Suchergebnisse

"This major reinterpretation of the Holocaust surveys the destruction of the European Jews within the broader context of Nazi violence against other victim groups. Christian Gerlach offers a unique social history of mass violence which reveals why particular groups were persecuted and what it was that connected the fate of these groups and the policies against them. He explores the diverse ideological, political and economic motivations which lay behind the murder of the Jews and charts the changing dynamics of persecution during the course of the war. The book brings together both German actions and those of non-German states and societies, shedding new light on the different groups and vested interests involved and their role in the persecution of non-Jews as well. Ranging across continental Europe, it reveals that popular notions of race were often more important in shaping persecution than scientific racism or Nazi dogma"--

The Economic History of European Jews attempts to make sense of the economic foundations of Jewish life in the different parts of late antique and early medieval Europe. In the first part Michael Toch describes the demographic arc, decline, subsequent rise, and spatial distribution of Jewish populations. This data is then broadened to include the range of economic activities. The second part analyses the actual share of Jews in different branches of the economy. This includes the idea of their pioneer role and the notion of an intercontinental network of Jewish commerce, the phenomenon of Jews in agriculture and entrepreneurship, gender roles and the household mode of production, and the difficult subject of the significance of minority status for economic activity, among other subjects. \'This is the most up-to-date scholarly reassessment of a century of both overly optimistic and occasionally negative interpretations of Jewish population and economic activities, a boon to students and researchers of the first millennium of the Jewish experience in Europe, and an interesting read for the general public.\' S. Bowman, University of Cincinnati.

"This book exposes Turkish policies concerning European Jews during the Hitler era, focusing on three events: 1. The recruitment of German Jewish scholars by the Turkish government after Hitler came to power, 2. The fate of Jews of Turkish origin in German-controlled France during WWII, 3. The Turkish approach to Jewish refugees who were in transit to Palestine through Turkey. These events have been widely presented in literature and popular media as conspicuous evidence of the humanitarian policies of the Turkish government, as well as indications of the compassionate acts of the Turkish officials vis-à-vis Jewish people both in the pre-war years of the Nazi regime and during WWII. This volume contrasts the evidence and facts from a wealth of newly-disclosed documents with the current populist presentation of Turkey as protector of Jews"--

Starting in the 18th century, the majority of the world's Jews lived in Eastern Europe. The region remained the centre of Jewish life - until the Holocaust. But in both disciplines, in Jewish History and in East European History, research on East European Jews lived in the shadows. In Germany, such research is inseparably connected with 20th century history. After the First World War and the wave of Russian-Jewish immigration to Germany that followed, Jewish history flourished. After 1933, 'research on Jews' became an anti-Semitic discipline, which, from 1939 onward, served German policies of occupation and annihilation. In the postwar era, Jewish history was initially taboo. Not until the mid-1960s were the first chairs of Jewish Studies established. It was only in the 1980s that East European History, which was then oriented towards social history, began to examine Jews in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Today, the study of East European Jewish history has become a paradigm for transnational and global historical questions. Adapted from the source document.

This project explores how Italian and Jewish immigrants mobilized against U.S. immigration restriction policies from 1882 to 1965 and, in the process, altered their identity and their place in American society and politics. Like specialists in Asian and Mexican migration, this study shifts the focus from the restrictionists to the restricted, but it also challenges the assumption that restriction barely affected Southern and Eastern European migrants because they were "white on arrival." This dissertation follows the emergence of distinct yet structurally similar responses to restriction that Italians and Eastern European Jews shared with other restricted or excluded immigrants, namely Chinese, Japanese, and Mexicans and explores how their different transnational identity affected their responses to restriction. Italian and Jewish immigrants' ability to naturalize allowed them to take advantage of the political process as a powerful tool to articulate their discontent with immigration restriction and to voice their pleas for a more humane immigration policy. As they gradually coalesced into increasingly influential interest groups, they negotiated their integration into American society to preserve an ethnic identity rooted in their transnational ties, fought to overcome domestic discrimination, and challenged the stereotypes that mainstream America had of them as undesirable citizens.

European Jewish history from 1789–1939 supports the view that construction of national identities even in secular liberal states was determined not only by modern considerations alone but also by ancient patterns of thought, behaviour and prejudice. Emancipation stimulated unprecedented patriotism, especially in wartime, as Jews strove to prove loyalty to their countries of citizenship. During World War I, even Zionists split along national lines, as did families and friends. Jewish patriotism was interchangeable with nationalism inasmuch as Jews identified themselves with national cultures. Although emancipation implied acceptance and an end to anti-Jewish prejudice in the modern liberal state, the kaleidoscopic variety of Jewish patriotism throughout Europe inadvertently undermined the idea of national identity and often provoked anti-Semitism. Even as loyal citizens of separate states, the Jews, however scattered, disunited and diverse, were made to feel, often unwillingly, that they were one people in exile.

European Jewish history from 1789–1939 supports the view that construction of national identities even in secular liberal states was determined not only by modern considerations alone but also by ancient patterns of thought, behaviour and prejudice. Emancipation stimulated unprecedented patriotism, especially in wartime, as Jews strove to prove loyalty to their countries of citizenship. During World War I, even Zionists split along national lines, as did families and friends. Jewish patriotism was interchangeable with nationalism inasmuch as Jews identified themselves with national cultures. Although emancipation implied acceptance and an end to anti-Jewish prejudice in the modern liberal state, the kaleidoscopic variety of Jewish patriotism throughout Europe inadvertently undermined the idea of national identity and often provoked anti-Semitism. Even as loyal citizens of separate states, the Jews, however scattered, disunited and diverse, were made to feel, often unwillingly, that they were one people in exile.