Suchergebnisse

Anläßlich des Treffens in Wien von Vertretern der 35 Teilnehmerstaaten der Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (KSZE) werden die Probleme und Perspektiven der gesamteuropäischen wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit erörtert. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die negativen Auswirkungen der US-Politik der Wirtschaftssanktionen auf die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Ost und West sowie die in der UdSSR eingeleiteten Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen der wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit mit RGW-Partnerstaaten und Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Gemeinwirtschaft. (BIOst-Ldg)

Aus sowjetischer Sicht

Современная политика в Европе осуществляется в контексте современной секулярно-догматической практики. Религиозные интенции становятся все более востребованными в европейском политическом пространстве. Религиозный ренессанс охватывает различные стороны общественной жизни. Религиозное возрождение обусловлено политическими лидерами в целом и главами государств в особенности, которые возвращаются к традиционным религиям своих сообществ. В рамках политической науки и смежных с ней дисциплин существуют подходы, объясняющие причины возникновения и сущность современного феномена политического лидерства. Политические лидеры влияют на развитие страны. Так, Европа становится научным и религиозным центром мира именно благодаря деятельности политиков. В изучении личности лидера в политической психологии исторически сложились два направления исследований: идеографический и номотетический подход, на основе которых сформировались методологии анализа деятельности политиков и их личностных качеств. Актуальность исследования заключается в том, что исследование авторами европейского пути развития и, в частности, личностей политических деятелей, благодаря которым она сформировалась как центр мировой политики является ключом в изучении особенностей современного европейского политического лидерства. В настоящем исследовании авторы использовали методологический инструментарий, интегрирующий исследовательские возможности методов политологии, психологии, социологии, конфликтологии и ряда других наук, объединенных принципами междисциплинарного, сравнительно исторического изучения самой проблемы исследования.

For the most part, electoral and party research today is centered on the behavior of voters in two or four major clusters that can be conventionally placed on a scale from left to right. On the same scale, there are smaller groups whose value of separation is often questioned. This paper focuses on one of these groups: we consider a segment of voters united on the basis of their support for right-wing liberal parties and try to identify the most significant determinants of their choice. Based on the existing concepts of voting and data from the European Social Survey, 2016–2018, we generalize possible predictors – party and political selfidentification, ideological stances, social setting and material status – up to three theories ('ideological core', 'defectors' and 'winners'), and test their plausibility using regression tools. Modeling results show that for a number of parameters the separation of new subgroup is justified. First, we reject the hypothesis of a strategic non-voting for right-liberals (on the contrary, respondents often "strategically" vote for them rather than for some personally closer party). Second, we find similar characteristics of the voter profile in different European countries; in particular, people who share the values of non-interference (associated with opposition to income redistribution and cultural restrictions) are more inclined to electorally back the liberal right. On the other hand, for a complete picture it is not enough to indicate ideological or cleavage preferences: the fact of voting is strongly influenced by person's socio-economic background, confirming the earlier remarks about certain "privileges" in this electoral segment.

This study is devoted to psychologically mediating the social structuring of health. According to theoretical views, which have not yet received a convincing justification, the decline in the social status of an individual is accompanied by the loss of the psychological resources necessary to overcome the difficulties of life and the stresses caused by them, which leads to deteriorating health in the lower social strata. The verification of this assumption was carried out using data from the European Social Survey — representative surveys of the population of 27 countries conducted in 2012–2013. Studying indirect psychological effects has demonstrated that in many of these countries such a psychological characteristic as self-efficacy is indeed a mediator of the social structuring of health, especially prominent in many post-communist societies, but not in the most developed western countries where mediating effects turned out to be weak or completely absent. A two-level analysis of psychological mediation, depending on the factors of the economic well-being of countries, the development of a social state and cultural identity, does not support the assumption of the importance of an individualistic culture for the manifestation of mediation, and convincingly demonstrates that indirect effects are related to the social and economic context. In countries with a strong economy and social state, the distribution of psychological resources is barely related to the social structure — the relative well-being of the lower social strata, due to the developed system of state social guarantees, allows for many of them to maintain self-respect and optimism. Psychological resources, the distribution of which does not reflect social stratification, lose the role of a mediator. In the less developed part of Europe, where the lower strata cannot rely on comprehensive government assistance, the hardships of life and the stresses they generate lead to a loss of faith in themselves and in the possibility of changes for the better among people with low status, resulting in psychological resources acting as a mediator of health social structuring.

