Suchergebnisse

Right of access to a court, enshrined in Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms forms one of the basis for reinforcement of the principle of rule of law. However, the right of access to a court may be limited by provisions of national legislation regulating the functioning of the judicial system and rules of judicial procedure. The higher the hierarchy of the court, the more limits may be placed on the right of access to it. The aim of this article is to examine the different modalities of organisation of supreme judiciaries in European countries (members of the Council of Europe) and mechanisms established in national legislation for filtering applications to those jurisdictions in civil cases, in light of the principles set forth in that regard by the ever evolving case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the effects of its judgments and decisions on national legal systems. ; Right of access to a court, enshrined in Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms forms one of the basis for reinforcement of the principle of rule of law. However, the right of access to a court may be limited by provisions of national legislation regulating the functioning of the judicial system and rules of judicial procedure. The higher the hierarchy of the court, the more limits may be placed on the right of access to it. The aim of this article is to examine the different modalities of organisation of supreme judiciaries in European countries (members of the Council of Europe) and mechanisms established in national legislation for filtering applications to those jurisdictions in civil cases, in light of the principles set forth in that regard by the ever evolving case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the effects of its judgments and decisions on national legal systems.

U radu se daje prikaz sudbenih tijela (Upravni, Vrhovni i Ustavni sud te Europski sud za ljudska prava) pred kojima državni službenici mogu tražiti sudsku zaštitu protiv izvršnih (konačnih) odluka u disciplinskim postupcima, i to redoslijedom (obraćanja sudu) koji državni službenici moraju pritom poštovati. Uz analizu pozitvnog hrvatskog zakonodavstva, povijesni prikaz sudske zaštite državnih službenika i navođenje statističkih podataka o radu upravnih sudova, daje se i prikaz komparativnog zakonodavstva o zaštiti službenika pred upravnim sudovima. Zaključak je da je državnim službenicima Republike Hrvatske, iako je znatno ograničeno pravo na žalbu u upravnom sporu, osigurana bolja sudska zaštita nego je to bilo dosada. Postupak pred upravnim sudom vodi se kao spor pune jurisdikcije i zaštita pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava osigurana je svim kategorijama državnih službenika. Predlaže se, s obzirom na zakonski prijedlog da u svim predmetima na prvom stupnju pred upravnim sudom sudi sudac pojedinac, ukidanje »filtra« za žalbu Visokom upravnom sudu, a ekonomičnost i efikasnost upravnog postupka i upravnog spora mogu se poboljšati ukidanjem drugog stupnja u upravnom postupku. ; The author outlines the judicial bodies (the High Administrative Court, administrative courts, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights) in which state servants of the Republic of Croatia can seek court protection against enforceable decisions in disciplinary procedures. The bodies are enumerated in the hierarchical order of appeal, which must be obeyed. The author analyses the Croatian legislation, describes the development of court protection of civil servants, provides statistical data on the performance of administrative courts, and performs a comparative analysis of the legislation related to the protection of civil servants in administrative courts. The paper proceeds by explaining the proceedings before the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, and the European Court of Human Rights. The explanation includes the court practice of the ECHR. It is concluded that state civil servants of the Republic of Croatia are now better protected in courts than before, but their right to appeal in administrative disputes is rather limited. The procedure before the administrative court is a dispute of full jurisdiction and the protection of the European Court of Human Rights is ensured to all the categories of civil servants. Considering the draft law proposal that all first-instance procedures in administrative courts are led by a single judge, it is suggested that the »filters« for appeal to the Supreme Court are abolished, and to improve the economy and efficiency of the administrative procedure and administrative dispute by abolishing the second instance of administrative procedure.

