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"Este Artículo pertenece a la sección Giraciscos. Spanish political hit parade. "

We analyze the content and meaning of the agreements signed between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in Moscow (1972) and in Washington, D.C. (1973). We try to answer the questions about what type of international relations between the two superpowers regulate the Moscow and Washington Accords; what is the meaning of these Agreements for the United States, for the Soviet Union and for the other countries of the planet; If these treaties will be the beginning of a new era in the history of international relations and world politics, or will they constitute a means to consolidate the status quo of dominant countries and dominated countries; and, lastly, whether the benefits of the policies that inspire these Agreements between the superpowers will be extended to the underdeveloped world. ; Se analiza el contenido y el significado de los acuerdos firmados entre los Estados Unidos de América y la Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, en Moscú (1972) y en Washington, D.C. (1973). Se trata de responder las interrogantes sobre qué tipo de relaciones internacionales entre las dos superpotencias regulan los Acuerdos de Moscú y de Washington; cuál es el significado de estos Acuerdos para los Estados Unidos, para la Unión Soviética y para los demás países del planeta; si acaso serán estos tratados el comienzo de una nueva era en la historia de las relaciones internacionales y de la política mundial, o constituirán un medio para afianzar el status quo de países dominantes y países dominados y, por último, si los beneficios de las políticas que inspiran estos Acuerdos entre las superpotencias se extenderán hacia el mundo subdesarrollado.

Given the limitations of traditional economic theory in its generalizations, some economists are searching new analytical frameworks to analyze social reality. Following the proposal of Jürgen Schuldt to integrate economics with political sociology, this article offers the first suggestions to achieve this synthesis. ; El sistema autogestionario, diferente al sistema de mercado y estatista, ofrece una alternativa para los países en desarrollo que buscan alcanzar a los países desarrollados en materia económica, política y social. El artículo desarrolla las diferencias entre estos sistemas y las ventajas del sistema autogestionarios sobre los otros dos.

In the introduction the author underlines the importance and role of the foreign trade in the socialist economy. The rate of increase in the trade with abroad in CMEA countries ought to undergo a considerable acceleration and surpass the rate of increase of the national income and industrial production. In the course of the last years the socialist countries have done and still do big efforts aiming at extension and deepening of the profits of economical relations with highly developed West European countries. These efforts were expressed in active cooperation in bilateral talks that were to lead to liberalization of export to CMEA and EFTA countries, to the membership of GATT reacted by some of the socialist countries and in finished negotiations under the name of Kennedy Round. In that way we theoretically reached the approach to western markets — that in general depends on the quality of exported goods, their attractive price, short terms of delivery and profitable sale conditions for foreign contractive parties — this fact however does not solve the problem. Liberalization of import to CMEA and EFTA countries secures the approach to the west markets only in formal and legal terms. But there exists still another aspect of the problem. These markets got under control of the state and international concerns. The introduction of a new competitor is very difficult in that situation. A solution could be found in creating such a situation in which our presence on the West markets would be not only a competition but simultaneously a form of cooperation, profitable for our partners. Cooperation in the international scale would be the required form. Further on, the author discussed in the article three forms of cooperation: licence agreements in the branch of building and exporting machines, gadgets and agreements for cooperation with West enterprises in the aim of supplying on the markets of the third world. The author dealt as well with forms of scientific and technical cooperation and discussed profits of cooperation for both sides. Finishing the article the author put forward the thesis that cooperation helps to enliven the economical relations between East and West. Of course only under the condition that it will be only economical form of international cooperation with no political strings. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

