Suchergebnisse

The study of physical anthrop in Sch's & Coll's in the UK can play a signif part in putting racial discrimination into perspective & in helping to isolate the problems really responsible for such discrimination in particular soc situations. While many demands for such instruction have been made in Europe over the last 40 yrs, few have been implemented. An experiment in introducing physical anthropol into the curriculum of a secondary Sch in Singapore proved highly successful in explaining the biological basis of our human unity in one zoological species., The UK is becoming a multi-racial society - physical anthrop & human biology have a vital contribution to make to the educ of her future citizens. The facilities for such instruction & for the instruction of teachers in the subject are poor. There is an urgent need for them to be expanded. AA.

SummaryContemporary Developments in Rural Life in EuropeRunning through a great deal of discussion in contemporary rural sociology in Europe is to be found the question: "Will there be a genuine rural‐urban difference in the Europe of the future?"It is against the background of an ever‐developing urban‐industrial society that what is called rural society is increasingly studied. In America an analogous development has led rural sociologists to formulate a new interpretation of rural life, in which the key concept is urbanised social organisation, in the sense that rural people as well as urban are said to live in the same essential pattern of social organisation.Should this tendency be carried to its logical extremes, there would be little future for a specifically rural sociology or rural life in Europe. It is for this reason that a good deal of heart‐searching is going on in the ranks of European rural sociologists at the present time. There is a real danger that rural sociology could become almost exclusively a descriptive and adaptative excursus in the processes of an urbanising society.If this danger exists it is due in large measure to a lack of an adequate conceptual apparatus such as would ensure due definition and orientation to studies. This situation is reflected in a noticeable concentration on micro‐social as against macro‐social studies, with the result that rural sociologists are far from certain as to what indeed is, rural society as such.The reasons for this situation are connected with the pragmatic origins of rural sociology, both in America and Europe, and with a general reaction to the exaggerated conceptualisation and systematisation of earlier theoretical sociology.There is need for a renewed effort at an understanding of the meaning and nature of rural society as such. In particular, the question should be asked whether it is possible to develop a progressive rural society, yet one that is not characterised by an urban social organisation in the specific city sense?In undertaking this task, rural sociology should place more emphasis than has been customary on an understanding of rural life and society through an understanding of rural people. This calls for the use of the techniques of social psychology, anthropology, etc. as well as those of strict sociology. It calls also for the bestowing of more attention than is usual on the 'guiding images', 'goals', and 'values' of different rural societies in different parts of Europe.

Rural sociology had its origin and growth as an academic discipline in the United States. The other social sciences—including general sociology, economics, political science, anthropology and historiography—were mainly imported from Europe and the British Isles. Rural sociology, however, was a United States "export" both to Europe and to Latin America.This inverse process of diffusion deserves a brief explanation. Why did Rural sociology not originate in Europe? And, conversely, why did it take root in the United States? To answer the first question we may cite the following factors:1.During the latter part of the nineteenth century when the social conditions of rural people in the United States were critical, Europe was relatively stable. The peasant revolts of the earlier centuries had faded into history, feudalism, in its worst features at least, was no more. There were still agrarian problems, of course, including land fragmentation, but they were not serious enough to cause widespread unrest. Moreover, the restless ones were free to migrate to the New World. Europe, in short, was in the happy condition of being able to export its "problem" mainly to the United States.

Caste, class and slavery : the taxonomic problem / Edmund Leach -- Characterization of caste and class systems discussion social class -- Caste : a phenomenon of social structure or an aspect of Indian culture? / Louis Dumont -- Place of comparison in the study of caste systems discussion -- Stratification, pluralism and interaction : a comparative analysis of caste / Gerald D. Berreman -- Analogues and homologues of caste systems discussion cross-cultural aspects -- Caste in India : its essential pattern of socio-cultural integration / Surajit Sinha -- The historical approach to caste discussion -- The pariah caste in Japan : history and present self-image / Hiroshi Wagatsuma -- Pariah castes compared -- Slavery in classical antiquity / Keith Hopkins -- Classical and American slavery compared / Slavery and its aftermath in the Western Hemisphere / Stanley M. Elkins -- Attitudes to slavery in the New World -- Racism in Europe / L. Poliakov -- Positive functions of minority groups -- The myth of the demonic conspiracy of Jews in medieval and modern Europe / Norman Cohn -- Stereotyped images of despised groups -- Caste and race in the psychodynamics of acculturation / P.H.M. Raveau -- Symbolic expression of racial tension -- Psychology of purity and pollution as related to social self-identity and caste / George De Vos -- Status anxiety and "guilt" in caste and modern societies -- A comparative approach to caste and race.