Suchergebnisse

Dünyada çevre ve iklim değişikliği konusu 20. Yüzyılın sonlarında önem kazanmış ve ülkelerin bu alandaki işbirlikleri giderek artırmıştır. Özellikle Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) çatısı altında imzalanan çerçeve protokoller konuya ilgiyi artırmış ve konuyu uluslararası alanda dikkat çekici bir alan haline getirmiştir. Bu süreçte, Avrupa Birliği (AB) aktif rol oynamış ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ile dünyada bu alanda somut adımlar atan ilk aktör olmuştur. Yeşil Mutabakat, AB için çok geniş bir politika alanında yeni düzenlemeler getirmiş ve konuya ilişkin tüm alanlarda standartların yeniden belirlenmesine neden olacak bir çerçeve düzenleme teşkil etmiştir. Öngörülen düzenlemeler yalnızca AB içinde değil, AB'nin tüm ticaret partnerlerinde etki doğuracak niteliktedir ve AB ile ticaret yapan tüm ülkelerin iç düzenlemelerini bu doğrultuda yapmasını gerektirmektedir. Yeşil Mutabakat ile çok sayıda ülkede söz konusu düzenlemelerin hayata geçirilmesine neden olacak olan AB, çevre ve iklim değişikliği önlemleri alanında dünya lideri olmaya adaydır. Ancak AB'nin belirlediği kriterlerin uluslararası ticaret üzerinde bozucu bir etkiye sahip olma ihtimali, konuyu tartışmalı hale getirebilir bir boyut yaratmaktadır. Konu DTÖ çerçevesinde tartışmalara neden olurken; AB'nin ticaret ortakları için de önemli sonuçları olması beklenmektedir.

Why were Christian democratic unions (CDUs) among workers and farmers more proactive in some Western European states than in others? Marxist theories explain union activity by industrialization. However, CDUs were not the most active in the late 19th century in rapidly industrializing states, e.g., Italy and Germany. Using social identity theory and Lipset's & Rokkan's cleavage theory, this paper conducts process tracing on the German, French, Italian, Dutch, and Belgian cases to test the following argument: CDUs were more likely to develop in states where anticlerical attacks unleashed a center-periphery conflict. CDUs are less likely to expand in states where anticlerical attacks precipitated a church-state conflict. The presence of a Catholic minority moderated this relationship. In the Protestant-dominant states, Catholicism allowed for mobilizing individuals and maintaining cohesion. The Lutheran states' hostility toward Catholic activism and the regional concentration of the minority accentuated this denominational difference, which catalyzed CDU development.

Ekonomik ve politik hedefleriyle kamu kurumları toplum için önemli bir yere sahiptir ve ekonomideki ağırlıklarının artması beklenmektedir. Kamu kuruluşlarındaki temsil maliyetinin ekonomik işleyişe zarar vermemesi için kurumsal yönetim kapsamında yer alan şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik vazgeçilmezdir. Çalışmada kamu kurumlarının yayınladığı faaliyet raporları ile ulaşılan şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik düzeyini ölçmek amacıyla KİT'lerde Açıklık Ölçeği oluşturulmuştur. Ölçek, örnek olarak alınan kamu yayın kuruluşları ABC, BBC ve TRT faaliyet raporlarına uygulanmıştır. ABC ve BBC'nin şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik düzeyleri yüksekken TRT'nin düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, TRT'nin OECD tarafından yayınlanan KİT'ler için Kurumsal Yönetim Kılavuzu ile Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları kapsamında raporlaması gereken unsurlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

In the globalizing world, quality in communication and internationalization are important. Higher education institutions are taking the necessary steps for the standardization. Quality commissions are formed to maintain the education given at universities to a certain standard, and private organizations and associations are widely engaged in communication. The European Association for Communication Studies and Education operates internationally works on various themes in communication. In Turkey, Communication Research Association established to accredit programs related to communication education; evaluates training programs upon the application of institutions, carries out the training activities of those who will take part as evaluators in accreditation studies, assists programs in meeting the necessary criteria, and carries out joint projects with educational institutions. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship of the keywords determined as quality, internationalization and communication through the example of ECREA and to compare these themes with ILEDAK themes. Information about the similarities and differences between the quality standards of communication education in Turkey and Europe is obtained. The method is thematic content analysis. The data presented within the program outputs determined for the communication basic areas on the official websites of ECREA and ILAD.