Since 1958 the European Common Market has become the ground for the initiation and development of the integration process. Some of the Rome Treaty resolutions have created new tasks for the European transport particularly as far as the quantitative tasks are concerned. Most of those tasks had to be done within the intra-territory of the Common Market and the new situation required more intensive co-operation and division of labour between the Common Market territories and the other countries having commercial contacts with the European Common Market. According to the Treaty of Rome three branches of transport were decided to be covered by a common policy. Though not consequently carried out, those branches proved to be able to fulfil the quickly increasing tasks. The European transport, however, has not been transformed into a unified transportation system, the process has been nearly initiated. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The underdeveloped countries which are rich in oil resources are putting up a fight against the exploitation policy of the world oil cartel. The body which is representing their interests is the OPEC organisation (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries). The setting up of this organisation was in fact a response of the oil producing countries to the successive reduction of the information price. OPEC is thus meant to constitute a kind of counterbalance to the world cartel, which is getting most of its crude oil on the territories of the OPEC countries. OPEC represents all Arab countries of the Near East, Venezuela, Indonesia, Libya. In the negotiations with the world cartel the OPEC brings forward numerous postulates. Some of them constitute subjects of this summary. One of the most important and complicated item are the information prices which serve as a basis for computing the royalties due to the governments of the oil producing countries. The next problem evolves around the regulation of the size of crude oil production. There are also some other problems, e.g. the problem of separating the concession fees from the income tax, the problem of raising the concession fees to 20 per cent of the information price or last but not least the problem of fixing a new proportion of dividing the profits on the 70 : 30 basis. The fight put up by OPEC by exclusively economic means — has no good prospects of success. The best way out of the difficulties seems to be the formation of native capital which would undertake the business of oil extraction and oil distribution. The fight with the world cartel is difficult because of .the political weakness of the oil countries, the anxiety concerning the oil distribution (the world's distribution network is mostly in the hands of the cartel) and the lack of native skilled labour. The attempts to nationalize the oil industry have taken place only in a few countries — they constituted, however, a bold example to the other oil producing countries. Lately the nationalization trend slackened somehow, on the other hand the formation of regional groupings are getting popular. There are at present two such organisations: ARPEL — the Organisation of State Oil Enterprises in Latin American Countries and APO — The Arab Oil Organisation. Of course the mere setting up of new organisations does not yet mean the end of the World Cartel — it does mean, however, that the times where it could control unconditionally the oil resources are definitely over. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The article discusses the role of the European Communities' organs in forming of the budget. This role has been presented on the example of the share that each individual organ has in the presentaition, authorization and implementation of the budget. Particularly, a lot of importance has been attached to the role of the Parliament and the Council in forming of the budget. These two are the most important Communities'organs. However, their role in forming of the budget is different; and the Council has stronger influence upon the whole process. It decides on the prevailing part of budgetary expenditures. Yet, the European Parliament is gradually achieving a wider scope of. budgetary competence. Direct election to the Parliament in 1979, was a very important incentive which hastened this process. Moreover, it was then, that the Parliament gained political identity. The process of widening the budgetary competence of the Parliament will gradually develop. Therefore, the position of the Commission will greatly change and will be more determined and controlled by parliamentary decisions. The question of the role of Communities'organs in forming of the budget has both financial and political importance. All these problems are widely discussed in the article. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The study elaborates essentials, in the author's opinion, of the answer to the following query formulated at the outset: is the formation and the development of contemporary crisis phenomena related, and to what extent, to the present policies of infrastructure developement and to its attained level. A decision to elaborate this subject can be justified, on the one hand with prevalent disturbances of the economic developement in European States and on the other, with the weight attributed to infrastructure as a substantial determinant of economic changes. Relations between infrastructure and a developement of capitalist states can be characterized by means of presentation of three crucial moments. The first one incidental to the 19 c. industrial revolution, the second, resulting from Keynsian assumptions and the third one, started, in the author's opinion, in 1973 along with the oil crisis and a process of the EEC extension. As far as the socialist States are concerned, the author indicates at the significant reasons of apparent tendencies in economic practice in those States, they are rooted in the views on understanding a socialist economy, still vivid in the theory and present in the practice of economic life (e.g. identifying it with one giant enterprise), on principles and conditions of development (e.g. a tendency to allow a preferential treatment to accumulation in a distribution of national income), as well as on a practical interpretation of goals of socialist economy. Many conclusions and theses could be illustrated on account of a wide employment of statistical data on a state and a pace of transformations of economic infrastructure of the 20 European states, on utilization of infrastructure services in relation to the gained effect of GNP and on assessment of interactions between a level of infrastructure developement and a general stage of developement. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The article describes the regulation of execution proceedings in administration of the selected European socialist States. The analysis is limited to the legislations of those States, where the execution proceedings has been more completely regulated. It is the case of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yougoslavia, Poland and Hungary. In the remaining States the execution proceedings occupies a secondary position and is fragmentarily regulated in various legislations of detailed problems of state's administration. Various normative models adopted in the socialist States can be specified on the grounds of varying modes of regulating the procedure. The author focused on the problem of safeguarding legally protected interests of citizens in the execution proceedings in the compared legislations. The very fact of legislating the proceedings by means of parliamentary acts has the essential effect upon the protection of citizen's interest. Out of detailed questions the following were analysed: mode of regulating some execution means (substituted execution, immediate enforcement), principles of execution proceedings and the system of appeals. The author concludes that the priority is attributed to the protection of State's interest in the specific collission of State's and citizen's interest which is observed in legislations of execution proceedings in the socialist States. Polish legislation however, can effectively protect the interest of citizens in the execution proceedings. The author indicates at the necessity of further actions aiming at more effective citizen's interest protection by means of submitting decisions given in the execution proceedings under judicial control of administrative decisions. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The Council, the political decision-making body of the European Communities, approved in 1976 the text on the election of Parliament by direct universal suffrage. The powers of the European Parliament range from its intervention in the legislative process itself to the approval of the budget, including executive control and active political cooperation. The first elections took place in all member countries and the new parliament has now come into operation. But what does this decision, classified as "the most important political event of 1976", mean in the sphere of the European community? This paper analyzes the significance of such a significant event, while making a brief retrospective into the community's institutions and the transmutation suffered by the European Parliament. ; EI Consejo, órgano político decisorio de las Comunidades Europeas, aprobó en 1976 el texto relativo a la elección del Parlamento Europeo por sufragio universal directo. Las competencias del Parlamento van desde su intervención en el proceso legislativo mismo a la aprobación del presupuesto, comprendiendo el control del ejecutivo y una activa cooperación política. Los escrutinios de las primeras elecciones tuvieron lugar en todos los países miembros y el nuevo parlamento ya entró en funciones. ¿Pero qué significa esta decisión calificada como "el hecho político más importante de 1976" en el ámbito de la comunidad europea? En este artículo se analiza el significado de tan trascendental acontecimiento, a la vez que se hace una breve incursión retrospectiva sobre las instituciones comunitarias y la transmutación sufrida por el Parlamento Europeo.

