The article deals with the problem of human trafficking as one of the most important and complex problems. Human trafficking is reflected in many forms. With society's development such forms are becoming increasingly complex. The analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is important in the context of the interpretation of the concept of trafficking in human beings. Article 4 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights does not contain the direct prohibition of human trafficking. Nevertheless, human trafficking is covered by Article 4 of the Convention. The Court emphasizes the importance of interpreting the Convention in the current circumstances and challenges because it ensures the effective protection of human rights. This topic becomes especially relevant for our country in the context of the interpretation of the concept of human trafficking by the European Court of Human Rights due to the importance of combating human trafficking. At the same time, as Ukraine is currently adapting its legislation to European standards, it will be useful to understand how human trafficking is interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. It is important for national courts to apply the case law set by the European Court, because it ensures the clarity and universal understanding of the Convention, sets certain standards of justice, specifies and develops convention provisions.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the role and place of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the administration of justice by Ukrainian courts. It is stated that the modern world cannot be imagined without the interaction of national legal systems with the system of international law. The socio-political and socio-economic conditions of the present day further emphasize the interconnection between these systems of law, which has long gone beyond purely theoretical reasoning and has become a practical application. The main manifestation of the influence of international law on domestic law is the harmonization of the content of national law with the provisions of international law. As a rule, such harmonization occurs by borrowing international legal norms into national law or by adopting national norms that are consistent with the principles and norms of international law. The judicial practice of the European Court of Human Rights is considered as a source of law, taking into account the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "About implementation ofdecisions and application of practice of the European courton human rights"t has been determined that despite the fact that the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On the Enforcement of Decisions and Application of the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights" have been in force for more than 10 years, the application of the provisions of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights by national courts case review and decision making is more of an exception than a rule. It is noted that references to acts of the European Court of Human Rights are still isolated cases and have an additional character, which gives reason to define the European Court of Human Rights own practice as a subsidiary source of law. Gaps and contradictions in current legislation, including the lack of a clear approach to the application of European Court decisions by Ukrainian courts, ...
The article is devoted to the problems of discrimination, especially one of them - age discrimination. Discrimination is recognized as a situation in which a person and / or group of persons on their grounds is restricted in recognizing, exercising or exercising their rights and freedoms in any form. The case of Schwitzgebel v. Switzerland was analyzed, the essence of which was that an unmarried woman of a certain age was denied the adoption of a second child. She was denied due to the government's legal policy on family matters. The applicant's age was crucial in rejecting her application by the domestic authorities. The applicant could claim that she had been the victim of a difference in treatment compared to younger single women, who could have been entitled to adopt a second child under the same circumstances. The denial of her request pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the welfare and rights of the child. Thus, the European Court of Human Rights has quite rejected the motives of age discrimination. It has been proven that age discrimination is not an independent sign of discrimination. Quite often this happens in addition to gender motives. In the case of Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v. Portugal, which amounts to improper medical intervention by a medical court, the applicant's age was presumed. The National Court held that sexuality and social life were not as important to the applicant at her age as to men of the same age. The European Court of Human Rights was therefore obliged to accept the grounds of age and other discrimination. Paragraph 141 of the Manual of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Protocol No. 12 to the Convention also states that age is a "different status" for the purposes of Article 14. However, it should be noted that the ECtHR seldom recognizes age as a sign of discrimination. In general, the analysis of the European Court of Human Rights indicates the following: there are very few decisions on age discrimination; The Convention for the Protection of ...
The article analyzes the role of different international organizations and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the field of international protection of children's rights. The main idea of the article is to determine modern methods and mechanisms of protection and realization of children's rights in international law. Much attention is given to the fact that there are a lot of different international documents that regulate this issue. The author analyzed such documents are Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child and expressed her opinion on their effectiveness. It is described in short the protection of children's rights at the regional level. The article outlines the opinions and views of various scholars who had been working in the field of child rights protection. The article admonishes that everybody has the right to apply to the European Court of Human Rights in case of violation and non-recognition of rights. The article states that numerous ECHR decisions exist on issues related to the protection of the rights of the child based on the provisions of international law. The article defines some problematic aspects of the protection of children's rights. Some attention is drawn to the collisions of the legal regulation of this issue and cases of violation of the rights of the child. Theoretical concepts and practical experience regarding the international protection of the rights of the child in international law are explored in the article. The author mentions that the national legislation of some countries in the sphere of children's rights is not perfect enough. Therefore international standards have to serve as a basis on which it would be possible to construct and develop a domestic law system that will respect children's rights. It is stressed that in the modern world exists a tendency for recognition of almost all rights and interests of the child. It is reported that new mechanisms for the protection of children's rights are developing because ...
