the paper. In the third part results are represented and analyzed. The recommendations are made: firstly, methodological ones for the future researches in the analogic topic, secondly, economic ones with a purpose of reducing income inequality. The empirical results showed that research and development increases income inequality as well as international trade, while democracy reduces the level of unequal income distribution.

The goal of this paper – to suggest a methodology and evaluate the impact of globalization on income inequality in Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The first part of the paper deals with theoretical aspects of relationship between globalization and unequal income distribution, as well as analyzes quantitative methods of measuring globalization and income inequality. In the second part, the analysis of factors and indexes of globalization and income inequality is made within Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The methodology of empirical research is presented, as well as hypotheses with respect to the goal of the paper. In the third part results are represented and analyzed. The recommendations are made: firstly, methodological ones for the future researches in the analogic topic, secondly, economic ones with a purpose of reducing income inequality. The empirical results showed that research and development increases income inequality as well as international trade, while democracy reduces the level of unequal income distribution.

The goal of this paper – to suggest a methodology and evaluate the impact of globalization on income inequality in Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The first part of the paper deals with theoretical aspects of relationship between globalization and unequal income distribution, as well as analyzes quantitative methods of measuring globalization and income inequality. In the second part, the analysis of factors and indexes of globalization and income inequality is made within Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The methodology of empirical research is presented, as well as hypotheses with respect to the goal of the paper. In the third part results are represented and analyzed. The recommendations are made: firstly, methodological ones for the future researches in the analogic topic, secondly, economic ones with a purpose of reducing income inequality. The empirical results showed that research and development increases income inequality as well as international trade, while democracy reduces the level of unequal income distribution.

The paper aims to evaluate the main features of creation and development of the integral cultural and economic space in Europe, the main problems of economic and social development and provision of equal rights in the context of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe. Transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe are described. New challenges for economic development and social oriented changes are analized. The paper has used outcomes of the research done over the recent several years, dedicated to the diagnostics of transformation problems as well as eco-nomic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe with special reference to the development of integral space and human rights. Major findings show that creation and development of the integral space in Europe is a very complex and controversial process and in this course various problems and conflicts arise. Therefore, to encourage creation of the integral space in Europe appropriate cultural policies are necessary to be implemented in Europe. These policies may embrace many priorities including - preservation of cultural diversity; - adaptation and dissemination of integrated European dimensions; elimination of inappropriate factors within humanism and democracy of all European countries; - provision of equal rights in all groups of modern society. For implementation of key priorities of cultural policies use of a number of pan-European scale special programmes is proposed. New non-traditional ideas of possible economic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe are discussed.

The paper aims to evaluate the main features of creation and development of the integral cultural and economic space in Europe, the main problems of economic and social development and provision of equal rights in the context of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe. Transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe are described. New challenges for economic development and social oriented changes are analized. The paper has used outcomes of the research done over the recent several years, dedicated to the diagnostics of transformation problems as well as eco-nomic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe with special reference to the development of integral space and human rights. Major findings show that creation and development of the integral space in Europe is a very complex and controversial process and in this course various problems and conflicts arise. Therefore, to encourage creation of the integral space in Europe appropriate cultural policies are necessary to be implemented in Europe. These policies may embrace many priorities including - preservation of cultural diversity; - adaptation and dissemination of integrated European dimensions; elimination of inappropriate factors within humanism and democracy of all European countries; - provision of equal rights in all groups of modern society. For implementation of key priorities of cultural policies use of a number of pan-European scale special programmes is proposed. New non-traditional ideas of possible economic and social development in Central and Eastern Europe are discussed.

