Suchergebnisse

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

European Men's Basketball championship of 2011 – EuroBasket2011– was the extraordinary event not only in Lithuania, but also in the European history. First time in the history there were 24 high qualification European basketball teams in the European championship. There were almost 300 professional basketball players who were fighting because of medals and permission to London Olympian games. The object of the paper – the organization of European Men's Basketball championship. Problem of the paper: what features of European men`s basketball championship organization can be evaluated as positive and negative? The goal of the paper – to analyze the specific organizational features of European Men's Basketball (hereinafter – EuroBasket2011) championship. The tasks of the paper: 1. To show Sports events organizational features 2. To carry out Euro Basket 2011 organization situation analysis 3. To compare EuroBasket2011 championship organization to championships that was taken part in other countries. 4. To evaluate EuroBasket2011 championship organization Working methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature 2. Questionnaire survey. 3. Expert interviews. 4. Descriptive statistical data analysis. Conclusions. The paper, with reference to secondary informational sources, interview, and Eurobasket2011 participants' survey, analyzes the European basketball championship of 2011 organizational features and identifies related problems. After the informational analysis, we could agree, that Eurobasket2011 was the most successfully organized basketball championship in the Europe – that was also noticed by "FIBA Europe", participants and international media. It got the highest evaluation not only for the Eurobasket2011 organization, but for other events also, such as the U-16 and U-18 European Men's Basketball Championship, Eurobasket2011 opening ceremony, social events "Go for Lithuania", 60 000 Basketball ball knocking record and others. All the infrastructure was prepared to meet the highest requirements of "FIBA Europe". This summer was the time of trial for the basketballs managers of the country and for the organizational committee. Lithuania was the first country in the history who organized the European Men's Championship that meet the new format – there were 24 participant teams instead of 16. The budget was much smaller than earlier championships in other countries – it was only 23 million Lt. To conclude we could say, that the results were exceeding the expectations even for the organizational committee. It was sold more than 75 percent of tickets to all the Eurobasket2011 games. The incomes from tickets and private sponsors were exceeding planed incomes and covered the Lithuanian Government donation.

European Men's Basketball championship of 2011 – EuroBasket2011– was the extraordinary event not only in Lithuania, but also in the European history. First time in the history there were 24 high qualification European basketball teams in the European championship. There were almost 300 professional basketball players who were fighting because of medals and permission to London Olympian games. The object of the paper – the organization of European Men's Basketball championship. Problem of the paper: what features of European men`s basketball championship organization can be evaluated as positive and negative? The goal of the paper – to analyze the specific organizational features of European Men's Basketball (hereinafter – EuroBasket2011) championship. The tasks of the paper: 1. To show Sports events organizational features 2. To carry out Euro Basket 2011 organization situation analysis 3. To compare EuroBasket2011 championship organization to championships that was taken part in other countries. 4. To evaluate EuroBasket2011 championship organization Working methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature 2. Questionnaire survey. 3. Expert interviews. 4. Descriptive statistical data analysis. Conclusions. The paper, with reference to secondary informational sources, interview, and Eurobasket2011 participants' survey, analyzes the European basketball championship of 2011 organizational features and identifies related problems. After the informational analysis, we could agree, that Eurobasket2011 was the most successfully organized basketball championship in the Europe – that was also noticed by "FIBA Europe", participants and international media. It got the highest evaluation not only for the Eurobasket2011 organization, but for other events also, such as the U-16 and U-18 European Men's Basketball Championship, Eurobasket2011 opening ceremony, social events "Go for Lithuania", 60 000 Basketball ball knocking record and others. All the infrastructure was prepared to meet the highest requirements of "FIBA Europe". This summer was the time of trial for the basketballs managers of the country and for the organizational committee. Lithuania was the first country in the history who organized the European Men's Championship that meet the new format – there were 24 participant teams instead of 16. The budget was much smaller than earlier championships in other countries – it was only 23 million Lt. To conclude we could say, that the results were exceeding the expectations even for the organizational committee. It was sold more than 75 percent of tickets to all the Eurobasket2011 games. The incomes from tickets and private sponsors were exceeding planed incomes and covered the Lithuanian Government donation.