Estudio sobre Historia da civiliçao iberica (Lisboa, 1879), de Oliveira Martins. Análisis de la corriente política que en España y en Portugal apuesta por la unión de ambos países. ; Study on the History of the Iberian Civilization (Lisbon, 1879), by Oliveira Martins. Analysis of the political current that in Spain and Portugal bets on the union of both countries.

This paper describes and examines the main links that exist between the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China in the period 1970-1975. These diplomatic, commercial and political-military connections play a fundamental role in the new model of international relations that emerges after the end of the Vietnam war and at a stage in which the most obvious consequences of the energy crisis are beginning to affect the governments of the East and West, also affecting the economies of the countries located in the North and South of the planet. It is concluded that from the interaction of conflict and cooperation within the selected triangle will depend on the possibilities of further increase or decrease in the pace and content of the process of détente that is taking place in the international system as a whole. ; Este trabajo describe y examina las principales vinculaciones que existen entre Estados Unidos, la Unión Soviética y la República Popular China en el período 1970-1975. Estas conexiones de carácter diplomático, comercial y político-militar tienen un papel fundamental en el nuevo modelo de relaciones internacionales que emerge una vez terminado el conflicto del Vietnam y en una etapa en que las consecuencias más evidentes de la crisis de energía comienzan a repercutir en los gobiernos del Oriente y el Occidente, afectando las economías de los países situados al Norte y al Sur del planeta. Se concluye que de la interacción de conflicto y cooperación al interior del triángulo seleccionado, dependerán las posibilidades de mayor aumento o disminución del ritmo y contenido del proceso de distensión que se está produciendo en el sistema internacional en su conjunto.

In this paper a very general picture is drawn, a tabulation of topics for the subsequent development of current political problems and the important topic of world problems and the position of the American continent within it. This is marked by the confrontation of power between the USSR and the US. The countries that make up the continent present the most diverse conditions in terms of political institutions, living conditions and economic and social level. And despite the fact that we are within its area of influence, there is a tendency in the US to take Latin America as a block, as if it were a whole endowed with the same political, economic and cultural characteristics. However, Latin America is an important element in the free play of world politics. ; En este trabajo se traza un cuadro de carácter muy general, una tabulación de temas para el desarrollo posterior de los problemas políticos de actualidad y el importante tema de la problemática mundial y de la posición del continente americano dentro de esta. Esta se encuentra marcada por la confrontación de poder entre la URSS y los EE.UU. Los países que integran el continente presentan las condiciones más diversas en materia de instituciones políticas, condiciones de vida y nivel económico y social. Y pese a que estamos dentro de su área de influencia, existe en los EE.UU. la tendencia a tomar a América Latina en bloque, como si se tratase de un todo dotado de las mismas características políticas, económicas y culturales. Sin embargo, América Latina es un elemento importante en el libre juego de la política mundial.