Suchergebnisse

Introduction. The investigations of the factors of economic development refer to the traditional economic problems. Under sustainable development concept, ecological factors of economic development of the European Union countries deserve special attention. Purpose. The aim of the article is to actualize the ecological background of economic development aspects in terms of nature business-management on the example of the Member States of the European Union. To obtain the above mentioned aim, we should settle the following tasks: to determine the ecological quality of economic development; to analyze a strategy elaborated by the Member States called "Europe - 2020" for its resource efficiency; to establish links between natural resources use and economic development; to reveal eco-environmental determinants of the economic development associated with the resource business; to estimate of ecological and economic profile of the resource culture on the cross-country level; to offer some recommendations to improve the strategy "Europe - 2020" based on ecological outcomes. Methods. The ecological factors being divided into two groups - positive and negative – are formalized and ranked from - 1 to + 1 in the article. This approach helps to compare positive and negative ecological factors of the economic development between each other. The approach has been developed especially for factorial analysis. Results. To the key eco-environmental determinants of the economic development the author refers such ones: saving of natural resources – exploitation of natural resource; environmental protection – environmental pollution; wastes utilization – wastes production; restoring forestation – deforestation; alternative energy production – energy consumption; production of environmentally friendly food – food consumption. Based on these key indicators, it is possible to estimate ecological and economic profile of the culture associated with the resource saving business for a definite country and compare it to the global situation. Originality. In the article it is proposed to divide ecological factors into two categories: factors-stimulators and factors-destimulators of economic development. Having compared these factors between each other, it is possible to make an ecological and cultural profile of economic development of the analysed countries. Conclusion. The author believes that the proposed approaches to the estimation of ecological and economic components of the European countries' development can contribute significantly to their global competitiveness. The obtained results could be used to estimate the performance of the strategy "Europe 2020".

Останнім часом зростає значення міжнародної співпраці у сфері освіти, використання передового досвіду закладів вищої освіти країн Євросоюзу. Наголошується, що важливу роль у мотиваційному процесі заохочення як механізму впливу на професійне самовдосконалення викладачів іноземних мов відіграє своя, діяча в кожній країні Євросоюзу, система заохочень. Системи заохочень відображають як професійну діяльність окремої особистості, так і історичний розвиток країни. Заохочення є позитивно стимулюючим впливом на потреби, інтереси, свідомість, волю, поведінку викладачів іноземної мови, а також на результати їх праці. Заохочення викликає зацікавленість особистості в отримані певних соціальних благ і використовується у випадках досягнення результатів у своїй професійній діяльності. ; Recently, the importance of international cooperation in education, the use of the best practices of higher education institutions in the European Union, the development of pedagogical skills and professional activities to organize the process of foreign language teaching has been growing, so the issue of encouragement as a mechanism of influence on the professional development of foreign language teachers is relevant. It is noted that organization of higher education in the European Union has both much in common and in different. It is stated that the professional development of foreign language teachers in the European Union is a dynamic and continuous process that lasts throughout their activities. An important place is given to the motivation of teachers to self-improvement in order to achieve the highest level of professionalism. Teachers' self-improvement allows them to deepen their professional competence by understanding the social and cultural dimensions of education, based on their own needs and requirements of society. It is determined that any culture finds its unique reflection in the language, as well as in the study of the cultural heritage of the people, which is enshrined in their language as a reflection of the spiritual world of humans and their culture. It is emphasized that an important role in the motivational process of encouragement as a mechanism for influencing the professional selfimprovement of foreign language teachers is played by the current system of encouragements in each European Union country. Encouragement systems reflect both the professional activity of an individual and the historical development of the country. Encouragement is a positive stimulating effect on the needs, interests, consciousness, will, behavior of foreign language teachers, as well as on the results of their work. Encouragement arouses the interest of the individual in obtaining certain social benefits and is used in cases of achieving results in own professional activities. Encouragement is used for successful performance of professional duties, important tasks, long-term work and is a mechanism of influence on the development of professional self-improvement. The analysis of scientific works on the problem under research shows that in the European Union countries national educational traditions are combined, that the motivational process for self-improvement depends on individual characteristics, age, pedagogical experience, scientific degree, position and is encouraged by the relevant stimulating moral (expression of gratitude, rewarding with certificate of appreciation, etc.) and material (rewarding with a gift, additional payments, financial awards, grants, etc.) systems of payment for work. The system of additional payments is non-uniform not only in the universities of different European Union countries, but also within a specific higher education institution. Teachers can be nominated for state awards for outstanding merit to the country. State awards are the highest form of recognition for high merit in the development of education, science, economy, culture. State awards are established exclusively by the laws of each country.

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Hauptbeschreibung Das ""Raumschiff Brüssel"" soll endlich landen. Dass viele Entscheidungen in der Hauptstadt der Europäischen Union weit weg von den Bürgern und den nationalen Parlamenten getroffen werden, ist vielen Demokraten seit Jahrzehnten ein Dorn im Auge. Der Maastrichter Vertrag führte deshalb das Subsidiaritätsprinzip ein. Kompetenzen sollten damit zurück an die Einzelstaaten und Regionen verwiesen werden. Der Vertrag von Lissabon und die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts weisen neuerdings einen Weg, die nationalen Parlamente verstärkt einzubinden. Ein großer Wurf waren be

Defence date: 13 January 2006 ; Examining Board: Prof. Bruno De Witte, Doktorvater, Europäisches Hochschulinstitut Florenz ; Prof. Dr. Stefan Griller, Wirtschaftuniversität Wien ; Prof. Dr. Joseph Marko, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Graz ; Prof. Jacques Ziller, Europäisches Hochschulinstitut Florenz ; First made available online on 19 December 2018