Suchergebnisse

The rapid evolution of numerous contemporary threats and the development of multilateralism constitute two significant driving forces for the intensified cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations as regards crisis management. Responding to crises (threats), both natural and man-induced, in an efficient manner requires effective crisis management in order to take steps as early as possible when a threat emerges. Given the increasing external expectations in this field addressed at the EU, it has gradually been developing relevant civil as well as military instruments of crisis management and response. The EU has also been developing collaboration with the UN which calls for increased commitment of regional organizations in bearing the costs of maintaining international peace and security. Although this cooperation is mutually beneficial, it is not free from weaknesses and limitations on various levels of operation. ; The rapid evolution of numerous contemporary threats and the development of multilateralism constitute two significant driving forces for the intensified cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations as regards crisis management. Responding to crises (threats), both natural and man-induced, in an efficient manner requires effective crisis management in order to take steps as early as possible when a threat emerges. Given the increasing external expectations in this field addressed at the EU, it has gradually been developing relevant civil as well as military instruments of crisis management and response. The EU has also been developing collaboration with the UN which calls for increased commitment of regional organizations in bearing the costs of maintaining international peace and security. Although this cooperation is mutually beneficial, it is not free from weaknesses and limitations on various levels of operation.

General elections to the European Parliament (EP) should be the best opportunity to devote more space in the public debate in the Member States of the European Union (EU) to matters strictly concerning the functioning and future of the EU. The aim of the study is to check whether Polish political parties have any ideas regarding reforms of the EU institutional system. In those cases where the answer to this question is a positive – presentation and brief analysis. The parties that will be taken into account will be those, that registered electoral lists in all constituencies – alone or in coalition with other parties in the 2019 European elections. The indicated goal will be achieved on the basis of content of political programs current during the election campaign to the European Parliament in 2019. To outline the context of this issue, first synthetically presented (based on the results of Eurobarometer survey conducted in autumn 2018) will be what is declared the trust of Polish society to EU institutions and, for comparison, to national institutions. The brief analysis mentioned above programs and the most important conclusions are included in the summary.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

In this Master Thesis the influence of WTO law within the EU legal order was analyzed, particularly the direct effect of WTO provisions which is denied by the CJEU. Discussions why directly effective WTO law is denied are still ongoing and the analysis of the case law of the CJEU reveals that double standards are applied for WTO law. As the research showed, even though the direct effect of WTO provisions is denied, WTO law undoubtedly has an impact within the EU legal system. It is seen from the standpoint of two conditions when it is possible to rely on WTO rules in order to review the validity of EU legislation and through the consistent interpretation. The statement was presented that rather limited interpretation on the direct effect of WTO law encouraged to seek sufficiently sturdy effect by using the alternatives for direct effect. However, as it was reveal in this Master Thesis, WTO provisions are still avoided and infringed by EU legislative institutions as well as the CJEU. The first chapter of this Master Thesis examines two concepts – direct effect and direct applicability. The issue of equalization of these concepts regarding WTO law is highlighted. The second chapter analyses the grounds and reveals both legal and political reasons why directly effective WTO law is denied within the EU legal system. The third chapter confirms that under certain conditions it is possible to rely on WTO provisions in order to review the lawfulness of EU acts. The last, fourth, chapter highlights the importance of consistent EU measures adoption and interpretation with WTO law.