LEGAL GUARANTEES OF PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN IN THE DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTSО.S. YaraThe article is devoted to certain aspects of legal guarantees of protection of the rights of man and citizen in accordance with the requirements of the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, other legal acts and practice of the European court.Key words: legal guarantees, protection of the rights of man and citizen, legal acts, the European court. The state, enshrined in the Constitution, the attained level of personal freedom has taken responsibility for ensuring and guaranteeing the rights and freedoms, and is responsible to the individual for its activity. Entry into the European political, economic and legal space defined in the strategic priority of Ukraine's foreign policy. The achievement of this objective should contribute to the implementation of our state of the Copenhagen and Madrid criteria, according to which the European Parliament recognized the right of every European country that recognizes the provisions of article 6 paragraph 1 of the Agreement on the establishment of the European Union to join the European Union after they meet several criteria, one of which is the stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and protection of minority rights. The level of democracy in society is determined by the place of the court in system of bodies of state power and its role in the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, it is the court that is intended to ensure the effectiveness of the restoration of violated rights and freedoms of the individual, and the presence of an independent judiciary is a necessary condition for the existence of the democratic legal state.Consequently, in the modern legal science is actively shaping the direction of research, whose main aim is development of scientific bases of adaptation as the doctrinal provisions and the normative array of domestic legal science associated with the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. This process was joined by scientists of various branches of law (administrative, constitutional, criminal, civil).However, the problem of legal protection of human rights, the mechanism for its implementation in legal science is relevant in connection with a number of contentious issues that arise in the process of applying by the courts of legal rules concerning the protection of the rights and lawful interests of a person.The objective of the article is the analysis of the Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, other legal acts and practice of the European court to expand the application of their provisions in the protection of human rights.However, seen the need to expand the application of the provisions of the Convention as a guarantee on the part of our state in providing basic principles of protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in accordance with European practice.Conclusions. Thus, taking into account the above considerations, we can conclude that the right to the protection of individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution, laws of Ukraine and international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The Convention enshrines the highest values of humanity – fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms of man , interpreted by the court, which constitute the core of the supranational and national law. The Convention's rules are norms of direct action, and because the practice of the European court of justice is created and operates under its regulations and protocols, based on the interpretation of its norms and used in connection with them. The presence of the rule of law establishes a mechanism of realization of the human right to defense in court and provides the possibility of individuals to the European court.Our country needs to expand the application of the provisions of the Convention as a guarantee of the state in ensuring fundamental principles for the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in accordance with European practice.
Due to the rapid development of social relations and the desire of the state to regulate social relations in the legal field, there are some gaps in the application of different rules of law. The article «The principle of the right to a fair trial: the elements of the hearing and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in Ukraine» discusses the principle of the right to the fair trial, which covers a rather broad list of standards, namely: the right to a public hearing, a fair hearing the term, equality of parties and the right to a reasoned court decision, the right to access to justice, the competitive nature of the court proceedings, the validity of the court proceedings, the rule of the law. The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly argued for a particularly important place in the democratic society for the right to the fair trial. Statistics are analyzed and reported that numerous complaints to the European Court of Human Rights are related to a violation of Article six of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. This is also due to the fact that complaints of violations of other articles of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms often arise because justice did not meet the requirements of justice. In the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, cases against Ukraine have been considered, alleging breach of the principle of fairness. It is concluded that the right to the fair trial is one of the key ones, since without proper protection of this right all other rights of the person remain unprotected. Analyzing the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on Ukraine, we can conclude that the causes of human rights violations most often lie in the imperfect legislation of our country or in its practical application by state bodies and judicial authorities. In order to improve the decision-making process by national courts, it is necessary to reform the legislation and to implement it in practice, which will ...