of freedom of expression. However, they have also made it easier and faster than ever before to spread disinformation, misinformation, propaganda and fake news. Although these phenomena are not new, the impact they have had in recent years on political processes in democratic societies (e.g. the 2016 U.S. presidential election and Brexit) and on human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic, has drawn attention to this issue. The aim of this paper is to highlight the problem of fake news as a human rights issue in the context of Art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees freedom of expression. The paper provides a terminological and historical overview of the term fake news and related concepts. It also provides an overview of Art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and clarifies the situations and conditions under which the restrictions on the freedom of expression are justified on the basis of Art. 10(2). The authors also provide an insight into the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights. ; Internet i društvene mreže uvelike su pridonijeli ostvarivanju slobode izražavanja. No, olakšali su i ubrzali širenje dezinformacija, propagande i lažnih vijesti. Iako ovi fenomeni nisu novi, utjecaj koji su posljednjih godina imali na političke procese u demokratskim društvima (npr. na predsjedničke izbore u SAD-u 2016. i Brexit) i na ljudsko ponašanje tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, skrenuli su pozornost na ovo pitanje. Cilj je ovog rada upozoriti na problem lažnih vijesti (fake news) u kontekstu čl. 10. Europske konvencije o ljudskim pravima koji jamči slobodu izražavanja. U radu se daje terminološki i povijesni pregled pojma fake news i srodnih pojmova. Zatim se daje pregled čl. 10. Europske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i pojašnjavaju situacije i uvjeti pod kojima su ograničenja prava na slobodu izražavanja opravdana na temelju njena čl. 10., st. 2. Autori pružaju uvid i u relevantnu praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava.

Polazeći od pretpostavke da je rješenje političkog, pravnog, kulturnog i društvenog položaja manjina u nekom društvu mjerilo demokratizacije i modernizacije tog društva, odnos prema migrantima mjerilo je stupnja svijesti o tome da poštivanje univerzalnih ljudskih prava, određenih u dokumentima UN-a, podrazumijeva i pravo migranata na razvoj i na to da ne žive u siromaštvu. Ženevska konvencija (1951.), koja se odnosi na status izbjeglica, izmijenjena Protokolom iz New Yorka (1967.), bila je osnova za razvoj zajedničke azilantske politike Europske unije. Od 1999. godine EU je počela stvarati tu politiku, što je rezultiralo Dublinskom regulativom (2013.). U 2015. godini više od milijun izbjeglica s Bliskog istoka i iz Sjeverne Afrike došlo je u Europu, iz dva razloga, prvo, da sačuvaju živote uslijed ratnih sukoba u svojim zemljama i drugo, da pronađu političku i ekonomsku sigurnost, prvenstveno u Njemačkoj i skandinavskim zemljama. Način na koji su države članice EU nastojale da europski odgovor na migrantsku krizu bude u skladu sa međunarodnim i pravom EU, posebno (ne)prihvaćanje sustava kvota – preraspodjele migranata u državama članicama, zatvaranje tzv. Balkanske rute, koja je izbjeglice vodila od Turske, preko Grčke, Makedonije i Srbije ka zemalja članicama EU, njihovo kolektivno vraćanje, zbog čega su balkanske zemlje u strahu da će postati tampon zona, a izbjeglice da će ostati blokirane na Balkanu, otvorio je pitanje poštivanja ljudskih prava i revizije azilantske politike EU. Zato se javila i potreba stvaranja novog područja međunarodne zaštite prava migranata, posebno prava na rad i razvoj, čime se bavi ovaj znanstveno-istraživački rad. ; Starting from the premise that the political, legal, cultural and social status of minorities may be used to measure the degree of democracy and modernization reached by a particular society, attitudes towards immigrants may be used to measure the degree of awareness indicating that respect for universal human rights recognized in relevant United Nations documents, including the right to development and living above the poverty. The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Geneva, 1951) and its Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (New York, 1967) underpin the creation of a Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Since 1999, the EU has been working to create a CEAS, resulting in common rules laid down in the Dublin Regulation (2013). In 2015, more than a million refugees fled their Middle Eastern and North African homelands and came to Europe for two reasons. Firstly, they were literally running to save their lives, and secondly, they were fleeing in search for a secure livelihood and political stability (primarily, to Germany and the Scandinavian countries). The way in which EU Member States sought to ensure compliance with international and EU legislation in their response to the refugee crisis, in particular by: (not)accepting the proposed quota system – distribution of migrants across EU member states, closing the gates along the so-called Western Balkan Route, the main transit route for migrants heading towards EU member states from Turkey, via Greece, Macedonia and Serbia, and their collective return, which caused Balkan countries fear of becoming buffer zone for refugees and the refugees fear of being trapped in the Balkans, raised the issue of human rights and revision of the European Asylum Policy. Therefore, there is a need to create a new segment of international protection of the rights of migrants, in particular the right to work and development, which is a subject that is dealt with in this research paper.

