Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the definition of the role of the European Commission in the framework of ensuring competition in the European Union. The provisions of normative acts and scientific works are analyzed. The issue of antitrust activities of the European Commission is analyzed by analyzing concrete examples of the implementation of its powers. The author points out that among the important functions of the European Commission it is necessary to highlight the provision of competition, that is, to prevent abuses of dominant positions on the market by large industrial companies and to prohibit agreements between the parties that lead to restrictions of competition, production or market opportunities. The policy itself is based on the principles of maximizing the scope of the market mechanism and reducing interference in the economy. The author draws attention to the fact that ensuring the principle of protecting competition in the global market can only be achieved by effectively combating anti-competitive practices such as anticompetitive concerted actions or, as they are called throughout the world, conspiracies or cartels. After analyzing these legal provisions, the author came to the conclusion that the European Commission's competition policy is based on five basic principles: prohibited concerted practices, agreements and mergers between companies that could negatively affect trade between member states, prevent competition within to restrict or distort the common market; It is prohibited to take advantage of a dominant position on the market when it may adversely affect trade between Member States; control of state aid in member countries in any form that threatens free competition because it benefits individual enterprises or the production of individual goods; European-wide merger plans are assessed from the point of view of potential consequences for competition and may become banned; the liberalization of some sectors, which to date dominated the monopoly of certain public or private enterprises. ...

This article analyzes the cooperation between Ukraine and the European commission "For Democracy through Law" (Venice Commission) in the sphere of judicial reform implementation. The article highlights the main principles of bilateral cooperation and of legislative initiatives in the justice sphere. The main European justice standards and international obligations towards the functioning of the Judiciary are defined. The article asserts that the main obstacles of the independent judicial system in Ukraine are the inconsistent implementation of strategic priorities for national justice system reform and the imperfection of public administration in this sphere. ; Проаналізовано співпрацю України з Європейською комісією "За демократію через право" (Венеціанською комісією) у сфері впровадження судової реформи. Виділено головні принципи двостороннього співробітництва, законодавчих ініціатив у сфері правосуддя. Визначено основні європейські стандарти судочинства, міжнародні зобов'язання щодо функціонування судової гілки влади. Стверджено, що основними перешкодами незалежної судової системи в Україні є непослідовність втілення стратегічних пріоритетів реформування національної сфери правосуддя та недосконалість державного управління у цій сфері.

This article analyzes the cooperation between Ukraine and the European commission "For Democracy through Law" (Venice Commission) in the sphere of judicial reform implementation. The article highlights the main principles of bilateral cooperation and of legislative initiatives in the justice sphere. The main European justice standards and international obligations towards the functioning of the Judiciary are defined. The article asserts that the main obstacles of the independent judicial system in Ukraine are the inconsistent implementation of strategic priorities for national justice system reform and the imperfection of public administration in this sphere. ; Проаналізовано співпрацю України з Європейською комісією "За демократію через право" (Венеціанською комісією) у сфері впровадження судової реформи. Виділено головні принципи двостороннього співробітництва, законодавчих ініціатив у сфері правосуддя. Визначено основні європейські стандарти судочинства, міжнародні зобов'язання щодо функціонування судової гілки влади. Стверджено, що основними перешкодами незалежної судової системи в Україні є непослідовність втілення стратегічних пріоритетів реформування національної сфери правосуддя та недосконалість державного управління у цій сфері.

Master thesis analyzes Serbian EU integration process, reveals the political and economic status of Serbia. It also examines the situation in Serbia in terms of the political, economic criteria and the ability to take on the obligations of membership. Thesis also compares and analyzes Serbia's public polls researches towards EU integration. The first chapter of the Master thesis describes the research of the EU enlargement and integration genesis, describes the process of new member integration process and conditions, also states and anlyses the specific conditions of membership for Western Balkan countries. The second chapter presents full overview of the political conditions of former Yugoslavia, particular emphasis is placed on the process of disintegration of Yugoslavia, and on the failure of EU to prevent the conflicts in the region. The third chapter examines Serbia's political and economic transformation and ability to apply for EU membership. It also analyzes the position of different governments of Serbia on EU integration process. The last chapter analyzes public opinion on EU integration. The last part of the work analyzes specific conditions given from EU which influences public polls.