The article deals with the development of legal grounds of the European Union common defence policy in a draft Constitution for Europe. In order to identify trends in the legal regulation of the EU common defence policy, the author compares respective provisions of the draft European Constitution and the Treaty on European Union. The key Art. I-40 of the draft Constitution establishing specific provisions for implementing the common security and defence policy provides for significant changes, in comparison with the respective Art. 17 of the Treaty on European Union. Apart from that, the specific provisions of Art. I-40 of the European Constitution are developed by the more detailed provisions on the common security and defence policy which are contained in Section 2, Chapter II, Title V of Part III of the Constitution (from Art. III-210 to Art. III-214 thereof). Most of these provisions are new. However, they are based on the same principles, as stated in Art. 17(1) of the Treaty on European Union and Art. I-11(4), I-15(1) and I-40(1, 2) of the draft Constitution. Namely, under the Constitution, the common defence policy will remain an integral part of the common foreign and security policy and will continue to provide operational capabilities for the Union's external actions in a specific situation when diplomatic and economic actions will be insufficient in order to achieve the common foreign and security policy goals. As previously, the main aim of the common defence policy will be to increase civilian and military capabilities assigned for the implementation of the so-called Petersberg tasks (humanitarian and rescue, peacekeeping, crisis management and peacemaking operations). The draft Constitution also preserves sufficient legal guarantees to ensure compatibility with the activities of the NATO and corresponding legal obligations of a number of Member States. On the other hand, some new provisions of the Constitution can be assessed as the reflection of efforts of some EU countries to make the common defence policy more autonomous with respect to the NATO and the USA. Some of them may even raise a danger of duplication of the NATO's activities. With regard to implementation of the Petersberg tasks, the provisions of the Constitution remains generally unchanged in comparison with those of the Treaty on European Union, except a few provisions updating the Petersberg tasks and strengthening the institutional framework of the common defence policy. The new missions, such as joint disarmament operations, military advice and assistance tasks, conflict prevention and post-conflict stabilisation, were added to the range of Petersberg missions, in order to respond properly to the emerging new threats to the European security. In line with that, the solidarity clause is added by Art. I-42 which obliges the Member States to mobilise all instruments at their disposal in order to prevent terrorist threats and assist each other in case of disasters. The next novelty is that, in addition to the existent institutions of the common defence policy, the draft Constitution provides for the establishment of the European Armaments, Research and Military Capabilities Agency that will be subordinate to the Council of Ministers. Apart from the cooperation in the field of armaments, the Agency will also be responsible for supervision of the implementation by the Member States of their military capability commitments. On the one hand, that could significantly improve the fulfilment of the Union's defence policy objectives. On the other hand, there is a danger that the Agency can serve as one of the means for domination of certain Member States and, as a consequence, it can become a catalyst of different-speed and divided Europe in the field of defence policy. The subsequent novelty provided for in the draft Constitution is the possibility of the structured defence and military cooperation between certain Member States, which might be treated as a specific kind of enhanced cooperation. Despite of possible advantages of increase of the Union's military capability, this kind of cooperation could also result in a deeper division of Member States rather than a desired unity on the defence policy matters. ; Straipsnyje analizuojamos Sutarties dėl Konstitucijos Europai nuostatos, skirtos Europos Sąjungos bendrajai gynybos politikai. Šios nuostatos lyginamos su bendrąją gynybos politiką reglamentuojančiomis galiojančios Europos Sąjungos steigimo sutarties nuostatomis, įtvirtintomis Nicos sutartimi. Išryškinamos pagrindinės Europos Sąjungos bendrosios gynybos politikos teisinio reglamentavimo tendencijos Europos Konstitucijos projekte. Savo išvadoms pagrįsti, be lyginamojo, autorius taip pat taiko sisteminį, istorinį, teleologinį, loginį ir kitus tyrimo metodus. Pagrindinė autoriaus daroma išvada yra ta, kad Europos Konstitucijos projektas numato toliau stiprinti Europos Sąjungos bendrąją gynybos politiką jos autonomiškumo santykiuose su NATO didinimo linkme, nors ir iš esmės nekeičia šios politikos principų. Tokią išvadą lemia naujos, lyginant su galiojančia Europos Sąjungos steigimo sutartimi, Europos Konstitucijos projekto nuostatos, atspindinčios Europos Sąjungos bendrosios gynybos politikos institucijų stiprinimo bei struktūrinio karinio bendradarbiavimo plėtros tendencijas ir nustatančios galimybę valstybėms narėms prisiimti bendros gynybos įsipareigojimus. Pagal Europos Konstitucijos projektą taip pat sudaromos sąlygos Europos Sąjungai perimti visas Vakarų Europos Sąjungos funkcijas ir formaliai likviduoti šią organizaciją. Vis dėlto Europos Konstitucijos projekte išlieka pakankamos teisinės garantijos, kad Europos Sąjungos bendroji gynybos politika nepakeis NATO veiklos ir nepažeis valstybių, NATO narių, įsipareigojimų pagal Šiaurės Atlanto sutartį. Be to, dauguma naujų Europos Sąjungos bendrosios gynybos politikos nuostatų buvo suformuluotos siekiant veiksmingai reaguoti į naujus iššūkius tarptautinei taikai ir saugumui. Straipsnyje trumpai apžvelgiami ir Lietuvos dalyvavimo Europos Sąjungos bendrojoje gynybos politikoje pagrindai pagal nacionalinę teisę. Daroma išvada, kad Lietuvos nacionalinės teisės normos numato pakankamas sąlygas šaliai dalyvauti visose Europos Sąjungos ben-drosios gynybos politikos formose. Kita vertus, Lietuvai politiniu požiūriu gali būti netikslinga palaikyti visas galimas šios politikos raidos tendencijas.