U povijesnoj osnovi europskih integracija, kao i u fazi pristupanja svake nove članice, leži nada u bolje sutra, u gospodarski napredak države i pojedinca. U radu se istražuje u kojoj je mjeri siromaštvo poticaj migriranju radne snage u potrazi za kvalitetnijom i sigurnijom egzistencijom unutar EU-a. Materijalna dobra osobe, obitelji i države pretpostavka su ostvarenja ljudskih prava. U radu se istražuju podatci Eurostata o stanju u RH nakon petogodišnjeg članstva u EU-u. Budući da su migracije radne snage potaknute materijalnom oskudicom, na razini Europske unije neizbježno dolazi do relociranih obitelji, ali i imovine. Zbog nade u povratak i obiteljskih veza koje se održavaju ovisno o tradiciji i osjećaju pripadnosti nacionalnom identitetu, nesumnjivo dolazi do usporednih bračno-imovinskih ili partnerskih režima. Uredbama EU-a iz 2016. godine uspostavlja se mehanizam pojačane suradnje u imovinskim učincima braka i registriranih partnerstava. Istražuju se uzroci i nastoje se predvidjeti posljedice sve brojnijih transnacionalno relociranih obitelji. ; The history of European integrations, as well as the accession of each new member state, is based on the hope for a better future, the economic progress of the state and the individual. The paper examines the impact of poverty on labor migration. Citizens of the EU member states are in permanent search for a better quality of life and more secure existence within the EU borders. The material goods of a person, family, and state are a prerequisite for the realization of human rights.The paper compares EUROSTAT data after five years of Croatian membership in the EU. Migrations of labour within the EU caused by economic crisis inevitably result in relocated transnational families and their property . The hope of return to the home country and maintenance of family ties, which depends on tradition and sense of national identity inevitably leads to parallel matrimonial or registered partnership property regimes. The 2016 EU Regulations establish a mechanism authorizing ...

In this article I will examine the powers and activities of NATO-led Kosovo forces (KFOR) and their impact on human rights protection in Kosovo. Through this examination, I seek to answer the following questions: which KFOR actions affected the human rights of Kosovars? Does KFOR carry out responsibilities and abide by the obligations normally imposed upon nation-states? And is there a solution available when the alleged violator is KFOR? KFOR is responsible for carrying out military tasks and for 'shouldering' UNMIK and local security forces in some civilian peace-building tasks. In the course of the exercise of its mandate, there were alleged complaints of human rights violations by KFOR. The legal implications of these alleged complaints against KFOR (in)actions will also be discussed. ; In this article I will examine the powers and activities of NATO-led Kosovo forces (KFOR) and their impact on human rights protection in Kosovo. Through this examination, I seek to answer the following questions: which KFOR actions affected the human rights of Kosovars? Does KFOR carry out responsibilities and abide by the obligations normally imposed upon nation-states? And is there a solution available when the alleged violator is KFOR? KFOR is responsible for carrying out military tasks and for 'shouldering' UNMIK and local security forces in some civilian peace-building tasks. In the course of the exercise of its mandate, there were alleged complaints of human rights violations by KFOR. The legal implications of these alleged complaints against KFOR (in)actions will also be discussed.