The article considers and analyzes in detail the sources of the European Union aimed at ensuring equal and fair treatment of women and men. Such as Convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Right, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, European Social Charter. The authors determined that currently in the European Union there is no single approach to the definition of "discrimination", due to the lack of a basic unified source of law, this issue is regulated by both the EU's own acts and well-known international acts. Also, due to the increasing popularity of feminist movements, men experience violations and restrictions in their social and economic rights. Therefore, a study of the decisions of the most influential judicial bodies of the European Union was conducted to establish a common understanding of the concept of "gender discrimination". Ukraine has ratified these international conventions on human rights protection and recognizes their decisions as part of the national legislation of Ukraine.Ukraine has ratified the Convention and its Protocols, as the first part of the Law of Ukraine "On Ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, First Protocol and Protocols № 2, 4, 7 and 11 to the Convention" explicitly states that Ukraine fully recognizes "The effect in its territory of Article 46 of the Convention on the recognition and binding without special agreement of the jurisdiction of the Court of Human Rights in all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention. "There is an obligation not only to enforce judgments of the European Court against the country, but also to apply the Convention and the case law of the European Court of Justice as a source of law. Therefore, the consideration of the cases mentioned in the article is important for the judiciary and the protection of human ...
An analysis of the international legal bases of implementation of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights to the national legislations of the member states of the Council of Europe is carried out. Such implementation takes various forms, and in general there is no single implementation mechanism. At the same time, the importance of implementing decisions of the European Court of Human Rights lies in the state's fulfillment of its obligations both to the world community of states and to its own citizens. Forms and methods that ensure the progressive development of national law, taking into account the practice of international courts, are considered. The synthetic research method determines the impact of ECtHR decisions on the structure of national law, which stimulates the transformation of its entire branches. It is demonstrated, how the ECtHR promotes the formation of progressive legal institutions in legal systems, exerting organizational and civilizational influence on the legal systems of states. It is emphasized, that the principle of legal certainty, by which the international court assesses vague and insufficiently clear provisions of national law, is fundamental for the implementation of the case law of the ECtHR into national laws. With this influence, the ECtHR determines the nature of lawmaking and law enforcement in a country. As a result, it is concluded, that the most effective mechanism for implementing the principle of legal certainty in a state is the adoption of general measures, contained in the pilot decisions of the ECtHR. The second important mechanism is the application of the rules of law by national courts, taking into account the case law of the ECtHR, which ensures the interpretation of human rights rules in a way that is most acceptable to the national legal system
The principle of equality is one of the most important principles of law, constitutionalism in general and modern Ukrainian constitutionalism in particular, it is one of the principles of the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996. Considerable attention is paid to the proper enshrinement in legislation and guaranteeing the practical implementation of the principle of equality in all its aspects and manifestations is justified. It is hardly possible to build a state governed by the rule of law, ignoring this principle - it is considered the core of the legal system of every democratic country. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the principle of equality in general and its individual aspects, as well as the "concomitant" principle of non-discrimination is given considerable attention in research. A significant number of publications on this principle, as well as the constant development of human and civil rights, update and make important research in the direction of identifying all aspects that characterize this principle. The aim of the article is to analyze the principle of equality in general as one of the principles of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism in the context of the country's European integration aspirations. The author generalizes that specialists in legal sciences in general and in constitutional law in particular do not refer to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights when analyzing the principle of equality. The study outlines the main cases considered by the Court in the XXI century, the core of which was the principle of equality. Among the