Suchergebnisse

The reality of recent decades proves that in a constantly changing world only those societies will enjoy political, economic and social benefits that were able to accumulate and make effective use of intellectual resources as well as innovation potential of the younger generation.Analysis of the available scientific material on the issue suggests that research of youth policy models and engagement of young people to participate in political processes in Ukraine and in the countries of the European Union is an important and multifaceted problem that attracts many foreign and local government officials as well as researchers.The documents of the United Nations play an important role in the proper functioning of youth organizations in the European Union. There the concept of international policy in the youth field is clearly demonstrated with the regular recurrent appearance of the analysis of state youth policy at the international and national levels.The key events that gave rise to the development of youth policy in the European Union began in 2001 when the European Commission adopted the White Paper «A new impetus for European Youth». In March 2005 European Pact was adopted. It addresses the concerns of young people and is part of the Lisbon strategy for growth and employment. The purpose of this document is to develop youth participation in education and training, social inclusion of young people in society. Later in 2007 in its Communication «Promoting full participation of young people in education, employment and society», the Commission focused on close communication in all areas in order to create conditions for the development of the youth sector. «Youth in Action» program is a well-known program adopted in 2006 for the period 2007-2013, the purpose of which is to promote active European cooperation in the field of youth policy and strengthen youth engagement.Currently, the EU 's new strategy on the prospects of development of youth field for the period 2010-2018 «Strategy for Youth: Investing and Empowering» was adopted on November 27, 2009. It is based on the results of a constructive dialogue in which approximately 40,000 young people have participated. The Strategy identifies two main objectives of European cooperation in youth policy until 2018: a) create more equal opportunities for youth in education and employment and b) encourage active citizenship and social integration.Several models of youth policy can be singled out in the EU. They are based on certain criteria, such as: democracy, national cultural traditions and regulatory support, etc.– Universalistic model (Western Europe and Scandinavia) – is the most democratic model, which is characterized by parity level of state control of youth organizations, while providing them a wide discretion. This model emerged as a result of reorientation of youth policy in the last 10-15 years. It is still accompanied by events and activities of the youth movement. What is specific to this model is that there is no Ministry of Youth Affairs in the government.– Community model (UK) – characterized by minimal state intervention in the activities of youth organizations, based on old traditions. Only a small number of youth organizations take active part in the state building process, among them are sports, cultural and charitable organizations. Implementation of youth policy is delegated from the state to civil society.– Protectionist model (Central Europe) – the state is trying to control and set the priority objectives for youth organizations. In such states youth is a social group that needs protection, support and promotion. The main purpose of youth organizations is to lay the foundations of civil society.– Centralized model (the Mediterranean) – the involvement of the third sector and youth agencies of the local government is weak in this model, that is why youth policy is centralized, concentrated at the national level. As one can see the European experience has shown that governments are seeking their own approach to youth policy.In general, many countries have accumulated considerable experience connected with the formation and implementation of youth policy. According to how this policy is planned and implemented one can distinguish neo-conservative and social democratic model of youth policy. The essence of the first is that the government provides social assistance to those categories and groups of young people who desperately need it. The second model – the social democratic – is used in most European countries. Under this model the state takes responsibility for solving the most complicated youth problems. Both the neo-conservative and social democratic models successfully solve youth problems as is proved by the situation in developed countries.So, one can say that the models of youth policy in the European Union countries are based on their experience of developing and realizing youth policy. As for Ukraine, a relatively young state, it should be noted that the models of state youth policy are still in the initial stages of development. However, the analysis and research of positive examples of youth policy successful implementation by the EU countries will enable Ukraine to develop its own model of youth policies that will certainly help to prevent strategic mistakes that can negatively affect the development of society. ; Статья посвящена исследованию моделей молодежной политики в странах Европейского Союза, становлению эффективных отношений между государством и молодежью, освещается вопрос привлечения молодого поколения к участию в политических процессах в странах Европейского Союза. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню моделей молодіжної політики в країнах Європейського Союзу, становленню ефективних відносин між державою та молоддю, висвітлюється питання залучення молодого покоління до участі в політичних процесах у країнах Європейського Союзу.