The Soviet Union played an important role in liberation of Norway and Denmark from the Nazi invaders. However, nowadays we often notice historical falsification which leads to certain disagreements in the bilateral relations. The article analyses how modern Norway and Denmark view Soviet impact in their liberation from Nazism. It also focuses on acute problems in our countries' relations arisen from rewriting of history, as well as prospects for their solution.

Some of the most significant consequences of transnational immigration is growing religious diversity and finding a way to manage it. This article considers the concept of pluralism, the differences in religious pluralism between America and Western Europe occurring due to immigration, as well as the roles and possibilities of immigrant religions in the process of adapting to the host society. The history of immigration, models of immigrant incorporation and adaption, patterns of religious pluralism and types of secularism strongly vary in the aforementioned regions. Religion in America is a positive resource and a basis for incorporating immigrants into American society, their recognition in public life, assimilation and construction of an American identity. By contrast, in Western Europe immigrant religions, particularly Islam, are perceived primarily as an obstacle to incorporating immigrants into European societies and their recognition in the public domain. This is explained mainly by the secularist mindset of European people in general, their uncertain "private" religiosity in the context of "Euro-secularity", the European concept of religion's place in the "private domain", as well as types of state-religion relations and institutional patterns of recognition which differ from America.

The purpose of this scientific article is to determine the actual problems of combating the spread of religious extremism among prisoners in Western Europe, Russia and the CIS.

The question of activation of ideology of radical political Islam and its new forms – «Islamism» and «jihadism» is raised.

The process of spreading radical Islamism among the criminal part of Western and post-Soviet society is comprehensively studied and analyzed. It is emphasized that in the context of the decline of all ideological constructs of European origin, claiming to own and universal project, Islamism is becoming more and more clearly and clearly a «new alternative style» with impressive prospects of covering a variety of social groups not only in the countries of traditional spread of Islam, but also in Western Europe.

It is emphasized that Islam with its egalitarian ethos has a historical experience of ideological expansion to the masses.

The problem of the wide spread of Islam as a religion and ideology of Islamism among those serving sentences in the penitentiary institutions of Western Europe is particularly raised. In particular, the authors draw attention to the existing processes of symbiosis of Islamic radicalism and criminality both in penitentiaries and in the wild after release from prison. Such processes tend to further entrench and spread on the territory of Russia and the post-Soviet States of Central Asia.

The reasons for the spread of radical Islam in places of deprivation of liberty are formulated. The article analyzes the most effective measures in the world to counter radicalization in places of detention, examines domestic and foreign programs of de-radicalization.

The author emphasizes the timeliness and importance of the development of Islamic education as a factor to prevent the influence of extremist ideology on believers.

The events taking place in Central and Eastern Europe (primarily in Ukraine and Latvia) indicate a serious problem facing believers in these States, and are also a signi cant challenge to the adopted approach regarding the right to autonomy of religious associations, a ecting and having signi cance for the entire European continent. Currently, the state authorities of Ukraine and Latvia are taking measures aimed at signi cantly limiting the activities of religious associations that have historically been in churchcanonical connection with the Russian Orthodox Church. It seems that the actions of the State authorities of these countries can be characterized as excessive interference in the autonomy of religious organizations guaranteed by the Constitution of Ukraine and the Republic of Latvia, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Meanwhile, the ECHR has formed a stable practice defending the right to autonomy of religious associations in the states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as guaranteeing protection from unjusti ed state interference in the internal a airs of the church. In this article, the author attempts not only to analyze the precedents already considered in the practice of the ECHR, but also to predict a possible Court decision regarding the actions of state authorities of Ukraine and Latvia on the way from politics to law

The review presents a monograph by Natalia Vagapova, a well-known domestic theatre critic, slavist and translator, dedicated to the contribution of Russian emigration to European culture. This study, based on unique factual and archival material, gives a deep and objective idea about fruitful influence that reprsentatives of Russian theatre school exerted on the development of Bulgarian and Yugoslavian Theatres. The most outstanding directors who left Russia - Nikolai Massalitinov, Petr Sharov, Yuriy Rakitin - spread the experience of Moscow Art Theatre and the system of Stanislavsky, and made a huge impact on the history of forein theatre, especially the spread of Chekhov's drama.