Suchergebnisse

This paper represents a first approach to the acoustical regulations in some European Union countries. It is only considered the case of dwellings in Residential Buildings.The analysis is limited to the comparison of the different indexes used in the several countries. Some examples illustrate the enormous differences in philosophy and requirements of the different Regulations that were analysed.The conclusions emphasize the need to begin the preparation of a common code that could be used as a European Union Regulation in the field of Building Acoustics.

In the daily reality of modern polycentric societies, strike action expresses the divergence of contrasting interest and expectations. It is "the morning lunch of Parliamentary Democracy" which the mass media frequently endeavours to make it look or sound frightening, especially if there are some violent and blood clashes related to the dispute. Tpe strike, however, is considered to be the most important source of organized labour in its struggle to win concessions. It is "a planned withholding of labour designed to impose union demands on the employer from the employee or to prevent the employer from imposing his demands on the union". Although, there are multiple economic, social, legal and political interpretations, strike action has been defined as "a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand". An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dominant influences of unemployment upon industrial disputes, as well as to trace the causes and trends of strikes in Europen Union countries in recent years. The main source of data is from the LLD's "Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1994". The original source of this same data is mainly drawn by the LL.O. from goverment statistical services of the countries included in the study. For reasons of statistical comparability, the use of sources other than the LLD. (except in certain cases) has been avoided. ; peer-reviewed

In the Summer of 1998, the Executive Board discussed a set of three papers prepared by the staff that focused on the likey impact of EMU on selected non-EU countries. In recognition of the contribution these papers could make to the literature and discussion of EMU, the Board requested that this collection of papers be published. This Occasional Paper presents the three papers in one volume Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the likely impact of EMU on three regions: Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and the African CFA zone. Chapter 2 focuses on the trade and financial effects of EMU on selected transition and Mediterranean countries. And Chapter 3 considers the possible implications of EMU for the Middle East and North Africa region

The buffer-stock hypothesis is examined through a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model across European Union (EU) countries. Variance decompositions do not provide uniform evidence in favour of the buffer-stock hypothesis in all case studies. The results are very important for the design of monetary policy within EU. ; N/A

New evidence is presented on the degree of aggregate and sectoral labour productivity convergence among 11 EU countries between 1970 and 1990. As with studies for other groups of countries, it is found that there is a greater degree of aggregate than sectoral convergence. Aggregate productivity converged at 0.9 percent per annum, with agriculture and manufacturing both diverging and only services converging (0.6 percent p.a.). We contend that structural change provides one explanation for this finding. When measured as changes in sectoral employment shares, structural change accounted for between 50 percent and 66 percent of the overall rate of aggregate productivity convergence among the EU countries over the period. Countries with relatively low levels of aggregate productivity benefited most from structural change.