Tertiarisation of economy is an important feature of the postindustrial development. The paper presents results of the research devoted to determining the level of development of tertiary sector in European Union countries and their regions. Main general and specific trends of service sector development in countries with different level of market economy maturity are revealed on the base of analysis of some separate indices and calculated integral coefficient of tertiarisation. ; Терциаризация экономики, то есть ускоренное развитие третичного сектора - определяющая черта современного постиндустриального этапа развития экономики. В статье представлены результаты исследования уровня развития третичного сектора экономики стран и регионов Евросоюза. На основе анализа отдельных показателей и рассчитанного интегрального коэффициента терциаризации экономики выявлены общие и специфические тенденции развития сферы услуг, характерные для стран разной степени зрелости рыночной экономики. ; Терціаризація економіки, тобто прискорений розвиток третинного сектору – визначальна риса сучасного постіндустріального етапу розвитку господарства. У статті представлені результати дослідження рівня розвитку третинного сектору економіки країн та регіонів Євросоюзу. На основі аналізу часткових показників та розрахованого інтегрального коефіцієнта терціаризації економіки виявлені загальні та специфічні тенденції розвитку сфери послуг, що характерні для країн різного ступеня зрілості ринкової економіки.

Tertiarisation of economy is an important feature of the postindustrial development. The paper presents results of the research devoted to determining the level of development of tertiary sector in European Union countries and their regions. Main general and specific trends of service sector development in countries with different level of market economy maturity are revealed on the base of analysis of some separate indices and calculated integral coefficient of tertiarisation. ; Терциаризация экономики, то есть ускоренное развитие третичного сектора - определяющая черта современного постиндустриального этапа развития экономики. В статье представлены результаты исследования уровня развития третичного сектора экономики стран и регионов Евросоюза. На основе анализа отдельных показателей и рассчитанного интегрального коэффициента терциаризации экономики выявлены общие и специфические тенденции развития сферы услуг, характерные для стран разной степени зрелости рыночной экономики. ; Терціаризація економіки, тобто прискорений розвиток третинного сектору – визначальна риса сучасного постіндустріального етапу розвитку господарства. У статті представлені результати дослідження рівня розвитку третинного сектору економіки країн та регіонів Євросоюзу. На основі аналізу часткових показників та розрахованого інтегрального коефіцієнта терціаризації економіки виявлені загальні та специфічні тенденції розвитку сфери послуг, що характерні для країн різного ступеня зрілості ринкової економіки.

The processes associated with the development of international tourism in the Baltic states , which are essential for the growth of economic, social and cultural well-being of the region. The processes of the creation of regional tourism development strategies in Eastern Europe. Provided a comprehensive description of recreational resources. The influence of global processes of globalization on the development of international tourism growth dynamics flow of foreign tourists and the changing patterns of tourist flow to the region. We consider systems of tourism resources and their spatial distribution in the Baltic States , regional specialization in various fields of international tourism. Investigated stages of conceptual travel image and overall regional tourism brand of the Baltic States . Receive the competitiveness of the region as a whole, and singled out the factors that contribute to the development of the tourism market of the Baltic States