In the light of the forthcoming accession of the European Union (EU) to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the article examines the human rights protection in Europe and presents situations, which demonstrate the lack of coherence and efficiency in the current system of protection. The article discusses how the EU accession to the ECHR will affect to the human rights protection in Europe. The article also analyses mechanisms and procedures proposed in the Draft Accession Agreement, including rules on the attribution of conduct, creation of the co-respondent mechanism and prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the procedure before the European Court of Human Rights. The proposed new system clarifies the complex issue of the responsibility of the EU and its Member States therefore ensuring legal certainty for individual applicants. Further, the accession should ensure better interaction between the co-existing human rights protection systems in Europe. However, the proposed co-respondent mechanism raises doubts due to its complexity; moreover, the prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights might have a negative impact on the access to justice under the ECHR. The article also raises the question on the future application of the presumption of equivalent protection. Finally, it is summed up that the conclusion that the EU accession to the ECHR will certainly enhance the coherence and efficiency of human rights protection in Europe is premature.

In the light of the forthcoming accession of the European Union (EU) to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the article examines the human rights protection in Europe and presents situations, which demonstrate the lack of coherence and efficiency in the current system of protection. The article discusses how the EU accession to the ECHR will affect to the human rights protection in Europe. The article also analyses mechanisms and procedures proposed in the Draft Accession Agreement, including rules on the attribution of conduct, creation of the co-respondent mechanism and prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the procedure before the European Court of Human Rights. The proposed new system clarifies the complex issue of the responsibility of the EU and its Member States therefore ensuring legal certainty for individual applicants. Further, the accession should ensure better interaction between the co-existing human rights protection systems in Europe. However, the proposed co-respondent mechanism raises doubts due to its complexity; moreover, the prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights might have a negative impact on the access to justice under the ECHR. The article also raises the question on the future application of the presumption of equivalent protection. Finally, it is summed up that the conclusion that the EU accession to the ECHR will certainly enhance the coherence and efficiency of human rights protection in Europe is premature.

In the light of the forthcoming accession of the European Union (EU) to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the article examines the human rights protection in Europe and presents situations, which demonstrate the lack of coherence and efficiency in the current system of protection. The article discusses how the EU accession to the ECHR will affect to the human rights protection in Europe. The article also analyses mechanisms and procedures proposed in the Draft Accession Agreement, including rules on the attribution of conduct, creation of the co-respondent mechanism and prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the procedure before the European Court of Human Rights. The proposed new system clarifies the complex issue of the responsibility of the EU and its Member States therefore ensuring legal certainty for individual applicants. Further, the accession should ensure better interaction between the co-existing human rights protection systems in Europe. However, the proposed co-respondent mechanism raises doubts due to its complexity; moreover, the prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights might have a negative impact on the access to justice under the ECHR. The article also raises the question on the future application of the presumption of equivalent protection. Finally, it is summed up that the conclusion that the EU accession to the ECHR will certainly enhance the coherence and efficiency of human rights protection in Europe is premature.