most frequently cited cases are Markin v. the Russian Federation and Willis v. the United Kingdom. Prospects for further research can be seen in a deeper analysis of the texts of the Court's decisions in these cases, as well as in expanding the list of cases that should be actively addressed in the study of issues related to the implementation of the principle of equality. Constitutional law experts often overlook two extremely important for understanding the legal nature of the principle of equality of affairs, considered by the European Court of Human Rights - the case of Stec and others v. the United Kingdom and the case of Andrle v. the Czech Republic. ; Принцип рівності є одним з найважливіших принципів права, конституціоналізму загалом та сучасного укра¬їнського конституціоналізму зокрема, він є одним з принципів Конституції України 1996 року. Значна увага, яка приділяється належному закріпленню у законодавстві та гарантуванню практичної реалізації принципу рів¬ності в усіх його аспектах та проявах є обґрунтованою. Навряд чи можна побудувати правову державу, нехтую¬чи цим принципом, - він уважається стрижнем системи права кожної демократичної країни. Тому невипадково принципу рівності та окремим його аспектам, так само як і «супутньому» принципу недискримінації, приділяєть¬ся значна увага у наукових дослідженнях. Значна кількість публікацій, присвячених цьому принципу, а також постійний розвиток прав людини і громадянина актуалізують та роблять важливими дослідження у напрямі виявлення усіх аспектів, що характеризують цей принцип.Метою статті є аналіз принципу рівності як одного з принципів сучасного українського конституціоналізму у контексті євроінтеграційних прагнень країни.Автором узагальнено, що фахівці з юридичних наук загалом та з конституційного права зокрема під час ана¬лізу принципу рівності не звертаються до практики Європейського суду з прав людини. У дослідженні окреслено основні справи, розглянуті Судом у ХХІ столітті, стрижневим для вирішення яких став принцип рівності. До чис¬ла таких справ, рішення за якими цитуються найчастіше, запропоновано вважати належними справи «Маркін проти Російської Федерації» та «Вілліс проти Сполученого Королівства». Перспективи подальших досліджень вбачаються у глибшому аналізі текстів рішень Суду у цих справах, а також у розширенні переліку справ, до рішень у яких варто активно звертатися під час дослідження питань, пов'язаних з проблемами реалізації принципу рів¬ності. Часто залишаються поза увагою фахівців з конституційного права дві надзвичайно важливі для розумін¬ня правової природи принципу рівності справи, розглянуті Європейським судом з прав людини, - справа «Стек та інші проти Сполученого Королівства» та справа «Андрле проти Чеської Республіки».
One of the aspects of anti-discrimination practice is the elimination of inequalities, that arising owing to the equal treatment to persons who are in significantly dif-ferent circumstances. Such behavior, in the guise of for-mally neutral norms, causes indirect violations of human rights proclaimed by the European Convention on Human Rights. Though the legislation of every social and legal state contains a complex of rules that adjusts typical cases of affirmative action (such as social benefits, social guar-antees), in law enforcement practice, there are enough reason to consider the issue of affirmative action as an urgent problem of legal reality in Ukraine.Found that Ukraine has formed a general legislative framework that regulates the order of elimination of fac-tual and legal inequality by implementing positive actions on gender, age, professional, social and other grounds.It is determined that the content of positive discrimi-nation in relation to constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination is to ensure equal opportunities for persons who, due to the influence of objective factors, are disadvantaged relative to others. This thesis is also re-flected in European anti-discrimination practice.The results of the European Court of Human Rights case's study on affirmative action allow us to state the following. Affirmative action is a means of eliminating factual inequalities where the application of general legal restrictions to a person does not ensure the achievement of the objectives of legal regulation. Affirmative action can not be applied in cases where the precedent will have negative consequences for public safety, law and order. Affirmative action can not be applied in cases where the legal restrictions aim to protect the existing order of functioning of democratic institutions in society. In such cases, their use does not meet the criterion of legality.In order to develop the theoretical foundations of posi-tive discrimination, we propose to bring into use the term of "remedies for inequality" as a general legal category. It reflects: 1) the essence of affirmative action under cur-rent law; 2) the content of the remedies that may be taken by public authorities and the courts to compensate for the legal consequences of indirect discrimination; 3) the con-tent of the remedies that may be taken by employers and service providers for the same purpose. ; Одним з аспектів антидискримінаційної практики є усунення нерівності, яка виникає внаслідок однаково-го поводження з особами, які перебувають в істотно ін-ших умовах. Таке поводження, під виглядом формаль-но нейтральних норм, зумовлює непрямі порушення прав людини, проголошених Європейською конвенці-єю з прав людини. Хоча у складі законодавства кожної соціальної та правової держави є комплекс норм, які врегульовують типові випадки застосування позитив-них дій (соціальні пільги, соціальні гарантії тощо), у правозастосовній практиці виникає достатньо під-став, щоб розглядати проблематику позитивних дій як актуальну проблему правової дійсності в Україні.