The article discusses the problems of adaptation of industrial structural transformations and capitalization experience of the European Union countries to the domestic conditions. The role and place of the industrial sector as a basic factor of the EU national economies growing are determinates. The features of structural constituent of the industrial policy of European Union on the whole and separate countries-members of EU are considered. On the example of Germany the principles and mechanisms of adjusting of industrial sector structural transformations are considered. Influence of the structural policy measures on industrial enterprises capitalization is investigated. Priority directions of modern intergovernmental industrial policy within the framework of European Union, which provide growth of competitiveness and increase of industrial enterprises capitalization are considered. Directions of adaptation and application in the process of domestic industrial policy improvement of the developed European countries experience in the field of structural modernization and increase of industrial sector capitalization are determinates. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы адаптации опыта структурных трансформаций и капитализации промышленного производства в странах Европейского Союза применительно к отечественным условиям. Определенны роль и место промышленного сектора как фактора, который остается определяющим рост национальных экономик ЕС в современных условиях. Рассмотрены особенности структурной составляющей промышленной политики Европейского Союза в целом и отдельных стран-членов ЕС. На примере Германии рассмотрены принципы и механизмы регулирования структурных преобразований промышленности, исследовано влияние мероприятий структурной политики на капитализацию промышленных предприятий. Определенны приоритетные направления современной межгосударственной промышленной политики в рамках Европейского Союза, которые обеспечивают рост конкурентоспособности и повышение капитализации промышленных предприятий. Предложены пути адаптации и использования в процессе совершенствования отечественной промышленной политики опыта развитых европейских стран в сфере структурной модернизации и повышения капитализации промышленного сектора. ; У статті розглядаються питання адаптації досвіду структурних трансформацій і капіталізації промислового виробництва в країнах Європейського Союзу до вітчизняних умов. Визначено роль і місце промислового сектору як чинника, який залишається визначальним у зростанні національних економік ЄС в сучасних умовах. Розглянуто особливості структурної складової у промисловій політиці Європейського Союзу в цілому і окремих країн-членів ЄС. На прикладі Німеччини розглянуто принципи і механізми регулювання структурних перетворень у промисловості, досліджено вплив заходів структурної політики на капіталізацію промислових підприємств. Визначено пріоритетні напрямки сучасної міждержавної промислової політики в рамках Європейського Союзу, які забезпечують зростання конкурентоспроможності і підвищення капіталізації промислових підприємств. Запропоновано шляхи адаптації і залучення в процесі удосконалення вітчизняної промислової політики досвіду розвинених європейських країн у сфері структурної модернізації і підвищення капіталізації промислового сектору.