Research object – internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organization. Research aim – to develop evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non- governmental organizations. Objectives: 1) to analyze the theoretical aspects of the concept of entrepreneurship; 2) to perform an analysis and synthesis of literary sources on factors affecting entrepreneurship issues; 3) to make evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations and to identify their significance and influence for entrepreneurship; 4) to apply researched evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in practical analysis of entrepreneurship of local action groups and to determine the system development direction. Research methods – analysis and synthesis of literature and documents, logical analysis, expert survey, mathematical statistical analysis methods, graphical representation techniques. The first part presents opinions of Lithuanian and foreign scientists about entrepreneurship, factors affecting entrepreneurship and conception of entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations. The second part establishes internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations, their evaluation system and methods. The third part investigates significance and influence of factors affecting entrepreneurship, presents methodology and results of empirical research in Kalvarija, Sūduva, Alytus and Ukmergė local action groups and proposes recommendations for development of evaluation system.

Research object – internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organization. Research aim – to develop evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non- governmental organizations. Objectives: 1) to analyze the theoretical aspects of the concept of entrepreneurship; 2) to perform an analysis and synthesis of literary sources on factors affecting entrepreneurship issues; 3) to make evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations and to identify their significance and influence for entrepreneurship; 4) to apply researched evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in practical analysis of entrepreneurship of local action groups and to determine the system development direction. Research methods – analysis and synthesis of literature and documents, logical analysis, expert survey, mathematical statistical analysis methods, graphical representation techniques. The first part presents opinions of Lithuanian and foreign scientists about entrepreneurship, factors affecting entrepreneurship and conception of entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations. The second part establishes internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations, their evaluation system and methods. The third part investigates significance and influence of factors affecting entrepreneurship, presents methodology and results of empirical research in Kalvarija, Sūduva, Alytus and Ukmergė local action groups and proposes recommendations for development of evaluation system.

Nowadays when the role of institutions, which act outside the market and the state, grows, it is important to understand how they influence the public sector and the wellbeing of society. They can be named variously: "non-profit", "nongovernmental", "non-state", "third", "voluntary" organizations, etc., but they all have some common goals of performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptions and characteristics of nongovernmental organizations and to describe possible variations of relationship between nongovernmental organizations and the public sector. To achieve this, the following steps have been taken: in first part of the article the definitions of nongovernmental organizations in different countries are presented; in the second part, the analysis of counties with different public governance traditions are analyzed. These analyses showed that in continental European countries, the relationship of these sectors can be defined as a network with horizontal communication, where actors develop shared policy goals and values. In other analyzed countries (Canada and the UK), the relationship can be described as a decentralized, market-based mechanisms of entrepreneurial governance. The article concludes that the sector of nongovernmental organizations in all analyzed countries receives special attention from governments and one of their goals is to strength mutual cooperation between the sectors.

Nowadays when the role of institutions, which act outside the market and the state, grows, it is important to understand how they influence the public sector and the wellbeing of society. They can be named variously: "non-profit", "nongovernmental", "non-state", "third", "voluntary" organizations, etc., but they all have some common goals of performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptions and characteristics of nongovernmental organizations and to describe possible variations of relationship between nongovernmental organizations and the public sector. To achieve this, the following steps have been taken: in first part of the article the definitions of nongovernmental organizations in different countries are presented; in the second part, the analysis of counties with different public governance traditions are analyzed. These analyses showed that in continental European countries, the relationship of these sectors can be defined as a network with horizontal communication, where actors develop shared policy goals and values. In other analyzed countries (Canada and the UK), the relationship can be described as a decentralized, market-based mechanisms of entrepreneurial governance. The article concludes that the sector of nongovernmental organizations in all analyzed countries receives special attention from governments and one of their goals is to strength mutual cooperation between the sectors.

Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone enables the authors to state that Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is an insufficiently researched topic. Identification of the problems and prospects of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is especially important, because only when the problems are rectified, will it be possible to join the European Monetary Union successfully. It will also be possible to assess the potential risks and benefits of changing the national currency to the euro. Therefore, Lithuanian macroeconomic indicators are analyzed and compared with the convergence criteria. In addition, Estonia's and Slovenia's experience is investigated, because these countries have joined the euro area despite having a difficult macro-economic environment. It should be noted that the establishment of a single currency completed the integration of European countries and preconditioned the belief that joining the European Monetary Union will maintain price stability and a sustainable economic growth. Performed analysis of macro-economic indicators allows the authors to state that the major risk factor for Lithuania's integration process into the European Monetary Union has been and remains a too high rate of inflation. The main factors influencing the high inflation are a large amount of money in circulation, low inflation control, budget imbalances and a lack of execution about strict fiscal policy. In 2013, it is predicted that Lithuania will have a 2.5 percent inflation rate and the convergence criteria is expected to be equal to 2.6 percent, so the risk that inflation may be uncontrolled remains. In order to finally integrate into the monetary union, the Lithuanian government should pursue strict fiscal policy as well as structural reforms to ensure stability for prices and finance in the government sector. Establishment of the euro would promote foreign investment in the country, [.]

Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone enables the authors to state that Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is an insufficiently researched topic. Identification of the problems and prospects of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is especially important, because only when the problems are rectified, will it be possible to join the European Monetary Union successfully. It will also be possible to assess the potential risks and benefits of changing the national currency to the euro. Therefore, Lithuanian macroeconomic indicators are analyzed and compared with the convergence criteria. In addition, Estonia's and Slovenia's experience is investigated, because these countries have joined the euro area despite having a difficult macro-economic environment. It should be noted that the establishment of a single currency completed the integration of European countries and preconditioned the belief that joining the European Monetary Union will maintain price stability and a sustainable economic growth. Performed analysis of macro-economic indicators allows the authors to state that the major risk factor for Lithuania's integration process into the European Monetary Union has been and remains a too high rate of inflation. The main factors influencing the high inflation are a large amount of money in circulation, low inflation control, budget imbalances and a lack of execution about strict fiscal policy. In 2013, it is predicted that Lithuania will have a 2.5 percent inflation rate and the convergence criteria is expected to be equal to 2.6 percent, so the risk that inflation may be uncontrolled remains. In order to finally integrate into the monetary union, the Lithuanian government should pursue strict fiscal policy as well as structural reforms to ensure stability for prices and finance in the government sector. Establishment of the euro would promote foreign investment in the country, [.]

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that all Member States of the European Union shall harmonize their economic and exchange rate policies, conduct an appropriate fiscal policy, and join the euro area once they fulfill the conditions for the adoption of the single currency set out in the Treaty. The European Union institutions assess the economic convergence with the euro area of a country which is preparing to adopt the euro and it's eligibility for the changeover to the single currency of the European Union. In the 1st of May, 2004, when Lithuania became an official member of the European Union, automatically goal was set to abandon the national currency and become a full member of the euro zone, when Lithuania meet the convergence criteria. The first attempt to join the euro zone has been since 1st of January, 2007, but Lithuania met only three if the four convergence criteria. When inflation exceeded the convergence criteria by 0.1 percent, the European Commissions report on Lithuanias accession to the euro zone was negative. Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone shows that Lithuania‗s integration into the European Monetary Union is not properly analyzed topic in Lithuania, therefore for achieving the final success of the integration into European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 the identification and assessment of integration problems and prospects extremely important. So the basic aim of the article is to assess the costs of Lithuania fully integrate into the European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 by simulating the most favorable economic environment adoption of the euro. The object is the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union. And the tasks are to analyze the positive and negative aspects in order to join into the European Monetary Union and to assess the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union.

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that all Member States of the European Union shall harmonize their economic and exchange rate policies, conduct an appropriate fiscal policy, and join the euro area once they fulfill the conditions for the adoption of the single currency set out in the Treaty. The European Union institutions assess the economic convergence with the euro area of a country which is preparing to adopt the euro and it's eligibility for the changeover to the single currency of the European Union. In the 1st of May, 2004, when Lithuania became an official member of the European Union, automatically goal was set to abandon the national currency and become a full member of the euro zone, when Lithuania meet the convergence criteria. The first attempt to join the euro zone has been since 1st of January, 2007, but Lithuania met only three if the four convergence criteria. When inflation exceeded the convergence criteria by 0.1 percent, the European Commissions report on Lithuanias accession to the euro zone was negative. Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone shows that Lithuania‗s integration into the European Monetary Union is not properly analyzed topic in Lithuania, therefore for achieving the final success of the integration into European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 the identification and assessment of integration problems and prospects extremely important. So the basic aim of the article is to assess the costs of Lithuania fully integrate into the European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 by simulating the most favorable economic environment adoption of the euro. The object is the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union. And the tasks are to analyze the positive and negative aspects in order to join into the European Monetary Union and to assess the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union.