European Men's Basketball championship of 2011 – EuroBasket2011– was the extraordinary event not only in Lithuania, but also in the European history. First time in the history there were 24 high qualification European basketball teams in the European championship. There were almost 300 professional basketball players who were fighting because of medals and permission to London Olympian games. The object of the paper – the organization of European Men's Basketball championship. Problem of the paper: what features of European men`s basketball championship organization can be evaluated as positive and negative? The goal of the paper – to analyze the specific organizational features of European Men's Basketball (hereinafter – EuroBasket2011) championship. The tasks of the paper: 1. To show Sports events organizational features 2. To carry out Euro Basket 2011 organization situation analysis 3. To compare EuroBasket2011 championship organization to championships that was taken part in other countries. 4. To evaluate EuroBasket2011 championship organization Working methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature 2. Questionnaire survey. 3. Expert interviews. 4. Descriptive statistical data analysis. Conclusions. The paper, with reference to secondary informational sources, interview, and Eurobasket2011 participants' survey, analyzes the European basketball championship of 2011 organizational features and identifies related problems. After the informational analysis, we could agree, that Eurobasket2011 was the most successfully organized basketball championship in the Europe – that was also noticed by "FIBA Europe", participants and international media. It got the highest evaluation not only for the Eurobasket2011 organization, but for other events also, such as the U-16 and U-18 European Men's Basketball Championship, Eurobasket2011 opening ceremony, social events "Go for Lithuania", 60 000 Basketball ball knocking record and others. All the infrastructure was prepared to meet the highest requirements of "FIBA Europe". This summer was the time of trial for the basketballs managers of the country and for the organizational committee. Lithuania was the first country in the history who organized the European Men's Championship that meet the new format – there were 24 participant teams instead of 16. The budget was much smaller than earlier championships in other countries – it was only 23 million Lt. To conclude we could say, that the results were exceeding the expectations even for the organizational committee. It was sold more than 75 percent of tickets to all the Eurobasket2011 games. The incomes from tickets and private sponsors were exceeding planed incomes and covered the Lithuanian Government donation.

European Men's Basketball championship of 2011 – EuroBasket2011– was the extraordinary event not only in Lithuania, but also in the European history. First time in the history there were 24 high qualification European basketball teams in the European championship. There were almost 300 professional basketball players who were fighting because of medals and permission to London Olympian games. The object of the paper – the organization of European Men's Basketball championship. Problem of the paper: what features of European men`s basketball championship organization can be evaluated as positive and negative? The goal of the paper – to analyze the specific organizational features of European Men's Basketball (hereinafter – EuroBasket2011) championship. The tasks of the paper: 1. To show Sports events organizational features 2. To carry out Euro Basket 2011 organization situation analysis 3. To compare EuroBasket2011 championship organization to championships that was taken part in other countries. 4. To evaluate EuroBasket2011 championship organization Working methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature 2. Questionnaire survey. 3. Expert interviews. 4. Descriptive statistical data analysis. Conclusions. The paper, with reference to secondary informational sources, interview, and Eurobasket2011 participants' survey, analyzes the European basketball championship of 2011 organizational features and identifies related problems. After the informational analysis, we could agree, that Eurobasket2011 was the most successfully organized basketball championship in the Europe – that was also noticed by "FIBA Europe", participants and international media. It got the highest evaluation not only for the Eurobasket2011 organization, but for other events also, such as the U-16 and U-18 European Men's Basketball Championship, Eurobasket2011 opening ceremony, social events "Go for Lithuania", 60 000 Basketball ball knocking record and others. All the infrastructure was prepared to meet the highest requirements of "FIBA Europe". This summer was the time of trial for the basketballs managers of the country and for the organizational committee. Lithuania was the first country in the history who organized the European Men's Championship that meet the new format – there were 24 participant teams instead of 16. The budget was much smaller than earlier championships in other countries – it was only 23 million Lt. To conclude we could say, that the results were exceeding the expectations even for the organizational committee. It was sold more than 75 percent of tickets to all the Eurobasket2011 games. The incomes from tickets and private sponsors were exceeding planed incomes and covered the Lithuanian Government donation.

The main purpose of the article is to present the evolution of legal regulations regarding national minorities in Ukraine, the structure of these minorities and the dynamics of demographic change. The authors analyzed the geographical distribution as well as the political, cultural and educational activity of the most numerous national minorities. They presented the main reasons for the increase or decrease in the size of the largest national groups. The political and legal foundations of minority activities, the specificity of the organization of their educational institutions, national-cultural associations and ethnic parties were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the problematic provisions of the new Education Act (2017), which reduced the status of languages of national minorities in education and led to the deterioration of relations with individual countries with which minorities are associated. The authors discussed the most severe problems in bilateral relations arising from Ukraine's policy towards minorities and some ideas on how to solve them. The main methods of improving nationality policy in contemporary Ukraine were also presented.