Paradoxically, but together with the creation of united or at least harmonized legal, economic and partly political space in the EU it is risen momentum an intensive processes of its differentiation. The differentiation is expressed in the emergence within the EU several sub-groups, some of which goes forward, integrating all new areas of relationships, and the other part, which consists of countries that do not want or do not may follow suit (because of the mentality or the level of socio-economic development models) remains behind and thus albeit slowly, but seriously hampers the integration of the Union.The concept of European integration, created in 1950, declares that Member States should move forward with the same speed and equally participate in the implementation of integration projects. Countries that joined, are provided with time-limited transitional periods, after which all legislation and Community Programs is completely spread on them.It seemed that all the processes should take place smoothly, but as history has shown, each successive wave of expansion inevitably led to the differentiation of views on integration processes and methods for their implementation. EU becomes larger than the number of member states, and, consequently, more heterogeneous, with complicated and delayed process of transition. After the enlargement in 2004 and 2007 by 12 countries in Central , Eastern and Southern Europe, took place a question about general existence of the EU as a united front with the forced artificial fragmentation (although de facto separation is already there: the euro zone, the Schengen area, European monetary System, and some other projects).These problems are weakly researched by modern researchers that should draw attention to the special position of the Nordic countries in the process. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to study the role of the Nordic subregion in the process of differentiation of the European Union.Specific role in the differentiation of the EU is played by the Nordic countries. Having no alternative of no cooperation with the EU, Nordic countries have found their own way to adapt to the integration process and, at the same time, seriously affected the formation of differentiated structures of all states.Different position of the Nordic countries in the European Union was created due to historical, political, economic and national-identical reasons in each country of the region. For example, in the early 1990s, Sweden and Finland adhered to a policy of neutrality, Iceland was held on the basis of its specific geopolitical location, Norway is not sought because of the special structure of the economy and the unwillingness to be bound by the strict EU obligations in the areas of fisheries, shipbuilding and marine transport, Denmark, by contrast, received a positive result in the referendum in 1973, and the first of the Nordic countries joined the European community.However, the global geopolitical and economic changes taking place in the world and particularly in Europe in the early XX century, could not avoid and the Nordic countries. Already in 1995 Sweden and Finland entered the EU. Norway had the negative decision twice after nationwide referendums in 1972 and 1994, and Oslo had to withdraw its application for accession to the Union.Coordinated and final position among the Nordic region towards the EU has not worked today. Therefore, to assess their role in the European Union clearly is quite difficult. On the one hand, the Nordic countries are serviceable payers to the EU budget, have good performance in economic growth and high standards of living (for instance, the rated list of countries with the highest level of life quality, composed of the United Nations in 2009, showed that Norway and Iceland took 1st and 3rd place respectively), are actively involved in the discussion of all the current problems of the EU. On the other – you can't deny that there is a considerable skepticism about the deepening of European integration in the Nordic countries. In practice, it is embodied in the so-called 'special position'.Such a state of affairs is due to largely negative attitude of the Scandinavian countries to the impact increase of European institutions on domestic policies of the Member States, concern about the preservation of a unique social model and the reluctance to transfer important components of national sovereignty under the jurisdiction of European structures. For example, Denmark and Sweden as members of the EU are constantly faced a difficult dilemma: on the one hand, they are afraid of losing much of their national sovereignty, on the other – almost without participating in major projects of the EU, these countries reduce their influence within the EU. Norway and Iceland fee for participation in the single market and the Schengen agreement is also quite high, and they are also required to implement the decisions taken by others.In addition, Denmark and Sweden are consistent supporters of the enlargement of the European Union. The expansion was included as one of the priorities in the program's presidency of both countries in the EU in different years. This is due to, on the one hand, the Nordic countries increased attention to the problems of democracy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, on the other hand, every enlargement slows the deepening of European integration objective creates a more comfortable environment for most of the Scandinavian countries in the European Union.Finland, in contrast to the other Nordic countries, fully blended into EU structures, and now Finland is an active member of the EU, involved in all projects of the Union (lobbing interests of Russia).Thus, taking into account the above, it can be argued that the process of differentiation is problematic with controversial and ambiguous opinions of scholars. For example, according to Mr. Babynin, the researcher of the Institute for European Integration Research , RAS Europe , the so-called 'system exceptions' to the Nordic countries complicates the institutional structure of the EU and is justified by the desire of the new Member States get any exceptions primarily for themselves. For this reason, the full adoption of all EU law without any exceptions is indispensable for its survival and existence of effective. His colleague Mr. Kaveshnikov is convinced that the main advantage of the process of differentiation is that it gives the Union a chance to develop dynamically after each round of enlargement. The so-called 'enhanced cooperation' allows to combine the deepening and widening of integration, albeit by eliminating the uniform application of the law. And so this differentiation can prevent the creation of various forms of deep integration outside the EU structures (especially taking into account the historical tendency of the Nordic countries to cooperation). ; Статья посвящена исследованию и анализу скандинавского субрегиона в процессе дифференциации Европейского Союза. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню та аналізу скандинавського субрегіону в процесі диференціації Європейського Союзу.

Досліджені основні тенденції розвитку аудиту та регулювання аудиторської діяльності в Європейському співтоваристві. Узагальнені положення та вимоги європейського законодавства в сфері регулювання аудиторської діяльності. Проаналізовані основні проблемні аспекти Директиви 2006/43/ЄС про обов'язковий аудит річної звітності та консолідованої звітності в частині визначення системи регулювання аудиторської діяльності, її структури, компетенцій вповноважених органів. Визначені основні напрями розвитку національної системи аудиту в Україні з урахуванням вимог Директив Європарламенту. The main trends in the development of audit and regulation of auditing in European Union have been investigated. The principal propositions and demands of European legislations in the sphere of audit regulation have been summarized. The problem aspects of Directive 2006/43/EC on statutory audit of annual accounts and consolidated accounts in determination of the audit regulation system, its structure and authorities of competitive bodies have been analyzed. The main ways of development of national system of audit in Ukraine taking into account the demands of Directives of the European Parliament have been substantiated.

Studied the experience of other member countries of the European Union to reform the administrative-territorial structure, analyzed the problems of modern territorial structure is shown to be necessary and appropriate changes to the legislation of Ukraine. ; Исследован опыт зарубежных стран-членов Европейского Союза в реформировании административно-территориального устройства, проанализированы проблемы современного территориального устройства Украины и поставлен вопрос о необходимости внесения соответствующих изменений в законодательство Украины. ; Досліджено досвід зарубіжних країн-членів Європейського Союзу у реформуванні адміністративно-територіального устрою, проаналізовані проблеми сучасного територіального устрою України та поставлено питання про необхідність внесення відповідних змін до законодавства України.