Ostvarivanje ljudskih prava u starosti znači prije svega skrb za kvalitetu života osoba oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti i sprječavanje diskriminacije na osnovi starosti i bolesti. U ovome radu analiziramo najkvalitetnije instrumente zaštite ljudskih prava oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti, a koji se temelje na načelima autonomije, samoodređenja i najboljeg interesa oboljele osobe. Takvi se zahtjevi najbolje mogu ostvariti u sustavima koji predviđaju više različitih modaliteta zaštite oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti. Pravni status skrbnika i odlučivanje o pravima, interesima i potrebama osoba oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti uz podršku, informirani pristanak oboljele osobe na medicinski tretman i/ili istraživanje o samoj bolesti kao i mogućnost sklapanja anticipirane naredbe instrumenti su zaštite njihovih ljudskih prava. Život osoba treće dobi reguliran je zakonskim mjerama i politikama koje nisu posebno okrenute njihovim potrebama, te u svojoj suštini krše temeljna ljudska prava, osobito kada je riječ o osobama oboljelima od Alzheimerove bolesti. Palijativna skrb jedna je od tih mjera koje treba smatrati temeljnim ljudskim pravom oboljelih od Alzheimerove bolesti. ; The management of human rights in old age primarily refers to providing care related to the quality of life of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease and preventing discrimination on the basis of age and illness. This paper analyses the best instruments for the protection of human rights of those suffering from Alzheimer's disease based on the principles of autonomy, self-determination, and the patient's best interests. Such requirements can best be met in systems providing several various forms of protection for people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The legal status of caregivers and making decisions regarding the rights, interests, and needs of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease with the support, informed consent of the patient to medical treatment, and/or research of the disease itself, as well as the option of anticipated disposition, are all instruments for the protection of their human rights. The life of the elderly is regulated by legal measures and policies which are not directly focused on their needs and inherently violate basic human rights, especially in the case of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Palliative care is one of the measures which should be considered a basic human right of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

Autorice analiziraju praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava povezanu sa zaštitom prava na poštovanje doma iz članka 8. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda s obzirom na pitanje razmjernosti. Kategorija razmjernosti promatrana je kao kriterij osiguravanja zaštite i kao materijalna pretpostavka za odlučivanje o razmjernosti miješanja države ugovornice u pravo na poštovanje doma. Istaknuti su predmeti kod kojih je iseljenje podnositelja zahtjeva uslijedilo u postupcima prisilnog namirenja stvarnopravno osiguranih tražbina i u tom je kontekstu istražena geneza kategorije razmjernosti od njezina nužnog ispitivanja do odluke prema kojoj nema potrebe za ispitivanjem razmjernosti. ; The authors discuss and analyse case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to respect for home under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and with respect the issue of proportionality. In the paper, the proportionality category was viewed as a criterion for securing protection and as a material precondition for deciding whether the State party's interference with the right to respect for home was proportionate. The cases in which the applicant's eviction occurred after national proceedings for the enforcement of mortgages were addressed. In this context, the genesis of the proportionality category was analysed, from the cases where the Court found it necessary to examine the proportionality to the cases where the Court did not consider the proportionality test necessary. ; Die Autorinnen analysieren die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte bezüglich des Schutzes des Rechtes auf Achtung der Wohnung aus Artikel 8 der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, und zwar aus der Perspektive der Proportionalität. Die Proportionalitätskategorie wird als Kriterium für die Sicherung des Schutzes und als materielle Voraussetzung für die Eingriffe des Vertragsstaates in das Recht ...

