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Traduction japonaise, original anglais disponible en ligne sur HAL-SHS. Remerciements à Matoba Hiroshi pour sa traduction. ; International audience ; This paper responds to two different contexts. The first one was the coming UK referendum and, whatever the result, the challenge for the EU to reinvent itself or dissolve if it continues failing European populations. The second context was a deep questioning in Japan, but also in South Korea, about the future of East Asia and of ASEAN: is a convergence possible beyond economic interactions? How to breach cultural divides? How to overcome the search for hegemony, deep historical hatred, in order to reach and establish a common ground? The paper analyzes the presupposition of the European construction from the beginning: a union can be negotiated and instituted by the construction of a joint or common economic sphere. This construction has always denied or even repressed the fact that the autonomization of the economic sphere is complex historical process different for each nation in Europe or in the rest of the world. So the economic sphere has different relations to politics, society, knowledge production and education, even religion, in each nation. The same can be said of the conception and practice of public opinion, the structure and role of the state, etc. A union based on the presupposition of a common economic sphere becomes unsustainable in time of crisis. No solution can be hoped from the minds of politicians and bureaucrats: they don't act at the level where solutions can be found. "Culture", like "market", does not touch the problems at stake. The only real solution is to produce and share knowledge on the differentiation in each case of politics, civil society, the economy, research and education, even religion in order to map the differences and the family ressemblance between the different national trajectories. This joint knowledge is the only common ground of a coherent and creative union in Europe. It is also true in other parts of the world where ...

Traduction japonaise, original anglais disponible en ligne sur HAL-SHS. Remerciements à Matoba Hiroshi pour sa traduction. ; International audience ; This paper responds to two different contexts. The first one was the coming UK referendum and, whatever the result, the challenge for the EU to reinvent itself or dissolve if it continues failing European populations. The second context was a deep questioning in Japan, but also in South Korea, about the future of East Asia and of ASEAN: is a convergence possible beyond economic interactions? How to breach cultural divides? How to overcome the search for hegemony, deep historical hatred, in order to reach and establish a common ground? The paper analyzes the presupposition of the European construction from the beginning: a union can be negotiated and instituted by the construction of a joint or common economic sphere. This construction has always denied or even repressed the fact that the autonomization of the economic sphere is complex historical process different for each nation in Europe or in the rest of the world. So the economic sphere has different relations to politics, society, knowledge production and education, even religion, in each nation. The same can be said of the conception and practice of public opinion, the structure and role of the state, etc. A union based on the presupposition of a common economic sphere becomes unsustainable in time of crisis. No solution can be hoped from the minds of politicians and bureaucrats: they don't act at the level where solutions can be found. "Culture", like "market", does not touch the problems at stake. The only real solution is to produce and share knowledge on the differentiation in each case of politics, civil society, the economy, research and education, even religion in order to map the differences and the family ressemblance between the different national trajectories. This joint knowledge is the only common ground of a coherent and creative union in Europe. It is also true in other parts of the world where ...

Traduction japonaise, original anglais disponible en ligne sur HAL-SHS. Remerciements à Matoba Hiroshi pour sa traduction. ; International audience ; This paper responds to two different contexts. The first one was the coming UK referendum and, whatever the result, the challenge for the EU to reinvent itself or dissolve if it continues failing European populations. The second context was a deep questioning in Japan, but also in South Korea, about the future of East Asia and of ASEAN: is a convergence possible beyond economic interactions? How to breach cultural divides? How to overcome the search for hegemony, deep historical hatred, in order to reach and establish a common ground? The paper analyzes the presupposition of the European construction from the beginning: a union can be negotiated and instituted by the construction of a joint or common economic sphere. This construction has always denied or even repressed the fact that the autonomization of the economic sphere is complex historical process different for each nation in Europe or in the rest of the world. So the economic sphere has different relations to politics, society, knowledge production and education, even religion, in each nation. The same can be said of the conception and practice of public opinion, the structure and role of the state, etc. A union based on the presupposition of a common economic sphere becomes unsustainable in time of crisis. No solution can be hoped from the minds of politicians and bureaucrats: they don't act at the level where solutions can be found. "Culture", like "market", does not touch the problems at stake. The only real solution is to produce and share knowledge on the differentiation in each case of politics, civil society, the economy, research and education, even religion in order to map the differences and the family ressemblance between the different national trajectories. This joint knowledge is the only common ground of a coherent and creative union in Europe. It is also true in other parts of the world where ...