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that all Member States of the European Union shall harmonize their economic and exchange rate policies, conduct an appropriate fiscal policy, and join the euro area once they fulfill the conditions for the adoption of the single currency set out in the Treaty. The European Union institutions assess the economic convergence with the euro area of a country which is preparing to adopt the euro and it's eligibility for the changeover to the single currency of the European Union. In the 1st of May, 2004, when Lithuania became an official member of the European Union, automatically goal was set to abandon the national currency and become a full member of the euro zone, when Lithuania meet the convergence criteria. The first attempt to join the euro zone has been since 1st of January, 2007, but Lithuania met only three if the four convergence criteria. When inflation exceeded the convergence criteria by 0.1 percent, the European Commissions report on Lithuanias accession to the euro zone was negative. Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone shows that Lithuania‗s integration into the European Monetary Union is not properly analyzed topic in Lithuania, therefore for achieving the final success of the integration into European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 the identification and assessment of integration problems and prospects extremely important. So the basic aim of the article is to assess the costs of Lithuania fully integrate into the European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 by simulating the most favorable economic environment adoption of the euro. The object is the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union. And the tasks are to analyze the positive and negative aspects in order to join into the European Monetary Union and to assess the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union.

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that all Member States of the European Union shall harmonize their economic and exchange rate policies, conduct an appropriate fiscal policy, and join the euro area once they fulfill the conditions for the adoption of the single currency set out in the Treaty. The European Union institutions assess the economic convergence with the euro area of a country which is preparing to adopt the euro and it's eligibility for the changeover to the single currency of the European Union. In the 1st of May, 2004, when Lithuania became an official member of the European Union, automatically goal was set to abandon the national currency and become a full member of the euro zone, when Lithuania meet the convergence criteria. The first attempt to join the euro zone has been since 1st of January, 2007, but Lithuania met only three if the four convergence criteria. When inflation exceeded the convergence criteria by 0.1 percent, the European Commissions report on Lithuanias accession to the euro zone was negative. Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone shows that Lithuania‗s integration into the European Monetary Union is not properly analyzed topic in Lithuania, therefore for achieving the final success of the integration into European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 the identification and assessment of integration problems and prospects extremely important. So the basic aim of the article is to assess the costs of Lithuania fully integrate into the European Monetary Union since 1st of January, 2015 by simulating the most favorable economic environment adoption of the euro. The object is the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union. And the tasks are to analyze the positive and negative aspects in order to join into the European Monetary Union and to assess the costs of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union.

In order to guarantee a representative employment environment, where equal rights and merits are both recognized, fair and efective EU Staff selection system is one of the main declared principles. A selection process shall consist of the most efficient and reliable selection methods, smooth procedures and it shall bring the best results. The best results re percieved as the most exct predictions about the potential EU staff member's credibility to be settled in the post. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the procedures of the EU competition selection procedures. The thesis consist of the analysis of different concepts of the selection competitions in the human resource management, the description of the organization of such competitions, results, process, the description of reflections evaluating the EU staff competitive selection. The thesis concludes in the points fulfilling the aim of the thesis. It was concluded that the EU staff competitive selection consist of features derived from both merits and equal opportunities systems, that has been taken over from the human resource management systems in national public administration institutions. What regards the selection methods it has been indicated that the most popular methods ( such as interviews, cognitive tests, recommendations) are considered to be of a low or average value. The conclusions of the thesis also reflects the imperfectability of the "cascade" system used in the staff competitive selection. While analysing the procedures of competitive selection of the EU staff, the role of EPSO is emphasized in the procedure of selecting permanent, temporary and contract EU staff. The investigation of the EPSO competitions of 2007 proved that the higher-positioned staff members of the EU institutions can be opted out of the requirement for the participating in an open competition. The argumentation of the critics directed towards the EU staff competitive comopetitions is mainly based on the violation of equal rights, the existing "systematic" problems of EPSO, lack of transparency, maintaining confidentiality and do not following deadlines while organizing open competitions.