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The reason for studying this interaction between Europe and Kaliningrad is multilayered. Kaliningrad is even today in a tricky position, its complex past and present cause it great uncertainty. The Kremlin on the political level is carefully controlling this former Prussian–Soviet exclave. However, Europe surrounds the area. In essence, European interaction has caused European ideas, money, and culture to seep back into the Kaliningrad territory. Kaliningrad enjoyed its European connections. On the other hand, it felt alienated by Russia's isolationist and anti-separatist policies over the years. Since 2014, this interaction has been complicated by Russian and European disagreements about the annexation of Crimea. This document examines the connections between Kaliningrad and Europe from the collapse of the Soviet Union to 2016. The development of this fascinating interaction between a Russian exclave and the west is presented in the introduction of this paper. The exact link being under scrutiny are economic ties with Europe. Two sub-themes were examined completed in order to further explain in more detail the relationship between the two entities. For economic ties, the author discusses the internationalization of the formerly local economy of Kaliningrad and tourism. In addition to these two, the conclusion expresses the author's belief on what has occurred and why. For the research of the aforementioned subject, various sources were used. Both western and Russian archives, official documents, official information, academic journals, books, and respected mass media resources were utilized.

Critical discourse analysis was used as a methodological and theoretical framework for studying materials. As a result, we have identified three dichotomies in the criticism of European values: (1) religion vs secularism, (2) collectivism (sobornost') vs individualism, (3) collective morality vs liberal moral pluralism. Within the period of 2006-2012, the Orthodox discourse has been appropriated in domestic agenda

Migration crisis that shook the European countries in 2015, seriously affected the development of political processes in the EU. However, to recognize the movement of large masses of people to Europe from Syria and neighboring areas, as only consequences of the "Arab Spring", acts of ISIL or search for better life, seem to be in correct. Those events were provoked by the revitalization processes in Islam and the attempts of the traditional oriental society to respond to external challenges. The author, basing his ideal on opinions of the Constructivists about the importance of identity's indicators (largely based on religion) to all social and political institutions and processes, believes that such a large-scale migration has become possible due to the overlapping of two civilizational paradigms: search by Muslims of their identity and the identity crisis in the modern European society.

What happens in the Middle East will not be contained there, so the European Union should prepare for this by reaffirming its values.

The author describes the concepts and contents of the work of a contemporary young American scholar studying the mediaeval history of Rus'. The article supports the main idea of the work in question, i.e. that at the time Kievan Rus' was an integral part of Europe, which is proved by the similarity of the Russian and European social, ideological, and political systems after 988. ; Рец. на кн.: Raffensperger Ch. Reimagining Europe. Kievan Rus' in the Medieval World, 988–1146 / Christian Raffensperger. – Сambridge (Massachusetts) ; London: Harvard University Press, 2012. – 329 p. (Harvard Historical Studies ; 177) Рецензия раскрывает концептуальную и содержательную стороны монографии современного молодого американского специалиста по истории средневековой Руси. Показана убедительность основной мысли исследования – Киевская Русь была органичной частью тогдашней Европы, что демонстрирует сходство русских и европейских общественных и идейно-политических систем после 988 г.

The last 300 years the subject of opposition of Russia and Europe is periodically staticized. If before contradictions between the leading European actors were considered through a domination prism on the continent, then in the 21st century the problem of effective development and safety which can't be reliably provided without attraction to this process of all significant political players comes out on top. Historical opposition of Russia and Europe in new century began to gain turbulent character which is characterized by lack of opredelennost and regularities. Attempt of Russian political government during the initial Post-Soviet stage to approach the West and to become his part I haven't found support among leaders of the Western world who didn't see the equal partner in Russia, ignoring her at the solution of questions of world politics. Despite the taken steps on rapprochement, in general not an udalost to overcome mistrust which began to increase in process of rapprochement of the countries of the former Soviet Union with the countries of NATO and the European Union.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main stages in the formation and development of cultural policy in Europe as one of the areas of public policy. Research methodology. To solve this problem, we used the systemic method, the method of typology and comparison. The basic scientific principles were chosen the principle of historicism and objectivity. Scientific novelty lies in the first interdisciplinary comprehensive study of changes in the social and cultural life of society, the development of socio-political thought, education, the formation and development of a secular state, which made it possible to determine the main stages of the history of cultural policy in Europe. Conclusions. The cultural policy as a separate sphere of social development originated in the middle ages and has evolved through seven stages. In different periods, both the leading actors and the cultural spheres that fell under their influence changed. In the early stages the Church heavily influenced to the sphere of popular culture. State care to education and culture is increasing with the consolidation of absolutism and the formation of nation-States. Cultural institutions are transformed into promoters of national ideas and receive state support. The development of capitalism is intensifying the cultural needs of the bourgeoisie. The public-state model of cultural policy formed. The history of the twentieth century provides examples of the use of culture for political purposes. During this period the term «cultural policy» began to be used. In the postwar period the strategy for the development of cultural policy changed from the «culture for all» to concepts of multiculturalism and animation conception. The development processes of post-industrial society with the major attention to the scope of services and consumption has set cultural policy a task to promotion of cultural industries, encourage private investment and further decentralization of management.

This vital question looms large in Washington partly because it was not squarely debated during NATO's enlargement.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine is a turning point in the EU-China relationship, and evolution of the China-Russia relationship will continue to impact EU-China relations.

Современная политика в Европе осуществляется в контексте современной секулярно-догматической практики. Религиозные интенции становятся все более востребованными в европейском политическом пространстве. Религиозный ренессанс охватывает различные стороны общественной жизни. Религиозное возрождение обусловлено политическими лидерами в целом и главами государств в особенности, которые возвращаются к традиционным религиям своих сообществ. В рамках политической науки и смежных с ней дисциплин существуют подходы, объясняющие причины возникновения и сущность современного феномена политического лидерства. Политические лидеры влияют на развитие страны. Так, Европа становится научным и религиозным центром мира именно благодаря деятельности политиков. В изучении личности лидера в политической психологии исторически сложились два направления исследований: идеографический и номотетический подход, на основе которых сформировались методологии анализа деятельности политиков и их личностных качеств. Актуальность исследования заключается в том, что исследование авторами европейского пути развития и, в частности, личностей политических деятелей, благодаря которым она сформировалась как центр мировой политики является ключом в изучении особенностей современного европейского политического лидерства. В настоящем исследовании авторы использовали методологический инструментарий, интегрирующий исследовательские возможности методов политологии, психологии, социологии, конфликтологии и ряда других наук, объединенных принципами междисциплинарного, сравнительно исторического изучения самой проблемы исследования.

This article deals with one of the most pressing socio-economic problems of our time - international migration. On the basis of factual materials and data from national statistical offices and international statistics, the authors estimated the extent of global forced displacement, explored the role of refugees in addressing the demographic problems of the European continent, and the distribution of refugee flows across European countries. The paper conceders the proposed approaches to adaptation and integration of refugees, and examines changes in the landscape of political forces in Europe in terms of «refugee crisis» and the proposals to transform migration policies put forward in the European Union. ; Статья посвящена одной из острейших социально-экономических проблем современности - международной миграции. На основе фактологического материала и данных национальных статистических служб и международной статистики авторами оцениваются масштабы глобального вынужденного переселения, исследуются роль беженцев в решении демографических проблем Европейского континента и распределение потоков беженцев по странам Европы. Высказываются соображения по поводу предлагаемых подходов к адаптации и интеграции беженцев, а также рассматриваются изменения ландшафта политических сил в Европе в условиях «кризиса беженцев» и предложения, выдвигаемые в Евросоюзе, по трансформированию миграционной политики.