Pozornost je autora u ovom radu usmjerena, ponajviše, prema upravnom sporu pune jurisdikcije. Zbog važnosti upravnosudske kontrole činjeničnog stanja i zbog postojanja različitih gledišta po tom pitanju, opširnije se prikazuje spor pune jurisdikcije u francuskom upravnom pravu. U članku se ukazuje na važnost novih činjenica u upravnom sporu, posebno ako iste nedvojbeno pokazuju da su različite od činjeničnog stanja utvrđenog u upravnom postupku. U zaključku rada ukazuje se na promjenivost upravnog spora pune jurisdikcije. ; The author's attention is focussed mainly on full adjudication administrative dispute. Due to the importance of administrative court control of the facts and due to the existence of varying viewpoints regarding this issue, full adjudication administrative dispute in French administrative law is shown. This paper points out the significance of new facts in administrative dispute in particular if these undoubtedly show that they are different to the facts established in the administrative proceedings. In conclusion, the changeability of full adjudication administrative dispute is shown.

Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava kao temeljni instrument Vijeća Europe za zaštitu građanskih i političkih prava ne jamči pravo na zdravstvenu zaštitu. Međutim, Europski sud za ljudska prava široko tumači Konvencijska prava te je unutar konteksta čl. 2., 3. i 8. Konvencije dao određene naznake da bi se mogao početi baviti i pitanjem zdravstvene zaštite. Bez ulaženja u detalje svih spomenutih članaka, u ovom radu bit će analizirani predmeti u kojima se Sud bavio pitanjem povrede čl. 3. zbog nepružanja zdravstvene skrbi i to izvan konteksta zadržavanja. Naime, unutar konteksta zadržavanja postoji jasna obveza državama na pružanje zdravstvene skrbi koju je Sud utvrdio djelomično se oslanjajući i na izvješća i Odbora za sprječavanje mučenja, neljudskog i ponižavajućeg ponašanja. Ono što smatramo značajnim istaknuti jest praksa Suda u odnosu na pružanje zdravstvene skrbi izvan konteksta zadržavanja, s obzirom na socijalni karakter prava na zdravstvenu zaštitu koji izlazi iz okvira građansko-političkog karaktera Konvencije. ; The European Convention on Human Rights, as a main Council of Europe instrument for the protection of civil and political rights, does not guarantee the right to health care. However, the European Court of Human Rights broadly interprets Convention rights, and within the context of Articles 2, 3 and 8 of the Convention it gave certain indications that it might start dealing with the issue of health care. Without going into details of all the mentioned articles, this paper will analyse cases where the Court dealt with the issue of violation of Article 3 due to non-provision of health care outside the context of detention. Namely, within the context of detention, there is a clear obligation for states to provide health care, and the Court often relies on the reports of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. What we consider important to point out is the Court's case-law on providing health care outside the context of detention, ...

Zbog sužavanja opsega kaznenopravne zaštite časti i ugleda brisanjem kaznenog djela teškog sramoćenja, učinjenog u petoj noveli Kaznenog zakona potkraj 2019., došlo je do zamjetnih nelogičnosti. Ovo istraživanje preispituje razloge te legislativne intervencije kako bi se ocijenila njezina opravdanost. Zbog potrebnog opsega argumentacije, ova se analiza nadovezuje na prethodno objavljeni rad, odnosno istraživanje povijesnih, pozitivnopravnih i poredbenih argumenata. U ovom radu istražujemo konvencijske standarde i stajališta Europskog suda za ljudska prava u primjeni kaznenopravnog mehanizma na području zaštite časti i ugleda kroz dva konvencijska prava - slobodu izražavanja i pravo na privatan život. Ishod pokazuje da je predviđanje kaznenopravnoga mehanizma zaštite časti i ugleda u skladu s konvencijskim standardima te da, s obzirom na jednaku vrijednost oba prava, njihova kvalitetna zaštita zahtijeva uravnoteženo nacionalno rješenje. Ukazuje se da izazovi poštovanja načela razmjernosti podjednako leže i u području građanskog prava pri određivanju iznosa naknade štete. Sveukupno gledajući, prethodno objavljeni argumenti i ovi koje iznosimo sada pokazuju kako razlozi ukidanja teškog sramoćenja koji su bili dostupni javnosti, ne mogu biti dostatni argumenti za ovu legislativnu intervenciju. Stoga se pledira da pro futuro regulacija u ovom osjetljivom području ne bude vođena naglim kaznenopravnim rezovima bez pažljive stručne i argumentirane procjene i konsenzusa oko društvenih potreba. ; Due to the narrowing of the criminal law protection scope regarding honor and reputation, under the fifth amendment to the Criminal Code at the end of 2019, Severe Vilification was deleted which left noticeable illogicalities. Therefore, this research examines the reasons for this legislative intervention, to assess its justification. Due to the required scope of argumentation, this analysis builds on previously published work that has shown research on historical, positive, and comparative arguments. We are now exploring the ...