As of 2021, Europe is entering a new period in two respects. One is that the COVID-19 virus effect that has continued since 2020 has be controlled due to the vaccine program, and the world after COVID-19 has become visible. The other is that the rift between the United States and Europe, which emerged during the four-year U.S. Trump administration, is showing signs of healing with the birth of the U.S. Biden administration, and is able to produce a unity that regards China as a common enemy. Otherwise, there are still many unstable factors in the situation surrounding Europe. Regional powers such as Russia and Turkey, which had been the target of democratization support from Europe, have become more authoritarian, and instead, have intervened in Europe in various ways, threatening European values such as democracy and human rights. However, Europe's greatest threat is within not without. The possibility that the right wing will take power in major European countries cannot be ruled out, in which case the existence of the G7 and EU itself will be threatened. It is also a concern that the nature of European populism has changed from the former "politics to gain popularity" to a politics that controls and manipulates citizens.

English translation of the marginalia, or marginal notes, that were added to the text of the Deshima Diaries from the 1670's onwards in order to provide the Dutch chief of Deshima with a quick reference to the notes of his predecessors. This volume covers the marginalia from the 1700-1740 diaries. Providing the general public, and especially those who have neither a command of Dutch nor of Japanese, access to a fascinating period of Japanese history in which the Dutch played such a singular role. At the same time, the serious scholar wil obtain an easy key to the extremely rich holdings of the archive of the Deshima trading factory, which covers a shelf length of more than forty meters in the National Archives in the Netherlands, but which has been only rarely utilized by historians, Japanologists or other scholars. The Deshima archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were used originally as a corpus of knowledge and experience amassed over the years by generations of Company personnel. It was a source which was consulted by opperhoofden whenever they were in doubt about the right answer to exasperating questions or challenges posed by Japanese society in the form of shogunal decrees, orders by the governors of Nagasaki, and the stubborn demeanor by blackmailing and manipulative officials. Life at Deshima was so regulated and controlled both by workings of the Japanese bureaucracy and by the rhythms of the East India Company's seasonal trade with Japan, that keeping a dagregister or diary in which all the remarkable occurances were noted, assumed crucial importance. This in contrast to other VOC factories where the keeping of a diary, though obligatory, was often neglected. In the isolation of Deshima almost everything seen or heard was 'notable'. Skipping through the text one is also inevitably touched by the suffering inflicted on Japanese society by perennial scourges such as earthquakes, epidemics, 'that one general disease called poverty' and the fires which periodically destroyed large portions of the great cities. The present volume is a thoroughly revised edition, especially with regard to the Japanese personal and topographical names occurring in the text, of volumes III-IV of the Leiden edition. Scientific Publications of the Japan-Netherlands Institute No. 12. Published by the Japan-Netherlands Institute, Tokyo 1992 (original ISBN 4930921015)

1. Historical context -- 2. The community -- 3. The household and married life -- 4. The mechanics of making a match -- 5. The union : ceremonial and celebration -- 6. Further ceremonial : some of the wider implications of marriage -- 7. Conclusion : the pivotal role of marriage.

Drawing on Piromalli's letters and accounts, this paper analyze the conversion strategies he adopted in his missionary work and what could be seen as a paradigm shift in his policy. In his Account of his Own Successes, written in 1637, Piromalli clearly embraced what at the time was a 'classic' approach: to discuss first the matter of the union with the local ecclesiastical hierarchies; then, when—as it often happened—this failed, to gather some disciples among the schismatics who would preach correct creed among local people on a more practical and day-to-day basis. However, in another account that Piromalli wrote in 1654, just a few months before being officially appointed the Archbishop of the Diocese of Nakhichevan, he claimed that although the Armenian 'clergy was already educated and enlightened in the Catholic truths', only the conversion of the wealthy Armenian merchant families of New Julfa could persuade other Armenians to embrace Catholicism. Since, as he wrote, 'all missionary efforts are wasted' in converting New Julfan Armenians, he maintained that it was necessary for the Pope to ask 'the Princes of Venice and Tuscany' to threaten the New Julfan merchants that they would be denied access to their ports, unless they chose to convert. This paper will consider this shift by discussing Piromalli's attempts to bring the whole Armenian Church into union with Rome, including his role in the union of the Polish Armenian Church. It will also analyze his embracing of a more Realpolitik approach in light of the emerging Armenian merchant colony of New Julfa.

