Suchergebnisse

Defence date: 21 March 1983 ; Supervisor: Manfred Streit ; First made available online 3 June 2015. ; Introduction; One aspect of the analysis of regional problems is that it is easier to describe the symptoms than to point to the causes. We begin this chapter by highlighting a few of the most evident "symptoms" of the regional problem. Some of the possible causes are then discussed. Thirdly we look into the overall pattern of regional development at the European Community level. This is discussed, (i) at a theoretical level with reference to location theories and theories of spatial competition; (ii) at an empirical level with respect to regional employment and industrial structures, and (iii) at a dynamic level, taking into consideration factors which may explain the process of economic growth at a regional level. Fourthly, we consider the implications of greater interEC trade links and direct foreign investment on the pattern of regional development. This leads on to a discussion of the regional implications of the multinational enterprise — the locational aspects, the distribution of their economic surplus, and their linkages with firms in the domestic sector. Fifthly, some alternative strategies for regional harmonisation are outlined. Policies to reduce regional disparities can be divided into two groups; firstly macropolicies working at either a national or Community level, such as public spending or fiscal integration; secondly micro-policies such as financial incentives and disincentive policies.

Defence date: 24 September 1982 ; Supervisor: Manfred Streit ; First made available online 10 June 2015.

Defence date: 15 September 1982 ; Supervisor: Jean Paul Fitoussi ; First made available online 3 June 2015. ; This study is an attempt to analyze labor conflicts in France, Italy, and the United Kingdom since World War II. More precisely it will focalize on a particular expression of labor conflicts, namely, strikes, which are defined by Hicks as an "abstension from work, usually planned, by a considerable number of workers." This definition includes two elements, the group factor and the organizational factor, that distinguish! strikes from -other forms of work conflicts such as lateness, registered or unregistered sickness, or absenteeism. In fact, these two elements are always present during a strike and contrast with the individuality and the individual willingness which are present in other forms of conflict usually grouped under the heading of "unorganized conflict".

The development of job evaluation practice is examined in Britain, America, the Netherlands and South Africa. The role of management and unions is traced to highlight important content, process and value Issues. The initial phases of development of job evaluation arise out of attempts by major public or private bodies to rationalize chaotic wage rates. Job evaluation schemes are often implemented by management together with significant increases in wages and salaries. Unions invariably welcome the increases and do not question the rationality of the underlying plans. When, however, increases are no longer as large and when unions become more critical and knowledgeable they question the underlying tenets and processes. Further impetus to the development of job evaluation practice is gained when equal pay legislation or intent is introduced. Questioning of the plans and processes often leads to union involvement and joint management/labour committees devising plans and evaluating jobs. On the basis of this simple developmental model it is hypothesized that organizations in South Africa are entering the critical questioning phase and that considerably more attention will be focussed on union involvement in job evaluation processes.

Pages also numbered 576-632 ; Reprint. Originally published: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press, 1902. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science ; ser. 20, no. 11-12) ; Includes bibliographical references and index ; Mode of access: Internet.

On 1 January, 1958, the treaty creating the EEC, or more popularly The Common Market, came into force. Six West European countries, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, gave their final consent to the setting up between them of a customs unionan agreement whereby signatories undertook to eliminate gradually all barriers to free trade and to erect a tariff wall protecting them against the outside world. This heralded a new relationship between European nations: henceforth, common problems dealing with commerce, agriculture, transport, and the movements of capital and labour, would be tackled by a common front aoting along lines dictated by a common policy. The Six also foresaw cooperation in the setting up of rules to cover fair competition and in the formulating of programmes for social welfare. They envisaged the eventual formation of an economic and political union of major European states bound by common laws, a common monetary system, a common taxation system, and so on. In short, a United States of Europe. ; N/A

Defence date: 1 June 1983 ; First made available online: 17 September 2015

The paper deals with general regularities of the natural population movement in the European socialist countries. It is shown that the rate of natural increase in population during the post-war period has considerably decreased. Among the many reasons of this phenomenon, a reduction in woman's productivity figures prominently. The author discusses the effects and prospects of productivity and the aging of population. Prominence is given mainly to the analyses of measures taken in separate countries to raise the rate of birth. ; Straipsnyje apžvelgiama socialistinių šalių vykdoma demografinė politika. Daugelio Europos socialistinių šalių demografinė politika pasikeitė – ji pasidarė aktyvi, skatinanti gimimų skaičiaus augimą. Ypač sustiprintos ekonominės priemonės – daugiavaikėms šeimoms suteikiama nemenka finansinė parama (vienkartinės pašalpos, priedai už vaikus ir pan.), kuria siekiama išlyginti šeimų su skirtingu vaikų skaičiumi pajamas. Demografinėje politikoje ima vyrauti tiesioginio ekonominio poveikio priemonės: lėšos išmokamos tiesiog šeimai, o ne per visuomeninio vartojimo fondus, per kuriuos jos dažnai paskirstomos netolygiai, be to, tiesioginis išmokėjimas daro didesnį psichologinį poveikį. Vis daugiau šalių siekia sudaryti sąlygas, kad motinos bent iki vienerių-dvejų metų pačios augintų savo kūdikius. Daugelyje socialistinių šalių ypač skatinamas antrųjų ir trečiųjų vaikų gimimas, nes to reikia išplėstinei reprodukcijai. Be ekonominio pobūdžio priemonių, gimimų skaičiui padidinti taikomi įvairūs juridiniai aktai bei auklėjamosios priemonės, skatinamas santuokų skaičiaus augimas.