Master thesis analyzes Serbian EU integration process, reveals the political and economic status of Serbia. It also examines the situation in Serbia in terms of the political, economic criteria and the ability to take on the obligations of membership. Thesis also compares and analyzes Serbia's public polls researches towards EU integration. The first chapter of the Master thesis describes the research of the EU enlargement and integration genesis, describes the process of new member integration process and conditions, also states and anlyses the specific conditions of membership for Western Balkan countries. The second chapter presents full overview of the political conditions of former Yugoslavia, particular emphasis is placed on the process of disintegration of Yugoslavia, and on the failure of EU to prevent the conflicts in the region. The third chapter examines Serbia's political and economic transformation and ability to apply for EU membership. It also analyzes the position of different governments of Serbia on EU integration process. The last chapter analyzes public opinion on EU integration. The last part of the work analyzes specific conditions given from EU which influences public polls.

The system of parallel competence can lead to situations where the same violation of competition rules will be investigated and punished by several national competition authorities one after the other. However, under Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, Member States' competition authorities and courts in some cases are bound to apply article 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Since, as already has been stated, this principle is enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, at the beginning of this paper the author overviews the interpretation of the concept of ne bis in idem principle and its scope in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Then in the context of this principle the author analyses the system of parallel competences, established by Regulation 1/2003, highlighting main problems of the system. The paper is completed with the summary of the investigated issues and the main conclusions are presented.

The system of parallel competence can lead to situations where the same violation of competition rules will be investigated and punished by several national competition authorities one after the other. However, under Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, Member States' competition authorities and courts in some cases are bound to apply article 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Since, as already has been stated, this principle is enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, at the beginning of this paper the author overviews the interpretation of the concept of ne bis in idem principle and its scope in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. Then in the context of this principle the author analyses the system of parallel competences, established by Regulation 1/2003, highlighting main problems of the system. The paper is completed with the summary of the investigated issues and the main conclusions are presented.

The purpose of the article is to clarify the role and influence of the European Commission in the process of developing and implementing of the EU's enlargement policy. The relevance of the research is due to the important role of EU's enlargement policy in the process of European integration and EU external action in general as well as the well as the value of the European Commission for the successful completion of the accession process. The research draws on the scientific papers of foreign scientists and documents and analytical materials of the European Commission.Enlargement policy is the most dynamic and successful policy of the Union, through which the EU has extended its influence to almost the entire European continent. Today, in many respects, this policy has a much stronger effect on the nature and content of European integration than other European Union policies, and is one of the decisive features of this process. Among the key actors in the enlargement policy are the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament and the European Commission. The latter being an institution that directly works with all candidate countries throughout their accession process. And once negotiation talks start, the Commission plays a crucial role accompanying the candidate countries throughout the reform process, establishing very close relations with them.Formally, in enlargement matters, the European Commission rather functions as a «technical assistant» of the Council. According to the TEU, the role of the Commission is limited to the delivery of opinions on a membership application and to technical-administrative assistance of the Council. But through expanding its own authority, evolution of the decision-making process, as well as the ability to set certain conditions and terms and set the tone in the negotiations, the Commission has become the actual leader in the development and implementation of the EU's enlargement policy. As the accession process continues to complicate, in particular due to an increase in EU conditionality, the role and influence of the European Commission will steadily increase. The dynamics of this trend can be influenced by the choice of the scenarios of further EU development by 2025, which should be made by Member States before the beginning of the new institutional cycle in 2019. ; Политика расширения является самой динамичной и успешной политикойСоюза, благодаря которой ЕС распространил свое влияние почти на весь Европейский континент. Сегодня во многих аспектах эта политика намного сильнее влияет на характер и содержание европейской интеграции, чем другие политики Союза, и является одной из определяющих особенностей этого процесса. Среди ключевых субъектов политики расширения – Совет ЕС, Европейский Парламент, Европейская Комиссия – последняя является институтом, который непосредственно взаимодействует со странами-кандидатами во время всего процесса поступления. Благодаря расширению собственных полномочий, эволюции процедуры принятия решений, а также возможности ставить определенные условия и задавать тон в переговорах, Комиссия стала фактическим лидером в разработке и имплементации политики расширения. По мере дальнейшего усложнения процесса вступления, в частности из-за увеличения объема обусловленности, роль и влияние Европейской Комиссии будут неуклонно расти. На динамику этого тренда может повлиять выбор сценария дальнейшего развития ЕС до 2025 г., который должны сделать государства-члены до начала нового институционального цикла в 2019 г. ; Політика розширення є найдинамічнішою та найуспішнішою політикою Союзу, завдяки якій ЄС поширив свій вплив майже на весь Європейський континент.Сьогодні у багатьох аспектах ця політика набагато сильніше впливає на характер та зміст європейської інтеграції, ніж інші політики Союзу, і є однією з визначальних особливостей цього процесу. Серед ключових акторів політики розширення – Рада ЄС, Європейський Парламент та Європейська Комісія – остання є інститутом, який безпосередньо взаємодіє з країнами-кандидатами під час всього процесу вступу. Завдяки розширенню власних повноважень, еволюції процедури прийняття рішень, а також можливості встановлювати певні умови та задавати тон у переговорах, Комісія стала фактичним лідером у розробленні та імплементації політики розширення. У міру подальшого ускладнення процесу вступу, зокрема через збільшення обсягу обумовленості, роль і вплив Європейської Комісії неухильно зростатимуть. На динаміку цього тренду може вплинути вибір сценарію подальшого розвитку ЄС до 2025 р., який мають зробити держави-члени до початку нового інституційного циклу в 2019 р.