Research object – internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organization. Research aim – to develop evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non- governmental organizations. Objectives: 1) to analyze the theoretical aspects of the concept of entrepreneurship; 2) to perform an analysis and synthesis of literary sources on factors affecting entrepreneurship issues; 3) to make evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations and to identify their significance and influence for entrepreneurship; 4) to apply researched evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in practical analysis of entrepreneurship of local action groups and to determine the system development direction. Research methods – analysis and synthesis of literature and documents, logical analysis, expert survey, mathematical statistical analysis methods, graphical representation techniques. The first part presents opinions of Lithuanian and foreign scientists about entrepreneurship, factors affecting entrepreneurship and conception of entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations. The second part establishes internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations, their evaluation system and methods. The third part investigates significance and influence of factors affecting entrepreneurship, presents methodology and results of empirical research in Kalvarija, Sūduva, Alytus and Ukmergė local action groups and proposes recommendations for development of evaluation system.

Research object – internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organization. Research aim – to develop evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non- governmental organizations. Objectives: 1) to analyze the theoretical aspects of the concept of entrepreneurship; 2) to perform an analysis and synthesis of literary sources on factors affecting entrepreneurship issues; 3) to make evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations and to identify their significance and influence for entrepreneurship; 4) to apply researched evaluation system of factors affecting entrepreneurship in practical analysis of entrepreneurship of local action groups and to determine the system development direction. Research methods – analysis and synthesis of literature and documents, logical analysis, expert survey, mathematical statistical analysis methods, graphical representation techniques. The first part presents opinions of Lithuanian and foreign scientists about entrepreneurship, factors affecting entrepreneurship and conception of entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations. The second part establishes internal and external factors affecting entrepreneurship in non-governmental organizations, their evaluation system and methods. The third part investigates significance and influence of factors affecting entrepreneurship, presents methodology and results of empirical research in Kalvarija, Sūduva, Alytus and Ukmergė local action groups and proposes recommendations for development of evaluation system.

Nowadays when the role of institutions, which act outside the market and the state, grows, it is important to understand how they influence the public sector and the wellbeing of society. They can be named variously: "non-profit", "nongovernmental", "non-state", "third", "voluntary" organizations, etc., but they all have some common goals of performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptions and characteristics of nongovernmental organizations and to describe possible variations of relationship between nongovernmental organizations and the public sector. To achieve this, the following steps have been taken: in first part of the article the definitions of nongovernmental organizations in different countries are presented; in the second part, the analysis of counties with different public governance traditions are analyzed. These analyses showed that in continental European countries, the relationship of these sectors can be defined as a network with horizontal communication, where actors develop shared policy goals and values. In other analyzed countries (Canada and the UK), the relationship can be described as a decentralized, market-based mechanisms of entrepreneurial governance. The article concludes that the sector of nongovernmental organizations in all analyzed countries receives special attention from governments and one of their goals is to strength mutual cooperation between the sectors.

Nowadays when the role of institutions, which act outside the market and the state, grows, it is important to understand how they influence the public sector and the wellbeing of society. They can be named variously: "non-profit", "nongovernmental", "non-state", "third", "voluntary" organizations, etc., but they all have some common goals of performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conceptions and characteristics of nongovernmental organizations and to describe possible variations of relationship between nongovernmental organizations and the public sector. To achieve this, the following steps have been taken: in first part of the article the definitions of nongovernmental organizations in different countries are presented; in the second part, the analysis of counties with different public governance traditions are analyzed. These analyses showed that in continental European countries, the relationship of these sectors can be defined as a network with horizontal communication, where actors develop shared policy goals and values. In other analyzed countries (Canada and the UK), the relationship can be described as a decentralized, market-based mechanisms of entrepreneurial governance. The article concludes that the sector of nongovernmental organizations in all analyzed countries receives special attention from governments and one of their goals is to strength mutual cooperation between the sectors.

Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone enables the authors to state that Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is an insufficiently researched topic. Identification of the problems and prospects of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is especially important, because only when the problems are rectified, will it be possible to join the European Monetary Union successfully. It will also be possible to assess the potential risks and benefits of changing the national currency to the euro. Therefore, Lithuanian macroeconomic indicators are analyzed and compared with the convergence criteria. In addition, Estonia's and Slovenia's experience is investigated, because these countries have joined the euro area despite having a difficult macro-economic environment. It should be noted that the establishment of a single currency completed the integration of European countries and preconditioned the belief that joining the European Monetary Union will maintain price stability and a sustainable economic growth. Performed analysis of macro-economic indicators allows the authors to state that the major risk factor for Lithuania's integration process into the European Monetary Union has been and remains a too high rate of inflation. The main factors influencing the high inflation are a large amount of money in circulation, low inflation control, budget imbalances and a lack of execution about strict fiscal policy. In 2013, it is predicted that Lithuania will have a 2.5 percent inflation rate and the convergence criteria is expected to be equal to 2.6 percent, so the risk that inflation may be uncontrolled remains. In order to finally integrate into the monetary union, the Lithuanian government should pursue strict fiscal policy as well as structural reforms to ensure stability for prices and finance in the government sector. Establishment of the euro would promote foreign investment in the country, [.]

Unsuccessful attempts to join the euro zone enables the authors to state that Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is an insufficiently researched topic. Identification of the problems and prospects of Lithuania's integration into the European Monetary Union is especially important, because only when the problems are rectified, will it be possible to join the European Monetary Union successfully. It will also be possible to assess the potential risks and benefits of changing the national currency to the euro. Therefore, Lithuanian macroeconomic indicators are analyzed and compared with the convergence criteria. In addition, Estonia's and Slovenia's experience is investigated, because these countries have joined the euro area despite having a difficult macro-economic environment. It should be noted that the establishment of a single currency completed the integration of European countries and preconditioned the belief that joining the European Monetary Union will maintain price stability and a sustainable economic growth. Performed analysis of macro-economic indicators allows the authors to state that the major risk factor for Lithuania's integration process into the European Monetary Union has been and remains a too high rate of inflation. The main factors influencing the high inflation are a large amount of money in circulation, low inflation control, budget imbalances and a lack of execution about strict fiscal policy. In 2013, it is predicted that Lithuania will have a 2.5 percent inflation rate and the convergence criteria is expected to be equal to 2.6 percent, so the risk that inflation may be uncontrolled remains. In order to finally integrate into the monetary union, the Lithuanian government should pursue strict fiscal policy as well as structural reforms to ensure stability for prices and finance in the government sector. Establishment of the euro would promote foreign investment in the country, [.]

The victory of the National Front Party led by Ms. Marine le Pen within the European Parliamentary Election in France by May 2014 raised the question whether or not it signals the end of the French left-right bipolarized party system. This option remains uncertain. The far-right party of the 45-year-old daughter of National Front founder, Jean-Marie Le Pen, gained new voters, deepening the national audience of the extremist party geographically and in the different categories of the population. But the still remaining French "presidentialist" constitutional political regime continues to operate under a strong constraint in favor of bipolarization. Meanwhile, the possible presence of Ms. Le Pen as the two-qualified opponent for the second round of the presidential election is currently determining, and will continue to determine for the next two years, the political strategies of the 2017 future running candidates and parties.

The victory of the National Front Party led by Ms. Marine le Pen within the European Parliamentary Election in France by May 2014 raised the question whether or not it signals the end of the French left-right bipolarized party system. This option remains uncertain. The far-right party of the 45-year-old daughter of National Front founder, Jean-Marie Le Pen, gained new voters, deepening the national audience of the extremist party geographically and in the different categories of the population. But the still remaining French "presidentialist" constitutional political regime continues to operate under a strong constraint in favor of bipolarization. Meanwhile, the possible presence of Ms. Le Pen as the two-qualified opponent for the second round of the presidential election is currently determining, and will continue to determine for the next two years, the political strategies of the 2017 future running candidates and parties.