We may dare to ask about rationale behind the recent devotion caused by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Whether it could be produced by the fear or, by contrast, it stems from the inner ignorance and uncertainty that blind us by attempting to give a quick explanation to a massive technological disruption directly caused by COVID19. AI is not a new phenomenon as such, despite the fact that what it could be new is the way AI is already interfering in citizens' daily life functions and services shaping them with a deep intensity as a result of the processing capacity of AI. Nonetheless, (i) little is known so far about the relationship between AI and governance, or what is worst, (ii) AI is being deployed without considering democratic accountability and far from our public eye and scrutiny. Acknowledging the complexity of such topic, this article constructively aims to analyse the ongoing technopolitical transformations occurring in the aftermath of the coronavirus crisis for the governance model of the Basque Country. This article is targeted to the political left (either Basque or Spanish nationalist) in pursuit of avoid delaying the work that should be implemented in response to questions, challenges, and policies for XXI. century algorithmic governance. The article concludes through three-intertwined-layer approach: (i) the first approach lists AI functional uses; (ii) the second approach presents brefly several AI projects being currently developed in different European countries; (iii) ultimately, a strategic roadmap lead to stakeholders in the Basque Country is outlined.

In the historical-comparative Armenian studies the following prototypes are reconstructed for the Old Armenian վ (v): *ṷ, *u, *p and *ksṷ. As a matter of fact there are two phonemic prototypes, if we take into account that according to the concept accepted by the comparative Indo-European studies the *ṷ and *u are the positional variations of the same phoneme and one sound combination. The quantitative ratio of վ (v) with the upper mentioned prototypes, as well as the genealogical relations of *ṷ/*u with labiodental [v]-s of the other Indo-European languages on one hand, and the corresponding typological equivalents of վ (v) loan words made from old languages (Indo-European and non Indo-European) on the other hand, show that the main prototype of the Armenian վ (v) has been the Indo-European bilabial semi-vowel *ṷ. The relationships of վ (v) with the other prototypes are comparatively later phenomena and are mainly due various phonetic change processes. ; Պատմահամեմատական հայերե­նա­գի­տության մեջ հին հայերենի վ (v)-ի համար վերականգնվում են *ṷ, *u, *p և *ksṷ նա­խա­ձևերը: Ըստ էու­թյան՝ վե­րա­կանգնվում է երկու հնչույթային նախա­ձև, եթե նկատի ունենանք, որ հա­մե­մատական հնդեվրո­պա­բանության մեջ ըն­դուն­ված պատ­կերացման համա­ձայն *ṷ-ն և *u-ն միևնույն հնչույթի դիրքային տարբերակներն են, և մեկ հնչ­յու­նա­կա­պակ­ցական: Ինչպես վերոհիշյալ նախա­ձևե­րի հետ վ (v)-ի քանա­կա­կան հարա­բե­րակ­ցությունը, այնպես էլ *ṷ/*u-ի ծագումնա­բա­նական առնչու­թյուն­ները հ.-ե. այլ լեզու­ների շրթն­ատամ­նային [v]-երի հետ՝ մի կողմից, ու հին լեզուներից (հնդեվ­րո­պա­կան և ոչ հնդեվ­րո­պական) կատարված փոխ­առու­թյուններում վ (v)-ի հա­մա­պա­տաս­խան­ների տիպա­բա­­նա­կան համար­ժեք­ները՝ մյուս կողմից, ցույց են տալիս, որ հյ. վ (v)-ի բուն նախա­ձևը եղել է հ.-ե. երկշրթնային *ṷ կիսա­ձայ­նը: Մյուս նա­խա­ձևերի հետ վ (v)-ի առնչություն­ները համեմատաբար ուշ երևույթներ են և առա­վելապես պայմանավորված են հնչյու­նա­փոխական տարբեր գործըն­թաց­ներով: ; В историко-сравнительном арменоведении для древнеармянского վ (v) восстанавливаются праформы *ṷ, *u, *p и *ksṷ. В сущности говоря, две фонемные праформы, если иметь ввиду, согласно принятому в сравнительной индоевропеистике изображению, *ṷ и *u являлись позиционными вариантами той же фонемы, и одно - звукосочеатание. Как количественное соотношение վ (v) с вышеназванными праформами, так и генеологоические отношения *ṷ/*u с губно-зубными [v] других языков, с одной стороны, и соответствующие типологические эквиваленты վ (v) в заимствованиях из древних языков (индоевропейских и неиндоевропейских) - с другой стороны, показывают, что исконной праформой арм. վ (v) был индоевропейский билабиальный полузвук *ṷ. С другими праформами отношения с վ (v) - сравнительно поздние явления и в основном обусловлены различными процессами фонетических изменений.

