This paper represents a first approach to the acoustical regulations in some European Union countries. It is only considered the case of dwellings in Residential Buildings.The analysis is limited to the comparison of the different indexes used in the several countries. Some examples illustrate the enormous differences in philosophy and requirements of the different Regulations that were analysed.The conclusions emphasize the need to begin the preparation of a common code that could be used as a European Union Regulation in the field of Building Acoustics.
In the 1980s and, in particular, in the 1990s the countries of the European Union experienced divergent developments of gross fixed capital formation. Estimating an investment function for a panel of ten countries and analyzing the paths of the determinants of investment in the countries under consideration reveals that the different development of final demand is the main factor responsible for the divergences in investment. Other factors are disparities in the decline of real interest rates and of relative prices for capital goods.
In the daily reality of modern polycentric societies, strike action expresses the divergence of contrasting interest and expectations. It is "the morning lunch of Parliamentary Democracy" which the mass media frequently endeavours to make it look or sound frightening, especially if there are some violent and blood clashes related to the dispute. Tpe strike, however, is considered to be the most important source of organized labour in its struggle to win concessions. It is "a planned withholding of labour designed to impose union demands on the employer from the employee or to prevent the employer from imposing his demands on the union". Although, there are multiple economic, social, legal and political interpretations, strike action has been defined as "a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand". An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dominant influences of unemployment upon industrial disputes, as well as to trace the causes and trends of strikes in Europen Union countries in recent years. The main source of data is from the LLD's "Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1994". The original source of this same data is mainly drawn by the LL.O. from goverment statistical services of the countries included in the study. For reasons of statistical comparability, the use of sources other than the LLD. (except in certain cases) has been avoided. ; peer-reviewed
Kuşkusuz; gelişmiş ülkelerde daha fazla kişisel isteklerin karşılanması arzusunun artmasıyla birlikte, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin sağladığı esneklik bireylere çekici gelmektedir. Unutulmamalıdır ki, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin çoğalması, genel olarak nüfus yapısı yada ülkelerin ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmişlik dereceleri ile yakından ilgiliyse de ki bu özellikler ayrıca genel olarak bir ülkede yeni oluşacak iş alanlarının sayısını ve niteliklerini de etkiler. Bunların yanında; kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerindeki artış, toplumun farklı statülerde çalışanlar ve nüfus gruplarına yönelik istihdam politikalarına sahip olmasına ve bunlara ek olarak bir bütün olarak; bireye koşulsuz çalışma hakkını tanıması, iş güvencesi gibi kişinin hayatın her kademesine entegrasyonunu sağlamasına yönelik, bireylerin hiçbir ayrımcılığa uğramaksızın kullanabilecekleri türden prensiplere sahip olması ile de yakından ilgilidir. Ayrımcılığın önlenmesi ve kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların korunmasına yönelik önemli adımlar hem bölgesel hem de evrensel boyutta atılmıştır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün 1994 tarihli 175 sayılı sözleşmesi ve 182 sayılı tavsiye kararı, bu tür girişimlere örnek gösterilebilir ki bunlar özellikle atipik çalışma biçimlerini konu alan ilk UÇÖ belgeleri olarak ayrı bir öneme sahiptirler. Ardından A.B. düzeyinde 6 Haziran 1997 tarihinde; Sosyal Taraflar, Kısmi Süreli Hizmet Sözleşmelerine Yönelik Bir Çerçeve Anlaşma imzalamışlardır. Daha sonra 15 Aralık 1997'de bu anlaşma A.B. Konseyi tarafından direktif haline getirilmiştir. Çerçeve anlaşma; ayrımcılığı önlemek maksadıyla, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların çalışma koşullarına ilişkin genel prensipleri ve minimum gereklilikleri belirleme gayesi güder. Anlaşma, A.B. hukukunda ilk kez, kısmi çalışanlar ile tam gün çalışanlara eşit davranılması ilkesini ve ayrımcılık yasağına ilişkin prensipleri getirmiştir. There is no doubt that the flexibility provided by part-time work arrangements is attractive in industrial countries where the desire for greater freedom of individual choice is constantly growing. It must be recognised, however, that any increase in part-time employment will mainly depend on population trends, on economic and technological progress which determine the number and nature of the jobs to be filled, on employment policies in regard to the different classes of workers and population groups, and on the degree to which society as a whole accepts the principles of the right to work, job security and full participation in all spheres of life, both public and private, without discrimination of any kind. To avoid discrimination and protection of part-time employees, vital steps have been taken. Firstly, at the international level Convention (No. 175) and Recommendation (No. 182) on Part-time Work 1994, which are the first ILO instruments specifically dealing with an "atypical" form of work must be recognized. And after on 6 June 1997, the Social Partners signed the European Framework Agreement on Part-time Work. This agreement was transposed into European legislation by the Council Directive 97/81 EC of 15 December 1997. The framework agreement lays down the general principles and minimum requirements relating to the employment conditions of part-time workers so as to eliminate discrimination. The agreement establishes, for the first time in EU law, the principle of non-discrimination and equal treatment for part-time employees in relation to their full-time counterparts.
Methods: Sickness absence was measured by questionnaire using the Third European Survey on Working Conditions. Employees were considered to have sickness absence if they reported to be absent at least one day in the past 12 months because of an accident at work, work related problems, or by other health problems.
In the Summer of 1998, the Executive Board discussed a set of three papers prepared by the staff that focused on the likey impact of EMU on selected non-EU countries. In recognition of the contribution these papers could make to the literature and discussion of EMU, the Board requested that this collection of papers be published. This Occasional Paper presents the three papers in one volume Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the likely impact of EMU on three regions: Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and the African CFA zone. Chapter 2 focuses on the trade and financial effects of EMU on selected transition and Mediterranean countries. And Chapter 3 considers the possible implications of EMU for the Middle East and North Africa region
The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.
Triptans are presently a milestone in the treatment of migraine patients. Because of their effectiveness and safety, they have radically improved migraine treatment but their use has meant a substantial increase in spending for medicines. We thus compared retail prices of triptans in eight European Union member states to establish the existence and the amount of price differentials. We found wide price differentials between countries (from 83% to 140%) and within countries, where they attained 191% in Belgium. The least and most expensive products differed from country to country. These differentials mean that the most cost-effective triptans differ from country to country and this can be an important source of variation in the treatment of migraineurs. A better-harmonised European system of pricing could limit these unethical variations.
The relationship between government spending and economic growth is an important and controversial issue in modern societies. In this paper, the correlation between economic growth and government expenditure is studied. The analysis is based on data for the European Union countries and panel data techniques are used.
Aim of the article is to analyse the causes and practical reforms of the pension system in the European Unioncountries. Another task is to clarify the requirements of the European Union's institutions for the member – statespension system reforms and to sum up the pension system reforms of the European Union member – states.This theme is actual not only in the light of the execution of the reforms of the Lithuanian pension system, butalso because Lithuania is in the middle of co – ordination processes of the European Union.The practical results, presented consequences and conclusions can be used planning future reforms of theLithuanian pension system. Also it may be used as methodical literature studying the actual processes in the fieldof the pension system reforms of the European Union.
International audience ; This paper estimates the tariff equivalent of the border barrier in each bilateral trade among European Union countries. The results show that there are large differences in the border barrier across European Union countries' bilateral trade. In some bilateral trade flows the border barrier has almost disappeared, whereas in other cases it is still equivalent to a 75 per cent tariff. The results also show that some countries have low border barriers in most of their bilateral trade flows with other EU members, whereas other countries persistently present large border barriers.