Studied the experience of other member countries of the European Union to reform the administrative-territorial structure, analyzed the problems of modern territorial structure is shown to be necessary and appropriate changes to the legislation of Ukraine. ; Исследован опыт зарубежных стран-членов Европейского Союза в реформировании административно-территориального устройства, проанализированы проблемы современного территориального устройства Украины и поставлен вопрос о необходимости внесения соответствующих изменений в законодательство Украины. ; Досліджено досвід зарубіжних країн-членів Європейського Союзу у реформуванні адміністративно-територіального устрою, проаналізовані проблеми сучасного територіального устрою України та поставлено питання про необхідність внесення відповідних змін до законодавства України.

У статті розглядаються особливості організації та моделі фізкультурної освіти молодших школярів у державах-членах Європейського Союзу. Автор аналізує практику і визначає тенденції розвитку фізкультурної освіти на рівні МСКО 1, серед яких реалізація національних стратегій і масштабних ініціатив з просування здорового способу життя, реформування шкільних програм з фізичного виховання, орієнтація змісту початкової освіти на формування в молодших школярів спортивних компетенцій, інтеграція учнів з особливими потребами в навчальний процес з фізкультурної освіти, упровадження новітніх методологічних підходів. Схарактеризовано спільні для країн ЄС риси й виклики в організації фізкультурної освіти на початковому щаблі. ; The article examines the organizational peculiarities and models of physical education of younger schoolchildren in the Member States of the European Union. The author analyzes the practice and points out the trends of physical education at ISCED level 1 including the implementation of national strategies and major initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles, the reform of physical education curriculum taking into account the need to increase time on physical training and sports, orientation of the primary education content on the forming of primary school children's sports competence and expanding the scope of the discipline "Physical culture and sports" to the field "Education about healthy way of life", integration of students with special needs in the educational process in sports education, and the introduction of new methodological approaches based on the humanistic basis and aimed at establishing interdisciplinary links with subjects of the compulsory cycle (native language, civic education, valeology, information technology). The article characterizes the common features of the EU countries in physical education at the primary stage which are the dominance of sports games in the framework of the physical education and sports curriculum, the practice of formal evaluation of students' athletic achievements, the dependence of the quality and quantity of school sports equipment on the level of country economic development and school location. Having analyzed the experience of European countries on the organization of physical education and sports, the author concludes that each state, taking into account the pan-European policy, implements national policies and programmes aimed at developing a positive attitude towards physical activity among children and youth throughout life, developing physical literacy of pupils, strengthening the material base for high quality physical education and sports in every school, increasing the number of hours of physical education in the curricula, etc. The challenges for the EU countries in the organization of physical education at ISCED level 1 such as the increase in the number of hours of physical education and sports at the primary level, the discrepancy of physical education teachers' training to modern requirements, the lack of continuous professional development of teachers, and the need for modernization of school facilities and infrastructure demand effective solutions.

Theoretical approaches are analysed in relation to determination of influence of транснаціоналізації of world economy on development of economic relations between countries, the necessity of forming of strategy of support of national corporations is reasonable for the context of providing of innovative development of countries with a transitional economy

The article presents an analysis of pedagogical and sociological studies of European scientists that address the impact of globalization, mercerization and internationalization in the development of higher education in the European Union, namely the analysis and display of the effects of market relations in higher education. Here is determined the external and internal problems of higher education at the present stage. They include market relations in higher education, aimed at changing the nature and role of higher education institutions in society, inadequate reforms in higher education and the lack of an appropriate legislative framework, that create obstacles to the development of the European higher education area. Prospects for further study of the problem are in the light of trends of development of higher education in Ukraine in the conditions of modern social changes. ; В статье представлен анализ педагогических и социологических исследований европейских ученых, в которых рассматриваются вопросы влияния процессов глобализации, маркетизации и интернационализации на развитие высшего образования в Европейском Союзе, а именно анализ и отображение последствий рыночных отношений в высшем образовании. Определены внешние и внутренние проблемы высшего образования на современном этапе. К ним следует отнести рыночные отношения в высшем образовании, направленные на изменение характера и роли высших учебных заведений в обществе, несовершенство реформ в сфере высшего образования и отсутствие соответствующей законодательной базы, создает препятствия для развития настоящего Европейского образовательного пространства. Перспективы дальнейшего исследования проблемы лежат в освещении тенденций развития высшего образования Украины в условиях современных общественных изменений. ; У статті представлено аналіз педагогічних і соціологічних досліджень європейських учених, у яких розглядаються питання впливу процесів глобалізації, маркетизації та інтернаціоналізації на розвиток вищої освіти в Європейському Союзі, а саме аналіз та ...