Ovaj naslov podsjeća neminovno na ljudska prava i kao da inzistira na nekom novom pravu čovjeka i građanina, poput npr. "prava na vodu", koje je bilo predmetom građanske zakonotvorne inicijative prošle godine pred Europskom komisijom. Pravo na "dobru javnu upravu" često se poistovjećuje s pravom na "dobro upravljanje", pa će stoga u uvodnom dijelu biti potrebno razjasniti razliku između tih dvaju pojmova, te se potom pozabaviti "dobrom javnom upravom", njezinim načelima i deontologijom u dvjema europskim integracijama – članice koje su i Hrvatska i Francuska – a to su, najprije ona starija, politička integracija Vijeća Europe, a zatim i ona malo mlađa, još uvijek pretežito ekonomska integracija, a to je Europska unija. Promotrimo stoga najprije što ta dva pojma znače u međunarodnim organizacijama, a što na internom planu demokratskih država. ; This title inevitably makes us think of human rights as if it is insisting on some new human and citizen rights such as for example "the right to water", which was the subject of a civil law creating initiative last year before the European Commission. The right to "good public administration "is often identified with the right to "good management". So, in the introduction it will be necessary to differentiate between these two concepts. Then "good public administration "will be dealt with; its principles and deontology in two European integrations or member states who are Croatia and France. These are primarily the old political integration of the European Council and then the more recent ones mainly including economic integration which is the European Union. Therefore, these two concepts will firstly be observed as to their definition in international organisations and in the internal plan of democratic states.

Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi čimbenike koji utječu na zaštitu prava stranke u upravnom sporu. Upravni sudovi u Republici Hrvatskoj moraju u svom dje- lovanju istovremeno uključivati pravo koje razvija Sud u Strasbourgu, kvali- ficirano kao konvencijsko pravo, a i pravo zajednice koje razvija Sud u Lux- embourgu. U tu svrhu, autor razmatra utjecaj konvencijskog prava i prava Europske unije na zaštitu prava stranke u upravnom sporu. ; The aim of this paper was to determine the factors that affect the protection of the rights of the parties in the administrative dispute. Administrative courts in Croatia have in their activities at the same time include the right to develop the Court in Strasbourg and the right of a community to develop the Court in Luxembourg. To this end, the author discusses the impact of Convention rights and the rights of the European Union to protect the rights of the parties in administrative dispute.