At present, the legislation of Ukraine about the constitutional right to freedom of association in the political parties is going in accordance with the standards of the Council of Europe in this sphere. With its further improvement, it is also important to apply the recommendations in this sphere by the European Commission for Democracy through Law's Documents (Venice Commission), which are reviewed in the article. (Guidelines on Political Party Regulation 2010, Guidelines and Explanatory Report on Legislation on Political Parties: Some Specific Issues 2004, Code of Good Practice in the Field of Political Parties 2009 and others). ; В настоящее время законодательство Украины о конституционном праве на свободу объединения в политические партии полностью соответствует стандартам Совета Европы в этой сфере. При его дальнейшем усовершенствовании необходимо учитывать и положения документов Совета Европы рекомендательного характера, обзор которых осуществлен в статье (Положение о правовом регулировании деятельности политических партий 2010 года, Руководящие принципы и пояснительная записка о законодательстве о политических партиях: отдельные вопросы 2004 года, Кодекс хорошей практики в отношении политических партий 2009 года и другие). ; Нині законодавство України щодо конституційного права на свободу об'єднання в політичні партії цілком відповідає стандартам Ради Європи в цій сфері. Під час його подальшого вдосконалення важливо застосовувати також і документи Ради Європи рекомендаційного характеру, огляд яких здійснено в статті (Положення про правове регулювання діяльності політичних партій 2010 року, Керівні принципи та пояснювальна записка щодо законодавства про політичні партії: окремі питання 2004 року, Кодекс доброї практики щодо політичних партій 2009 року тощо).

The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).

The literature review on the development of physical education in European Union had been conducted in the article. The author used four directions to review the literature. In order to develop Direction 1 (theoretical background to research in physical education concepts in the EU countries), a number of sources in the field of comparative pedagogical researches have been analyzed. In order to develop Direction 2 (roots and developments of physical education in the EU countries), mostly have been used historial pedagogical and philosophical researches. In order to develop Direction 3 (practical applications of the physical educa-tion concepts in the EU countries), a number of modern sources and applied researches findings have been considered. In order to develop Direction 4 (current situation in the physical training education in the EU countries), the author has analyzed a range of researches (normative documents of the European Commission, OECD analytical materials etc.).