The article is devoted to the definition of the main obstacles in the political, economic and legal areas between Ukraine and the EU towards the integration process of the country. In addition, the article contained specific internal and external factors that stimulate or vice versa – hinder the process of integration.Choosing a national strategic priority of rapprochement with the European Union, Ukraine is not fully appreciates the modern real possibility of achieving the end result of this process of joining the Association. The adoption of Ukraine in the EU should be seen not as an end in itself, it should be equal and mutually beneficial cooperation between the States within the integration associations.The importance of the European integration vector of foreign policy for the first time reflected on the legislative level in the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 1993 «About main directions of the foreign policy of Ukraine». The defining feature of the document is that the priority areas for cooperation were identified almost all countries in the world that gives the possibility of one or another political power to change the direction of foreign policy at their own discretion and political preferences. Uncertainty is an important issue for Ukraine, which may be outside of the European integration processes and become a buffer zone or serve as a link between East and West.Now, the big question remains change the political discourse in the country on the European identity of Ukraine through the overcoming of a psychological barrier post-Soviet complexes and illusions, in the direction of a new system of European and world coordinates and integration prospects. It is important to understand Ukraine itself as an integral part of modern Europe and the component of the European integration processes. Today, the European integration is not only external, how much internal problem. It is a question of compliance with specific criteria. The economic component dominates in the rationale of the integration process.A considerable obstacle to European integration are frequent crises in the economy. For the main economic sectors (metallurgy, light industry, agriculture) in the market of the European Union practically no vacant niches: access to the European markets on decent conditions require deep restructuring of the economy of Ukraine, increase of competitiveness of domestic products on the majority of commodity positions, establishing mutually beneficial relations with manufacturers in Western Europe.Тhus, European integration is a multidimensional process, which needs reforming all spheres of human life. Today there is a number of factors standing in the way of European integration of Ukraine. Scientists from different disciplines have different views priority address these concerns, however their presence remains unchanged. Among the topical issues of European integration should be identified: the question of politically-economic instability in Ukraine, and underdeveloped economy, issues of the transit of gas through the territory of Ukraine; the problem of approximation of Ukraine to EU standards. In particular, the author came to the conclusion that the aforementioned problems have both internal and external aspects. Among those that have an internal character, should, first of all, to note the problem of the conflict among power structures mismatch of the legislation to the EU standards, the problem of overcoming of Soviet stereotypes in the society, lack of staffing of the European integration course, its weak financial and technical support, over-the declarative nature of action on the European Union, frequent crises in the economy, poorly developed market economy and the like. ; Статья посвящена определению основных препятствий в политической, экономической и правовой сферах в отношениях между Украиной и ЕС на пути интеграционных процессов страны. Кроме того, в статье перечислены конкретные внутренние и внешние факторы, которые стимулируют или наоборот – сдерживают процесс интеграции страны. ; Статтю присвячено визначенню основних перешкод у політичній, економічній та правовій сферах у відносинах між Україною та ЄС на шляху інтеграційних процесів країни. Крім того, у статті зазначаються конкретні внутрішні та зовнішні чинники, які стимулюють або навпаки – стримують процес інтеграції країни.

