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While the European Union (EU) is facing a further aggravation of the recession, accompanied by the consequences of the 2008 global financial crisis, the support for economic activities is proving to be more than necessary. Primary concerns of member states must be based on increased efforts in competitiveness, employment, innovation, and assistance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), to boost economic growth on a short-term basis or on a longer-term horizon. In this regard, this article firstly suggests that the temporary support for economic activities is absolutely necessary and the possible arrangements are examined in detail. In addition, more emphasis must be put on innovation, as it plays a crucial role for economic growth. Particular attention is also drawn to SMEs, their potential impact on the productive fabric and their financial constraints. The concluding remarks are focused on the European market size, and the antagonism between competition policy and industrial policy is highlighted.

So Brexit means Brexit, or so says Theresa May, the United Kingdom's (UK) new Prime Minister. But what does it actually mean? And how did the UK find itself travelling along this stony road towards withdrawal from the European Union (EU)? This article looks at the back story, gives comments on the referendum held on 23 June 2016, and identifies some of the issues that now lie ahead of the UK and the EU as they address the consequences of the referendum vote for leaving the EU.

What are the effects on public support for the European Union (EU) when a member state exits? We examine this question in the context of Britain's momentous decision to leave the EU. Combining analyses of the European Election Study 2019 and a unique survey-embedded experiment conducted in all member states, we analyse the effect of Brexit on support for membership among citizens in the EU-27. The experimental evidence shows that while information about the negative economic consequences of Brexit had no significant effect, positive information about Britain's sovereignty significantly increased optimism about leaving the EU. Our findings suggest that Brexit acts as a benchmark for citizens' evaluations of EU membership across EU-27, and that it may not continue to act as a deterrent in the future.

Membership in a currency union is not irreversible. Exit expectations may emerge during sovereign debt crises, because exit allows countries to reduce their liabilities through a currency redenomination. As market participants anticipate this possibility, sovereign debt crises intensify. We establish this formally within a small open economy model of changing policy regimes. The model permits explosive dynamics of debt and sovereign yields inside currency unions and allows us to distinguish between exit expectations and those of an outright default. By estimating the model on Greek data, we quantify the contribution of exit expectations to the crisis dynamics during 2009 to 2012.

Which member states could leave the European Union in the years ahead? To answer this question, I develop the 'EU Exit Index' measuring the exit propensities of all European Union member states. The index highlights that the United Kingdom was an outlier and uniquely positioned to leave the European Union. While all other states are far behind the United Kingdom, the index still reveals substantial variation among them. Moreover, the index allows monitoring the development of exit propensities over time. It shows that the European Union is in better shape today than before the Brexit referendum and that, currently, no further exits are on the horizon. Still, this could change in the future and the EU Exit Index provides systematic and reproducible measurements to track this development.

Neuer Pass, neue Identität, neue Heimat? Kate Connolly, Deutschland-Korrespondentin des "Guardian", hat es gewagt – als Reaktion auf den Brexit. Seit Jahren lebt sie mit ihrer Familie in Potsdam. Aber Deutsche werden? Kaffee statt Tee, preußische Tugenden statt britischer Höflichkeit? Connolly lässt uns an der Identitätskrise teilhaben, die viele Briten seit dem Referendum erleben, und schildert ihren skurrilen Weg zum deutschen Pass. Zugleich erläutert sie die Beziehungen Großbritanniens zu Europa und Deutschland, vom eigenen Großvater, der "Mein Kampf" aus dem Krieg mitbrachte, bis zu Margaret Thatchers Pro-EU-Wahlkampfpullover. "Exit Brexit" zeigt uns Deutschland von einer neuen Seite – und ist die persönlichste Antwort auf den Brexit, die man geben kann.

Preferences about the vertical distribution of power in federal systems are not well understood. I argue that negative historical experiences with higher-level governments can plausibly raise demands for exit strategies and a devolution of power. But integration, for instance delegating power from the nation-state to a supra-national level or international organization, can also serve the purpose of overcoming history by constraining nation-state actions. I specify conditions for affecting current preferences, and apply this framework to the European Union. Empirically, the quasi-random division of the French regions Alsace and Lorraine allows estimating differences in support for integration in a spatial regression discontinuity design. More negative exposure to nation-state actions causes persistently higher support for European integration in three referenda and less euroscepticism in European elections. Survey evidence supports exit and integration as two complementary alternatives, revealing preferences to move power away from the nation-state, either to the regional or European level.