Aim of the Master thesis was to evaluate EU energy policy that was implemented up to the present time and to analyze the positions of the main EU energy policy actors, discerning their interests and priorities given to the specific aspects of energy sector. The task set was to determine the factors and conditions that influence the harmonization of economic policy in the EU. Furthermore, to evaluate which of these factors accelerate and which block the integration of common EU energy policy. Liberal intergovernmentalism (LI) approach was chosen for the analysis. As LI supposes, interests of member states are most important in the context of the common energy policy. Member states keep the right of decision for this politics in their competence, as it is concerned with foreign policy of each country. The analysis shows that formally all member states agree with the main principles of EU energy policy. On the other hand most of their actions do not match the official rhetoric. The examples provided in the thesis concerned equivocal position of Germany due to the natural gas pipeline in the Baltic sea, also protectionism of French and Spanish governments and their unwillingness to admit the foreign capital in the national energy sector. Therefore it was concluded that national interests still have priority against the European policies. National governments experience pressure from two other groups of actors that are important in the course of the formulation of national interests. These actors are energy companies and foreign, non-EU, actors. Energy companies face ambiguity towards EU energy policy. On the one hand, common EU energy policy would mean simpler conditions for the businesses and also wider markets. On the other hand, most of these companies are so called "national champions". With the implementation of the main principles of common EU energy policy, such as unbundling of the companies, means loss of their national benefits. Due to these additional new challenges, energy companies support common energy policy in the reserved way. The exemption is companies of the Great Britain that are already working in the highly liberalized market and seeks for the same conditions in all EU member states. As regards foreign policy actors, the most important of them is Russia that tries to weaken the solidarity of member states against energy issues and to further influence EU politics through energy sector. Russia actively promotes bilateral treaties with EU member states this way deepening cleavages among them. Equally important is the indirect influence of Russia through the Gazprom. At the moment, the long termed contracts are signed between Gazprom and Ruhrgas, GDF, ENI. This way energy companies become the active lobbyists of Gazprom interests. Last but not least, highly important are interests and activities of supranational actors – for example European Commission. Although it is one of the most active energy policy initiators, the competence of the European Commission in the energy policy field is limited and is mostly related with its competences in the EU competition policy. Lately European Commission tried to strengthen its position as the supranational actor. Still, European Commission faces opposition from member states, who considers energy policy of strategic importance for them. Moreover, as analysis shows, European Commission at the moment is not eager to confront member states and therefore has missed some opportunities to strengthen its position as independent actor. To sum up, European Commission has set a very ambitious aim to form a common EU energy policy by 2010. Nevertheless, the analysis of the interests of the main actors, concerning energy policy, and main challenges for this policy, in the Master thesis is concluded that it is not likely for the European Commission to fulfill its set goal during three coming year. Energy policy most likely will be implemented gradually in the longer run.