Trgovina ljudima ili trafficking vrsta je transnacionalnog organiziranog kriminala koja je jako profitabilna i vrlo ju je teško iskorijeniti. Utječe na živote i sigurnost brojnih ljudi diljem svijeta, pa tako i građana Europske Unije. Ovaj rad bavi se trgovinom ljudima u svrhu prostitucije jer je seksualna eksploatacija prepoznata kao najčešći oblik eksploatacije žrtvi trafficking-a. Istražuje se relevantna legislacija o trgovini ljudima za EU, obuhvaćajući direktive Unije, konvencije Ujedinjenih naroda i Vijeća Europe te se daje pregled djelovanja FRONTEX-a i EUROPOL-a kao agencija Europske Unije koje djeluju u svrhu suzbijanja te pojave. Na kraju se sagledava tri modela zakonske regulacije prostitucije prisutne u tri države članice Unije: abolicionističke u Švedskoj, legalizacije u Nizozemskoj te prohibicionističke u Hrvatskoj. Cilj rada jest otkriti kako koji od tih modela utječe na vidljivost trgovine ljudima u svrhu prostitucije, na što je teško jasno odgovoriti zbog činjenice da je opseg ukupne trgovine ljudima nemoguće saznati zbog njenog ilegalnog karaktera i poteškoća u stvaranju konzistentne i kvalitetne zajedničke međunrodne baze podataka o ovoj pojavi. ; Trafficking in human beings is a highly profitable transnational organized crime activity that is difficult to eradicate. It makes an impact on the lives and safety of many people around the world, including the citizens of the European Union. This paper deals with trafficking in human beings for the purpose of prostitution because sexual exploitation is recognized as the most common form of exploitation of the victims of trafficking. This paper researches the relevant EU legislation on trafficking in human beings, including the EU Directives, the UN Convention and the Council of Europe Convention. It also reviews the work of FRONTEX and EUROPOL as European Union agencies acting to counteract phenomenon of trafficking. Finally, three models of legal regulation of prostitution which are present in three EU member states are being considered: ...

Autori u radu daju osvrt na postanak i razvitak stanarskog prava, te presjek domaćih pravnih propisa koji su se odnosili na stanarsko pravo, kao i propisa kojima je izvršena pretvorba stambenih odnosa. Pišu o značaju stupanja na snagu Zakona o najmu, kada je prestalo stanarsko pravo osobama koje su to pravo stekle prema ranijim propisima te su one po sili zakona postale najmoprimci (u pravilu, zaštićeni najmoprimci). Podsjećaju da pitanja vezana uz pretvorbu iz stanarskog prava u vlasništvo na stanovima te brojni sudski sporovi koji su proizašli iz te materije još uvijek nisu, niti stvarna niti sudska, prošlost. Autori navode stajališta i praksu Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske, te Europskog suda za ljudska prava (ESLJP). Posebno ističu presudu ESLJP-a Statileo protiv Hrvatske, u kojoj je Europski sud uvažio činjenicu da su hrvatske vlasti tijekom tranzicije bile suočene s teškim zadatkom stvaranja ravnoteže između prava najmodavaca i zaštićenih najmoprimaca koji su stanovali u stanovima dugo vremena, te je zaključio da u konkretnom slučaju nije postojala pravedna raspodjela socijalnog i financijskog tereta koji je nastao kao posljedica reforme u stambenom sektoru. Umjesto toga, prema ocjeni ESLJP-a, na podnositelja je stavljen nerazmjeran i pretjerani pojedinačni teret, budući da je morao snositi većinu socijalnih i financijskih troškova stambenog zbrinjavanja zaštićene najmoprimke i njezine obitelji, zbog čega je ESLJP utvrdio povredu članka 1. Protokola br. 1. ; The authors of this paper provide an overview of the creation and development of tenancy rights, and of the domestic legislation dealing with tenancy rights, as well as legislation that was used to reform tenancy relations. They mention the significance of the enactment of the Lease of Flats Act, when tenancy rights were withdrawn from persons who were entitled to that right pursuant to earlier legislation, and consequently, they became lessees (tenants) by force of law (generally, protected lessees). The authors recall that issues related to the transformation of tenancy rights into ownership of flats and to the numerous court cases that followed from this matter have not yet become either general, or court, history. The authors cite the positions and case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia, and of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). They stress in particular the ECtHR judgment Statileo v. Croatia, where the ECtHR took into consideration the fact that the Croatian authorities during the transition were faced with the difficult task of striking a balance between the right of the lessor and that of protected lessees who had lived in the flats for a long time, and concluded that in the given case there was no fair distribution of the social and financial burden resulting from the reform of the housing sector. Rather, the ECtHR held that a disproportionate and excessive individual burden was placed on the applicant as landlord, as he was required to bear most of the social and financial costs of providing housing for the protected lessee and her family, due to which the ECtHR found a violation of Article 1 of Protocol no. 1.