European Union combines territories of 27 member countries and also economical, trade and financial aspects. It has an essential role in global problems and its importance is increasing equal to adoption of collective decisions in sphere of foreign policy. EU converses with all the world key figures and also with those who have their own opinion about world and their own interests.During the last years the meaning of EU as an independent figure in the modern general European safety system is intensifying. It is important to point that diplomacy stays the basement for mutual foreign and safety policy in EU, so that it is supported by trade, help, safety and defense if it's necessary. This policy is directed firstly to solve the conflicts and reach the international understanding.The topicality of issue. The historical development of Europe witnesses that guaranteeing of safety has been a task of various international political blocks and organizations. Exacerbation of untraditional threats influenced the strengthening of institutional and functional role of international organization in sphere of guaranteeing of safety.Dynamics of international processes points the increasing meaning of regional safety systems in providing of stability in the world. Mutual dependence of regional and global organizations of collective safety and defense is intensifying (UN, NATO, OSCE and EU).The aim of the article is an analyzing of European safety and defense police (ESDP) as policy in process of further closer integration within EU and in the relationships with other international safety organizations.The object of survey is mutual safety and defense policy of EU in the context of new threats to the regional and global safety.The subject of survey – international political specifies of formation and evolution, institutional and practical and international law mechanisms of ESDP since the second half of XX cen. – the beginning of XXI cen.The conclusions In such way, in the last 20 years political and institutional changes in EU has created the premises for the new perception of «purely European» safety space. The development of European safety conception is characterized by complex approach, determination of qualitatively new threats and at the same time emphasizes the accepting of values which are mutual for European countries.1. Earlier in the EU state security relied entirely on the political defensive mechanism of NATO and the political mechanism of OSCE and the UN, the security problems are recently becoming further relevance for European policy and become «internal priority» of the European Union. EU concern for maintaining their own security, the creation of an appropriate system and its organization was implemented in an effort to strengthen the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). However, since its launch CFSP was ineffective political-legal and institutional mechanisms. Therefore, in 1999 the European Union introduced a new, more successful initiative called the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP).It should be noted that this area of soft security, ie the post-conflict settlement and assist in civil management, and is currently the most successful and best functioning part of ESDP. Scope military solution is still considered controversial by most Member States and has many obstacles to achieve efficient operation.2. The EU strongly and gradually approaching the ability to influence to European and international security. Over the last decade, the EU was able to significantly develop its military component of ESDP as an important link. In particular, the creation and development of military forces allowed the EU to take over peacekeeping missions as in Europe and beyond.3. Enhancing the EU efforts in the area of foreign and security policy was due to the failure of the EU itself resolve the conflict in the Balkans, the knowledge of its own military and technological backwardness, the understanding of the changes in the content and scope of threats and recognition of the need to build an appropriate response strategy. This led to a conceptual change in European security policy and the emergence of initiatives to create a European military instruments of influence on world politics (in the so-called «hard security»).4. Over the last decade, the EU had 23 civilian missions and military operations on three continents. These include the following: peace of the after effects of Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia), the protection of refugees in Chad, the fight against piracy in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This suggests that the EU's role as a player in the security becomes tangible.As of November 2010 the EU has both thirteen military and civilian missions in 4 regions of the world: the European continent (the Balkans, Moldova / Ukraine), the Middle East, Asia and Africa. Also completed 11 military and civilian operations in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Asia and Africa.While EU operations using inputs NATO. Thus, we can speak of complementary efforts and mutually beneficial cooperation between the EU and NATO.5. In the EU a priority for further development of ESDP recognizes no quantitative growth indicators and qualitative implementation of capacity in this area, which in turn confronts the EU Member States following objectives: reaching consensus on all aspects of common security and defense policy, development and learning new methodologies crisis management, effective use of international cooperation, strengthening the defense industry and military technology.6. Motivation to improve the state of national security, stabilization of the internal and external situation, reducing dependence and further out from the influence of a number of other reasons make our country more actively in the foreign and security policy. The overall process of the EU integration process involves appropriate in all areas and sectors, including security, so further participation in the CFSP has a positive attitude affect the positioning of Ukraine in the security dimension of European geopolitical space. Achieving this goal is possible only in case of joint ownership of all political parties, the government and the President to improve geo-political situation of our country both in Europe and internationally. ; Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы формирования, развития и усовершенствования оборонительной политики и политики безопасности Европейского Союза, совместной внешней политики и политики безопасности.Анализируются основные шаги европейского сообщества в направлении создания собственной, Европейской оборонительной политики и политики безопасности в контексте новых угроз региональной и глобальной безопасности, состояние и трансформация отношений ЕС и НАТО в сфере безопасности. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню проблеми формування, розбудови та вдосконалення оборонної і безпекової політики Європейського Союзу, спільної зовнішньої та безпекової політики.Аналізуються основні кроки європейського співтовариства в напрямку створення власної, Європейської безпекової та оборонної політики в контексті нових загроз регіональній і глобальній безпеці, стан та трансформація стосунків ЄС і НАТО у сфері безпеки.