Встановлено, що в Україні сформовано загальну законодавчу базу, яка регулює порядок усунення фак-тичної та юридичної нерівності шляхом застосування позитивних дій за ґендерними, віковими, професійни-ми, соціальними й іншими ознаками.Визначено, що зміст позитивної дискримінації у зв'язку з конституційними принципами рівності та заборони дискримінації полягає в забезпеченні рівних можливостей для осіб, які внаслідок впливу об'єктив-них чинників перебувають у несприятливому станови-щі щодо інших осіб. Ця теза простежується також в єв-ропейській антидискримінаційній практиці.За результатами вивчення справ Європейського суду з прав людини з питань застосування позитив-них дій встановлено таке. Позитивні дії є засобом усунення фактичної нерівності тоді, коли застосуван-ня загальноправових обмежень до особи суперечить цілям правового регулювання. Позитивні дії немож-ливо застосовувати, якщо прецедент матиме негатив-ні наслідки для безпеки суспільства та правопорядку. Позитивні дії неможливо застосовувати у випадках, коли правові обмеження мають на меті захист наявно-го порядку функціювання демократичних інститутів у суспільстві. У таких випадках їх застосування не від-повідатиме критерію правомірності.З метою розвитку теоретичних основ позитивної дискримінації пропонуємо ввести в обіг поняття «засо-би правової компенсації нерівності» як загальну право-ву категорію, яка відображає: 1) сутність позитивних дій згідно із чинним законодавством; 2) зміст правових засобів, які можуть застосовуватися органами держав-ної влади та судами для компенсації правових наслід-ків непрямої дискримінації; 3) зміст правових засобів, які можуть застосовуватися роботодавцями та поста-чальниками послуг із такою ж метою.
The article analyzes the application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in economic litigation. The need to apply European and world standards in Ukrainian legislation, as well as to use in Ukraine the provisions that have existed for some time in European legislation, is one of the important steps to achieve the efficiency of the judiciary. The author writes that the nature of the European Court of Human Rights as a court is twofold: individual control in the case of decisions on violations of a right by a state party to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; development of human rights principles and standards that will have a European integration character. Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are special because they affect not only universal international judicial standards, but also the formation of national standards. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights is considered as a source of law in Ukraine, which should be understood as a set of court decisions on certain issues used in cases in economic courts. The application of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is aimed at maintaining the authority of economic justice as an efficient and fair system of justice that meets international standards.It is noted that in resolving commercial disputes, courts have become more likely to apply judicial precedent, ie it is possible to state the beginning of the development of national legislation under the influence of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and judicial acts of the European Court of Human Rights. Judicial acts of the European Court of Human Rights are an official form of interpretation of the provisions of the Convention, which is part of Ukrainian law, and thus a source of law enforcement. That is, the analysis of the development not only of law enforcement acts, but also of the entire legal system indicates the beginning of the use of a new type of sources of law in ...
Протягом останнього часу рішення національних судів все частіше і частіше містять вказівку на рішення Європейського суду з прав людини, що є свого роду трендом вітчизняного правозастосування. Додамо, що відповідно до чинного законодавства України, практика Європейського суду з прав людини є джерелом національного права. Означене вказує на актуальність обраної проблематики та важливість її розв'язання для правничої діяльності, що дозволяє імплементувати правнику цінності західної правової культури та реалізовувати положення Конвенції про захист прав людини та основоположних свобод. ; In recent times, the decisions of national courts have increasingly referred to the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which is a kind of trend in domestic law enforcement. We will add that according to the current legislation of Ukraine, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is a source of national law. This indicates the relevance of the chosen issue and the importance of its solution for legal activities, which allows the lawyer to implement the values of Western legal culture and implement the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