As a result of efforts to establish a common migration policy and harmonize European countries since the 1990s, European countries began to want to include the migration regime in the EU acquis. In those years, the goal of European migration policy was to combat irregular migration. Turkey's more intrusive control over migration has also put pressure on European countries. Because Türkiye has become a transit country that opens space for irregular immigrants. In this context, a strong immigration policy has been established in order to respond to the expectations of Europe's institutional and legal regulations. Among these regulations, there are some decisions regarding labor migration. In this study, Turkey's Eleventh Development Plan was examined within the framework of the concept of "sustainable development", taking into account Turkey's current development goals. In consequence of these investigations, new business areas that have emerged recently have been identified and analyzed.

The European Union (EU) has been challenged by several crises lately. In addition to Brexit, the Euro crisis, and the migration crisis; global issues such as the coronavirus pandemic and the Russian attack on Ukraine affected the EU. The migration crisis, on the one hand, differs from the above-mentioned crises with one remarkable feature. The member states have no real consensus about forming a common migration policy. Besides, for geographic reasons, some member states put much more burden on immigrants. Agreeing on immigration becomes impossible for the border countries on the migration route and also transit countries. The paper argues that, unlike the other crises of the EU, the migration crisis reinforces EU integration in such a way that disputes between member states prevent the EU from making institutional changes about the issue. The study results assume that the other above-mentioned crises, on the other hand, stimulated institutional change throughout the EU. In light of this information, this study evaluates, using a method of relevant literature review and comparing the arguments of the researchers, how the migration issue became a subject of dispute between member states by evaluating the 2015 crisis.

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sona erdikten sonra uluslararası sistemde ortaya çıkan güç boşluğunu doldurmak amacıyla Doğu ve Batı Blokları arasında yaşanan hâkimiyet mücadelelerini kapsamaktadır. Bu dönemde her iki blok arasında yaşanan rekabet, sıcak çatışmaya varmamış ve yeni uluslararası düzen Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nin (SSCB) başı çektiği blokların bu döneme ilişkin politikaları çerçevesinde şekillenmiştir. SSCB bu dönemde yayılmacılık politikasını uygulamış ve Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri başta olmak üzere birçok alanı işgal etmiştir. Bu dönemde SSCB'nin işgal ettiği bölgelerin jeopolitik açıdan büyük bir önemi haizdir. Çalışmada ele alınan Afganistan örneği, sahip olduğu jeopolitik konum nedeniyle tarihte birçok güç mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi'ne gelindiğinde dünyanın iki büyük süper gücü olan ABD ve SSCB, Afganistan toprakları ile yakından ilgilenmiş ve bu topraklarda hâkimiyet kurmak için büyük bir rekabete girişmişlerdir. Bu rekabet mücadeleleri, 1979 yılında SSCB'nin Afganistan'ı işgali ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Soğuk Savaş Dönemi'nin temel dinamikleri ve SSCB'nin yayılmacılık politikası çerçevesinde 1979 yılında gerçekleşen Afganistan'ın işgali konusu incelenmektedir.

The main objective of this article is to analyse the energy policies of partner countries of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), established over two energy regions, within the context of "energy regionalism." The study, based on the premise that energy is one of the fundamental sources of motivation for the organisation, discusses the contributions of energy to the development and deepening of cooperation among the Turkic States. The paper explores the expectations of member countries from the organisation in terms of energy within the context of energy regionalism analysis criteria and seeks to answer questions regarding the level of fulfillment of these expectations. The findings suggest that the organisation has special importance in energy issues, with energy being a prominent subject in its written materials. The analysis reveals that the union broadly satisfies the criteria of energy regionalism, indicating the potential for implementing concrete cooperation projects related to energy among member countries in the medium term.