The modern trend of lease of land relations in agriculture, singled out the existing problems and ways to solve them. The experience of the European Union on the functioning of the lease of agricultural land. Made comparing the proportion of rented land in total land area and EU farmers and agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. Reported growth in total amounts of payments of rent in the dynamics taking place in Ukraine and EU countries except Poland, where the rent was considerably reduced. The distribution of leases by subject composition and in terms of making. Revealed a gradual reduction in the number of contracts concluded for a period of 1-3 years and the increasing number of medium- and long-term lease. The existing trends in forms of calculation of rent for land shares, namely, money, natural, the labor. Established that remains dominant natural form of payment. The structure of agricultural production, which is issued in respect of rent for land shares in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine and found that its main species are grain, oil, sugar, honey, sunflower oil. Found a permanent increase in the share of rent for the land share in the cost structure in crop production. ; Освещены современные тенденции развития арендных земельных отношений в сельском хозяйстве, выделены существующие проблемы и намечены пути их решения. Проанализирован опыт стран Европейского Союза относительно функционирования механизма аренды земель сельскохозяйственного назначения. Сделано сравнение доли арендованных угодий в общей площади земель фермеров ЕС и сельскохозяйственных предприятий Украины. Зафиксирован рост общей суммы выплат арендной платы в динамике, что имеет место, как в Украине, так и в странах ЕС, за исключением Польши, где размер арендной платы значительно сократился. Проанализировано распределение договоров аренды по субъектному составу и по срокам заключения. Выявлено постепенное сокращение количества договоров, заключенных сроком на 1-3 года и рост количества средне- и долгосрочной аренды. Исследованы существующие тенденции форм расчета по арендной плате за земельные паи, а именно, денежной, натуральной, отработочной. Установлено, что доминирующей остается натуральная форма расчета. Проанализирована структура сельскохозяйственной продукции, выдаваемой в счет арендной платы за земельные паи в сельскохозяйственных предприятиях Украины и установлено, что основными ее видами являются зерно, масличные, сахар, мед, масло подсолнечное. Выявлено перманентный рост доли арендной платы за земельные паи в структуре затрат на производство продукции растениеводства. ; Висвітлено сучасні тенденції розвитку орендних земельних відносин у сільському господарстві, виокремлено існуючі проблеми та окреслено шляхи їх розв'язання. Проаналізовано досвід країн Європейського Союзу щодо функціонування механізму оренди земель сільськогосподарського призначення. Зроблено порівняння частки орендованих угідь у загальній площі земель фермерів ЄС та сільськогосподарських підприємств України. Зафіксовано зростання загальних сум виплат орендної плати в динаміці, що має місце як в Україні, так і у країнах ЄС, за винятком Польщі, де розмір орендної плати значно скоротився. Проаналізовано розподіл договорів оренди за суб'єктним складом та за термінами укладення. Виявлено поступове скорочення кількості договорів, укладених строком на 1-3 роки і зростання кількості середньо- й довгострокової оренди. Досліджено існуючі тенденції щодо форм розрахунку з орендної плати за земельні паї, а саме, грошової, натуральної, відробіткової. Встановлено, що домінуючою залишається натуральна форма розрахунку. Проаналізовано структуру сільськогосподарської продукції, що видається в рахунок орендної плати за земельні паї в сільськогосподарських підприємствах України та встановлено, що основними її видами є зерно, олійні, цукор, мед, олія. Виявлено перманентне зростання частки орендної плати за земельні паї у структурі витрат на виробництво продукції рослинництва.