The conflict over Kashmir has been a core issue between India and Pakistan since their independence. It is not only just a territorial conflict but also the core issue of the region, which has been changing along with the regional and international environment. In particular, after the 1990's, the people of Kashmir committed to armed resistance, which has become the focus of the risk to regional and international security because both India and Pakistan are nuclear powers. Resolution of this problem is quite difficult because it would require committing to the ideas of national integration of both countries. Specifically, for India, it is secularism; for Pakistan, it is the two-nation theory. However, the people of Kashmir want to choose their own destiny—integration with neither India nor Pakistan. India promised Kashmir a degree of freedom and democracy under article 370 of the Indian Constitution; however, for the time being, these right have been curtailed. To resolve this issue, two main plans have been presented by both countries; a referendum and the partition of Kashmir along the Line of Control. But, these ideas disregard the right of self-determination or the nationalist sentiment of the people of Kashmir. Recently a new idea emerged based on the notion of shared sovereignty. The history of discord between India and Pakistan has caused critical anxiety for regional peace and stability. However, there will is hope that a constructive solution to this problem can be found in the future through continuity of dialogue and negotiation between the two countries. We as an international society surrounding these nations, we should maintain a supportive stance for continued cordial dialogue.

Armenian abstract: Թուրքիա-Իրան բազմակողմ հարաբերությունները և երկու երկրների ներքաքաղաքական զարգացումները տարածաշրջանային անվտանգության տեսանկյունից և ՀՀ-իհամարկարևոր նշանա-կություն ունեն։ Հաշվի առնելով մոտ մեկ դարի ընթացքում տարածաշրջանում սկիզբ առած մարտահրավերները և երկուստեք տեղի ունեցած քաղաքական բնույթի փոփոխությունները, որոնք ընդհանուր առմամբ ազդում էին երկու երկրների միջպետական հարաբերությունների վրա` կարելի է փաստել, որ դրանք եղել են փխրուն, բայց միևնույն ժամանակ` հավասարակշռված։ English abstract: Turkey-Iran multilateral relations and the internal political developments of the two countries are of crucial importance for the regional security and for Armenia. Taking into account the challenges that have emerged in the region over the course of the last century and the political changes, that generally affect the interstate relations of the two countries, it can be stated that they are fragile, but at the same time balanced. Russian abstract: Разносторонние межгосударственные отношения Турции и Ирана, а также внутриполитические процессы в них, имеют особую важность для Республики Армения, в том числе по части региональной безопас-ности на Южном Кавказе.Принимая во внимание вызовы, возникшие в регионе в течение последнего столетия, а также политические изменения в каждой из них – все это в целом повлияло на межгосударственные отношения двух стран. В то же время отметим, что сущность ирано-турецких отношений можно определить как "хрупкие", которые, в то же время, являются достаточно сбалансированными.