Suchergebnisse

Border guard, control and surveillance are a relevant topic in every country. It should be mentioned, that when the country has borders with other countries, it has created the policy, legal and institutional basis for the control and surveillance of its border that secures social, political, legal, economical, cultural and scientific interests of the citizens of that country. There are two border concepts in the European Union – internal and external borders. The co-operation of the member states, based on the integrated border management concept, is oriented to the common attempt to control and secure the external border carrying out various joint operations and projects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the guidelines of the cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border guard and to evaluate the effectiveness of this cooperation. This paper consists of preface, where the relevance, problem, purpose, objectives are presented, three main parts, conclusions and appendixes. The analysis of the guidelines of cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border surveillance and evaluation of the effectiveness of this cooperation is being carried out using the researches, Shengen acquis, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Rome, the Treaty of Lisbon, etc.

Border guard, control and surveillance are a relevant topic in every country. It should be mentioned, that when the country has borders with other countries, it has created the policy, legal and institutional basis for the control and surveillance of its border that secures social, political, legal, economical, cultural and scientific interests of the citizens of that country. There are two border concepts in the European Union – internal and external borders. The co-operation of the member states, based on the integrated border management concept, is oriented to the common attempt to control and secure the external border carrying out various joint operations and projects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the guidelines of the cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border guard and to evaluate the effectiveness of this cooperation. This paper consists of preface, where the relevance, problem, purpose, objectives are presented, three main parts, conclusions and appendixes. The analysis of the guidelines of cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border surveillance and evaluation of the effectiveness of this cooperation is being carried out using the researches, Shengen acquis, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Rome, the Treaty of Lisbon, etc.

Many countries face the challenge of ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of where they reside. These problems cannot be solved without an evaluation of social, territorial, and economic disparities. It is important to understand the causes and nature of this process, because even small differences in economic growth among regions, accumulated over a long period, may lead to considerable disparities in living standards in different parts of the same country. These differences have negative impact on further economic growth and contribute to economic, social and political tensions between regions, which in turn lead to an inefficient spatial allocation and use of resources. This has led that European economic integration which began in the fifties of the last century was always accompanied by the idea of social cohesion. While developing cohesion programs the evaluation of economic disparities between regions has become particularly relevant and regional economic convergence became the main principle of regional policy. EU regional policy can be considered successful if the disparities between the regions decrease, but studies dealing with the convergence / divergence matter do not provide definitive conclusions. Evaluation of regional economic convergence process primarily highlights the problem of definition of the region, whereas the term, depending on the context in which it is used, acquires a different meaning. The criteria to define the concept of the region range between two extremes – the normative and functional. The studies on the regions of the EU member states most commonly use administrative regions which are defined according to the nomenclature of territorial statistical units. According to the review of researches on regional convergence in the EU it can be stated that despite a few exceptions analyses focus on NUTS2 (less commonly NUTS1) level regions. [.]

Many countries face the challenge of ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of where they reside. These problems cannot be solved without an evaluation of social, territorial, and economic disparities. It is important to understand the causes and nature of this process, because even small differences in economic growth among regions, accumulated over a long period, may lead to considerable disparities in living standards in different parts of the same country. These differences have negative impact on further economic growth and contribute to economic, social and political tensions between regions, which in turn lead to an inefficient spatial allocation and use of resources. This has led that European economic integration which began in the fifties of the last century was always accompanied by the idea of social cohesion. While developing cohesion programs the evaluation of economic disparities between regions has become particularly relevant and regional economic convergence became the main principle of regional policy. EU regional policy can be considered successful if the disparities between the regions decrease, but studies dealing with the convergence / divergence matter do not provide definitive conclusions. Evaluation of regional economic convergence process primarily highlights the problem of definition of the region, whereas the term, depending on the context in which it is used, acquires a different meaning. The criteria to define the concept of the region range between two extremes – the normative and functional. The studies on the regions of the EU member states most commonly use administrative regions which are defined according to the nomenclature of territorial statistical units. According to the review of researches on regional convergence in the EU it can be stated that despite a few exceptions analyses focus on NUTS2 (less commonly NUTS1) level regions. [.]

Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The development of sustainable transport systems in polish cities agglomerations in the context of european integration : in case of the Wroclaw agglomeration

Analyzing the course of accession negotiations of Turkey to the European Union and taking into an account the experience of previous enlargements, the issue of free movement of persons appears to be one of the most difficult and controversial subject. EU members societies report concerns about job losses and reduced wages in the case of immigration of cheaper labor. In addition, ethnic prejudices and cultural, religious, social and language differences in the European Union hold the demand for foreign workers.Based on the theory and analysis of current migration flows of the Turkish population to European Union countries, it appears that the most important factors influencing decisions to migrate, and thus also on its size, there are differences in income. An important factor is also the presence of a number of Turkish minorities in European countries.In order to balance the benefits and losses associated with Turkish migration will be analyzed the trends in Turkish immigrants participation in the European Union and Germany. ; Analizując przebieg negocjacji akcesyjnych Turcji do Unii Europejskiej oraz biorąc pod uwagę doświadczenia dotychczasowych rozszerzeń, kwestia swobodnego przepływu pracowników okazuje się być jednym z najtrudniejszych i najbardziej kontrowersyjnych tematów. Społeczeństwa krajów członkowskich Unii zgłaszają obawy związane z utratą miejsc pracy oraz redukcją płac w wypadku imigracji tańszej siły roboczej. Ponadto uprzedzenia narodowościowe oraz różnice kulturowe, religijne, socjalne i językowe hamują w Unii Europejskiej popyt na zagranicznych pracowników.W oparciu o teorię migracji oraz analizy dotychczasowych przepływów ludności tureckiej do krajów Unii Europejskiej okazuje się, że najistotniejszymi czynnikami wpływającymi na podejmowanie decyzji o migracji, a więc także o jej wielkości, są różnice w dochodach. Ważnym motywem jest także występowanie licznych mniejszości tureckich w państwach europejskich.W celu zbilansowania korzyści i strat związanych z turecką migracją zbadane zostaną tendencje w zakresie udziału tureckich imigrantów w Unii Europejskiej i Niemczech.