The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected societies. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life of Hungary, Slovakia, Latvia, Poland, and Estonia in comparison with Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic and to make recommendations to policymakers. The results of the "Living, Working and COVID-19 Survey" implemented by Eurofound in European countries at the beginning of the pandemic were compared between Hungary, Slovakia, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and Turkey, and the economic, social, health and psychological impact of the pandemic on societies were examined. It has been found that the countries with the highest happiness mean scores were Latvia and Estonia, the countries with the lowest happiness mean scores were Turkey and Hungary, the countries with the highest mean satisfaction score were Estonia and Latvia, the countries with the lowest mean satisfaction score were Turkey and Slovakia. In the study, it was also determined that the countries with the highest mean score of trust in the healthcare system and government institutions were Estonia and Latvia. The results of the study indicate that the factors affecting the quality of life of the people during the pandemic differ between countries. In the study, it was determined that the countries with a high average of trust in government institutions and health systems also have high average scores of satisfaction and happiness. It is important for policymakers to have information about the factors affecting the quality of life of the society to be prepared for pandemics.

Social and economic conflicts bring along irregular migrations, which are risky and dangerous and lead to humanitarian movements on a global scale. Irregular migration movements increasingly have become a problem of identity, belonging and recognition, and bring with new areas of discussion. Irregular migration, which goes beyond being a phenomenon that nation states can control alone, is perceived as a security threat, especially by European countries, and restrictions are increased with revised migration policies. The blockage of legal routes increases the demand for illegal methods and makes migrant smuggling more apparent. On the other hand, the Mediterranean, which is used as a migration route to reach Europe, has almost become identified with the bodies washed ashore. The number of recorded deaths of migrants in the Mediterranean reveals that the phenomenon of migration is a matter of right to life beyond the political, economic, and social interests of the nation states and accelerated the discussion of the problem on different platforms. Based on this, the film Terraferma, which is about irregular migration over the Mediterranean, was examined as a research subject and analyzed using the dramaturgical analysis technique. The film has been thematically interpreted on the basis of the plot, main idea, assumption, conflicts and characters. Policies such as the fact that global inequalities put pressure on the developed countries with irregular migration on one hand, and the situation of ignoring the phenomenon of irregular migration with strict migration on the other have been evaluated together.

It is known that foreign language teaching has become an increasingly important element with the globalizing world. While some countries have reached a higher level in foreign language teaching, some cannot reach the level of success they want. Understanding the foreign language teaching quality of countries is possible by knowing how they shape their education systems. In this study, the secondary school foreign language education systems of Germany and Turkey were examined comparatively. In doing so, education policy, foreign languages taught, curriculum, weekly foreign language course hours, teaching methods and teaching materials were discussed. In this study, the secondary school foreign language education systems of Germany and Turkey were examined comparatively. While doing this, education policy, foreign languages taught, curriculum, weekly foreign language course hours, teaching methods and teaching materials were discussed. The aim is to reveal differences and similarities by comparing education systems and to determine which factors make these schools successful in foreign language education. The aim is to reveal differences and similarities by comparing education systems and to determine which factors make these schools successful in foreign language education. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Literature review, documentation and text analysis were used to collect data. According to the findings of the study, both Germany and Turkey have adopted the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, English as the first foreign language has an important place in the curriculum and the lessons consist of current issues about life. When it comes to differences, it was determined that the curriculum in Germany changed from state to state, more time was allocated to foreign language course hours than in Turkey, and it is richer than the curriculum in Turkey in terms of teaching materials. In addition, with both countries emphasis on communicative approach and communicative skills, it has been determined that the grammar translation method is still applied in schools in Turkey, while Germany has made more progress in foreign language teaching by adopting an action-oriented approach and communicative skills.