Aim of the Master thesis was to evaluate EU energy policy that was implemented up to the present time and to analyze the positions of the main EU energy policy actors, discerning their interests and priorities given to the specific aspects of energy sector. The task set was to determine the factors and conditions that influence the harmonization of economic policy in the EU. Furthermore, to evaluate which of these factors accelerate and which block the integration of common EU energy policy. Liberal intergovernmentalism (LI) approach was chosen for the analysis. As LI supposes, interests of member states are most important in the context of the common energy policy. Member states keep the right of decision for this politics in their competence, as it is concerned with foreign policy of each country. The analysis shows that formally all member states agree with the main principles of EU energy policy. On the other hand most of their actions do not match the official rhetoric. The examples provided in the thesis concerned equivocal position of Germany due to the natural gas pipeline in the Baltic sea, also protectionism of French and Spanish governments and their unwillingness to admit the foreign capital in the national energy sector. Therefore it was concluded that national interests still have priority against the European policies. National governments experience pressure from two other groups of actors that are important in the course of the formulation of national interests. These actors are energy companies and foreign, non-EU, actors. Energy companies face ambiguity towards EU energy policy. On the one hand, common EU energy policy would mean simpler conditions for the businesses and also wider markets. On the other hand, most of these companies are so called "national champions". With the implementation of the main principles of common EU energy policy, such as unbundling of the companies, means loss of their national benefits. Due to these additional new challenges, energy companies support common energy policy in the reserved way. The exemption is companies of the Great Britain that are already working in the highly liberalized market and seeks for the same conditions in all EU member states. As regards foreign policy actors, the most important of them is Russia that tries to weaken the solidarity of member states against energy issues and to further influence EU politics through energy sector. Russia actively promotes bilateral treaties with EU member states this way deepening cleavages among them. Equally important is the indirect influence of Russia through the Gazprom. At the moment, the long termed contracts are signed between Gazprom and Ruhrgas, GDF, ENI. This way energy companies become the active lobbyists of Gazprom interests. Last but not least, highly important are interests and activities of supranational actors – for example European Commission. Although it is one of the most active energy policy initiators, the competence of the European Commission in the energy policy field is limited and is mostly related with its competences in the EU competition policy. Lately European Commission tried to strengthen its position as the supranational actor. Still, European Commission faces opposition from member states, who considers energy policy of strategic importance for them. Moreover, as analysis shows, European Commission at the moment is not eager to confront member states and therefore has missed some opportunities to strengthen its position as independent actor. To sum up, European Commission has set a very ambitious aim to form a common EU energy policy by 2010. Nevertheless, the analysis of the interests of the main actors, concerning energy policy, and main challenges for this policy, in the Master thesis is concluded that it is not likely for the European Commission to fulfill its set goal during three coming year. Energy policy most likely will be implemented gradually in the longer run.

The article studies the recommendations of the European Commission «For Democracy through Law» on the proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine in terms of justice. The Venice Commission is a recognized European and world legal advisory body, whose main task is the practical help in the search for the most effective forms of optimization of legislation and the rights and freedoms of citizens. Of particular importance are the findings of the Commission on matters relating to the European standards of draft legislation or laws. ; Статья посвящена исследованию рекомендаций Европейской комиссии «За демократию через право», по предлагаемым изменениям в Конституцию Украины в части правосудия. Венецианская комиссия является общепризнанным европейским и мировым консультативным юридическим органом, основной задачей является практическая помощь в поисках эффективных форм оптимизации законодательства и обеспечения прав и свобод гражданина. Особое значение имеют выводы Комиссии по вопросам, которые касаются соответствия европейским стандартам проектов законодательных актов или законов. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню рекомендацій Європейської комісії «За демократію через право», щодо запропонованих змін до Конституції України в частині правосуддя. Венеціанська комісія є загальновизнаним європейським та світовим консультативним юридичним органом, основним завданням є практична допомога в пошуках найефективніших форм оптимізації законодавства та забезпечення прав і свобод громадянина. Особливого значення мають висновки Комісії з питань, які стосуються відповідності європейським стандартам проектів законодавчих актів або законів.

The government of Ukraine intends to intensify the work on the Association Agreement with the EU. The convergence with the progressive international political and economic union necessitates a thorough study of the EU institutions in the theoretical level.Defining of the competence of its organs and the distribution of powers among them are of particular interest, and the article is dedicated to the study of these facts.The powers of the European Council, the EU Council and the European Parliament are investigated, as well as their distribution among these authorities of the EU. The new approaches to the European Union as an international organization that has features of federation are made, and the role and importance of the European Commission in its system bodies is shown.It is emphasized that the entry into legal force of the Lisbon Treaty the European Council acquires the status of a full-fledged EU institution. Therefore, the decisions made by this organization can be regarded as acts which have legal effect and operate within both the EU and the Member States. The institutions, bodies and organizations, as well as the Member States, to which its decisions are addressed, are legally bound to meet them and to ensure their enforcement. New powers were given to the European Parliament and the Council. The Commission received higher authority like the authority of the executive power. ; Досліджено повноваження Європейської ради, Ради ЄС, та Європарламенту, а також їх розподіл між вказаними органами Євросоюзу. Розглянуті нові підходи до Євросоюзу як міждержавної організації, яка має ознаки федерації, з'ясована роль і значення Єврокомісії в системі його органів.