In the light of the forthcoming accession of the European Union (EU) to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the article examines the human rights protection in Europe and presents situations, which demonstrate the lack of coherence and efficiency in the current system of protection. The article discusses how the EU accession to the ECHR will affect to the human rights protection in Europe. The article also analyses mechanisms and procedures proposed in the Draft Accession Agreement, including rules on the attribution of conduct, creation of the co-respondent mechanism and prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the procedure before the European Court of Human Rights. The proposed new system clarifies the complex issue of the responsibility of the EU and its Member States therefore ensuring legal certainty for individual applicants. Further, the accession should ensure better interaction between the co-existing human rights protection systems in Europe. However, the proposed co-respondent mechanism raises doubts due to its complexity; moreover, the prior involvement of the EU Court of Justice in the proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights might have a negative impact on the access to justice under the ECHR. The article also raises the question on the future application of the presumption of equivalent protection. Finally, it is summed up that the conclusion that the EU accession to the ECHR will certainly enhance the coherence and efficiency of human rights protection in Europe is premature.

All companies, especially industry-owned for-profit organizations that want to ensure their own profits, gain more market share, has become emblematic of a 'išsišokėlėmis \"in the market, in other words, it must seek to become superior than other market participants. Competition, in turn, encourages businesses to become so, at the same time promoting their product quality improvement, the fall in prices, and the application of innovative solutions. The aim - to evaluate the European Union's Structural Funds impact on the competitiveness of enterpris The first part of the theoretical aspects studied Lithuanian and foreign studies of EU structural funds affect the company's competitiveness level. The second part of the aspects of the impact on competitiveness of companies by EU structural funds, competitive factors which influence the companies themselves. The third part contains the methods that will be used to carry out the work of the investigation. The fourth part provides survey companies "Šventė Jums", "Manoteka\" and "Dzūkų dvaras" analysis of the results, as the EU structural funds affects the performance of the company.es.

All companies, especially industry-owned for-profit organizations that want to ensure their own profits, gain more market share, has become emblematic of a 'išsišokėlėmis \"in the market, in other words, it must seek to become superior than other market participants. Competition, in turn, encourages businesses to become so, at the same time promoting their product quality improvement, the fall in prices, and the application of innovative solutions. The aim - to evaluate the European Union's Structural Funds impact on the competitiveness of enterpris The first part of the theoretical aspects studied Lithuanian and foreign studies of EU structural funds affect the company's competitiveness level. The second part of the aspects of the impact on competitiveness of companies by EU structural funds, competitive factors which influence the companies themselves. The third part contains the methods that will be used to carry out the work of the investigation. The fourth part provides survey companies "Šventė Jums", "Manoteka\" and "Dzūkų dvaras" analysis of the results, as the EU structural funds affects the performance of the company.es.

All companies, especially industry-owned for-profit organizations that want to ensure their own profits, gain more market share, has become emblematic of a 'išsišokėlėmis \"in the market, in other words, it must seek to become superior than other market participants. Competition, in turn, encourages businesses to become so, at the same time promoting their product quality improvement, the fall in prices, and the application of innovative solutions. The aim - to evaluate the European Union's Structural Funds impact on the competitiveness of enterpris The first part of the theoretical aspects studied Lithuanian and foreign studies of EU structural funds affect the company's competitiveness level. The second part of the aspects of the impact on competitiveness of companies by EU structural funds, competitive factors which influence the companies themselves. The third part contains the methods that will be used to carry out the work of the investigation. The fourth part provides survey companies "Šventė Jums", "Manoteka\" and "Dzūkų dvaras" analysis of the results, as the EU structural funds affects the performance of the company.es.

All companies, especially industry-owned for-profit organizations that want to ensure their own profits, gain more market share, has become emblematic of a 'išsišokėlėmis \"in the market, in other words, it must seek to become superior than other market participants. Competition, in turn, encourages businesses to become so, at the same time promoting their product quality improvement, the fall in prices, and the application of innovative solutions. The aim - to evaluate the European Union's Structural Funds impact on the competitiveness of enterpris The first part of the theoretical aspects studied Lithuanian and foreign studies of EU structural funds affect the company's competitiveness level. The second part of the aspects of the impact on competitiveness of companies by EU structural funds, competitive factors which influence the companies themselves. The third part contains the methods that will be used to carry out the work of the investigation. The fourth part provides survey companies "Šventė Jums", "Manoteka\" and "Dzūkų dvaras" analysis of the results, as the EU structural funds affects the performance of the company.es.