This is a 1968 report generated by the Union County (S.C.) Chamber of Commerce and the South Carolina State Development Board to provide potential industrial developers with information about industry in Union County and to promote new development. The report includes detailed statistics and descriptive information about industry in Union County in the form of text statements as well as charts and maps. This information covers, at the county and city levels: community services, public services, local climate, available natural resources, local government, local commerce and financial resources, communications, labor supply, education, taxation information (individual and corporate), utility and transportation availability, fuel supply, local recreation, current industries, and industrial site availability.

A large number of models have been developed and used for energy policy planning, in a regional, national or international level, in order to cope with the broad variety of issues related to the energy problem. Energy models belong to the class of policy models, which address fuzzy and complex issues involving many non-quantitative factors, such as political issues, behavioural aspects, etc., as well as many uncertainties and lack of rigorous knowledge concerning the structure of the reference system, and the interrelationships of its elements. The role of energy policy models is very important, since they enhance understanding and communication, and they assist the policymakers to review plausible future configurations of relevant decision variables and parameters. In this paper one of the most important areas of energy modelling is investigated, that concerning the interactions between energy and economy in the group of Developing and Industrializing Countries (DIC's). It is pointed out that energy models used in the DIC's must capture the particular features of energy policy in these countries, such as rapid economic development fueled by expensive, depleting and often imported energy resources; dependence on foreign resources such as energy, capital, technology, etc.; management of indigenous resources, social structural changes, rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization. In order to improve energy models and enhance their contributions in policy analysis, it is proposed that modelling efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the energy-economy relationships in the DIC's, as well as towards the development of validated data bases. © 1983.

After several years of unrest in the international monetary scene, the governments of the EEC countries agreed in December 1969 at The Hague to place monetary union in Europe on the agenda. Behind this agreement, however, resides a wide range of differences of opinion, which are partly expressed in the host of plans for European monetary integration that have been published in recent months. One essential divergency of opinion is, whether one should first peg intra-Community exchange rates or whether one should first try to harmonize policies and wait till stable exchange rates come about almost by themselves. A premature fixing of exchange rates would lead to — unwanted waves of imported inflation in the more stable countries and to imported deflation and unemployment in the less stable countries, — regional problems in those parts of the EEC that have had a tradition of wage push, and the danger of undue industrial concentration in those parts that have a tradition , of relatively high labour discipline, and — the necessity for sizeable intra-EEC fiscal transfers in favour of cost-push regions to counterbalance the negative effects of high wage costs. These transfers might easily overstress the European solidarity, that is the readiness to pay, of the more stable national regions. These problems appear to be bigger if one thinks of an enlarged EEC. Contrary to the costs and risks of premature exchange rate fixing, the benefits are, it seems, frequently overestimated: As long as the free flow of goods and capital is guaranteed (and not impaired in defense of outdated fixed parities, as has often been the case in the past) most of the beneficial economic integration effects are secured. To avoid a setback in integration - similar to the recent setback due to the premature fixing of common agricultural prices - it therefore seems advisable not to force together divergent underlying trends, but rather to implement elastic devices for a harmonious growing-together of the various European economies.

No doubt the monetary measures taken by the Government of the Federal Republic on May 10 have caused quite a stir. The question is: Can the European economic and monetary union still be achieved, in spite of the German measures?

The Customs Union among the member states of the European Economic Community has come into force on July 1, 1968. Its main effect has been the eradication of the ultimate 15 per cent that had remained of the original internal rales of import duty on industrial products between member states and the complete application of the joint tariff of the Community to industrial imports coming from outside the area. Farm produce, which is not subject to import duty but to "Abschöpfungen" (levies) will in future be governed by a unified system of import control. Recently, it has not always been a true community spirit that ruled the fate of the EEC because, in many countries, national selfishness seems to recover ground. This renders more indispensable than ever for the Community a successful completion of the Customs Union, which is thought to be the first big step towards closer political cooperation in Europe.

In this article optimum instrument values for two different objectives of an EC marketing policy for butter are considered. In the first part of the study the demand equations of four EC countries, le., West Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Denmark, are estimated and discussed. These countries cover about 58 percent of the total butter consumption of the EC. The second part contains the formulation of a maximum revenue policy and a budget minimizing policy. With each of these two different aims, the optimum price of butter is first determined. Then the optimum price of butter is considered simultaneously with optimum values of other policy instruments.

The current trend toward greater worker participation in business decisions is reflected in European Economic Community developments. In this article, Mr. Battaille examines recent European Commission measures which attempt to harmonize national company law legislation in the Member States. The author focuses particularly on the Commission's proposal for a Council Directive to ensure the right to information and consultation for workers of enterprises exercising their activities in more than one establishment or subsidiary in one or several Member States.