Analyzing the course of accession negotiations of Turkey to the European Union and taking into an account the experience of previous enlargements, the issue of free movement of persons appears to be one of the most difficult and controversial subject. EU members societies report concerns about job losses and reduced wages in the case of immigration of cheaper labor. In addition, ethnic prejudices and cultural, religious, social and language differences in the European Union hold the demand for foreign workers.Based on the theory and analysis of current migration flows of the Turkish population to European Union countries, it appears that the most important factors influencing decisions to migrate, and thus also on its size, there are differences in income. An important factor is also the presence of a number of Turkish minorities in European countries.In order to balance the benefits and losses associated with Turkish migration will be analyzed the trends in Turkish immigrants participation in the European Union and Germany. ; Analizując przebieg negocjacji akcesyjnych Turcji do Unii Europejskiej oraz biorąc pod uwagę doświadczenia dotychczasowych rozszerzeń, kwestia swobodnego przepływu pracowników okazuje się być jednym z najtrudniejszych i najbardziej kontrowersyjnych tematów. Społeczeństwa krajów członkowskich Unii zgłaszają obawy związane z utratą miejsc pracy oraz redukcją płac w wypadku imigracji tańszej siły roboczej. Ponadto uprzedzenia narodowościowe oraz różnice kulturowe, religijne, socjalne i językowe hamują w Unii Europejskiej popyt na zagranicznych pracowników.W oparciu o teorię migracji oraz analizy dotychczasowych przepływów ludności tureckiej do krajów Unii Europejskiej okazuje się, że najistotniejszymi czynnikami wpływającymi na podejmowanie decyzji o migracji, a więc także o jej wielkości, są różnice w dochodach. Ważnym motywem jest także występowanie licznych mniejszości tureckich w państwach europejskich.W celu zbilansowania korzyści i strat związanych z turecką migracją zbadane zostaną tendencje w zakresie udziału tureckich imigrantów w Unii Europejskiej i Niemczech.

The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

The last decade has been a period of accelerated integration in Europe. A tangible manifestation of this was the biggest ever enlargement of the EU in 2004 and its next enlargement in 2007. Therefore the aim of this study is a formalized empirical evaluation of the phenomenon of integration in case of EU countries in the sphere of economic institutional order in the first decade of the twentieth century. Due to the fact that institutional systems should be treated as a multidimensional phenomena, in this study generally recognized taxonomic tools were used - a hierarchical classification method, which allowed to obtain some homogeneous subsets of countries classified on the base of institutional system similarities in each year. The study was based on annual data from the period 2000-2008 for 27 countries that are members of the EU. It allowed to capture a period of four years before and four years after the biggest enlargement of the EU. The main research problem of this study amounted to the question: whether in the analyzed period can one speak about the process of growing similarities in the sphere of institutional order in case of so called old and new EU member states? The study confirms existence of integration processes in relation to economic governance and institutional order. ; Ostatnie dziesięciolecie było okresem przyspieszonej integracji w Europie. Za namacalny przejaw tego zjawiska należy uznać największe dotychczasowe rozszerzenie UE w 2004 oraz kolejne rozszerzenie z 2007 r. W związku z tym celem niniejszej analizy jest sformalizowana empiryczna ocena zjawiska integracji instytucjonalnej w krajach UE w odniesieniu do porządku gospodarczego w pierwszym dziesięcioleciu XX wieku. Ze względu na fakt, iż systemy instytucjonalne należy traktować jako zjawiska wielowymiarowe w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano powszechnie uznane narzędzia analizy taksonomicznej - hierarchiczną metodę grupowania, której zastosowanie pozwoliło na uzyskanie jednorodnych podzbiorów krajów ze względu na podobieństwo ich systemów instytucjonalnych. Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o dane roczne z okresu 2000-2008 dla 27 krajów będących członkami UE, co pozwoliło to na uchwycenie okresu czterech lat przed oraz czerech lat po największym rozszerzeniu Unii. Główne zagadnienie badawcze niniejszej analizy sprowadzało się do pytania: czy w analizowanym okresie można mówić o procesie upodabniania się w sferze instytucjonalnej tzw. starych i nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej? Przeprowadzone badanie potwierdza występowanie procesów integracyjnych w odniesieniu do gospodarczego ładu instytucjonalnego.

European regional integration processes have gradually covered most of the world regions. First of all, regions were strengthened internally and after that they began increasingly interact with each other, thus consolidating interregional relations as an integral part of their foreign policy. European Union decided to activate foreign policy actions in Latin America due to its growing economical and political significance. However, EU member's different interests have increased the gap between the official statements of EU and concrete practical policies. Such inequality of attention to Latin America led other great players of the international system to renew their interest in the region