Introduction: 'Health' is an identifiable theme within the European Union multi-annual research programmes. Public Health Innovation and Research in Europe (PHIRE), led by the European Public Health Association, sought to identify public health research strategies in EU member states. Methods: Within PHIRE, national public health associations reviewed structures for health research, held stakeholder workshops and produced reports. This information, supplemented by further web searches, including using assisted translation, was analysed for national research strategies and health research strategies. Results: All countries described general research strategies, outlining organizational and capacity objectives. Thematic fields, including health, are mentioned in some strategies. A health research strategy was identified for 15 EU countries and not for 12. Ministries of health led research strategies for nine countries. Public health research was identified in only three strategies. National research strategies did not refer to the European Union's health research programme. Conclusions: Public health research strategies of European countries need to be developed by ministries of health, working with the research community to achieve the European Research Area. ; PHIRE received co-funding from the European Union Health Programme, agreement no. 2009 12 ...
In the daily reality of modern polycentric societies, strike action expresses the divergence of contrasting interest and expectations. It is "the morning lunch of Parliamentary Democracy" which the mass media frequently endeavours to make it look or sound frightening, especially if there are some violent and blood clashes related to the dispute. Tpe strike, however, is considered to be the most important source of organized labour in its struggle to win concessions. It is "a planned withholding of labour designed to impose union demands on the employer from the employee or to prevent the employer from imposing his demands on the union". Although, there are multiple economic, social, legal and political interpretations, strike action has been defined as "a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand". An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dominant influences of unemployment upon industrial disputes, as well as to trace the causes and trends of strikes in Europen Union countries in recent years. The main source of data is from the LLD's "Yearbook of Labour Statistics 1994". The original source of this same data is mainly drawn by the LL.O. from goverment statistical services of the countries included in the study. For reasons of statistical comparability, the use of sources other than the LLD. (except in certain cases) has been avoided. ; peer-reviewed
Kuşkusuz; gelişmiş ülkelerde daha fazla kişisel isteklerin karşılanması arzusunun artmasıyla birlikte, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin sağladığı esneklik bireylere çekici gelmektedir. Unutulmamalıdır ki, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerinin çoğalması, genel olarak nüfus yapısı yada ülkelerin ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmişlik dereceleri ile yakından ilgiliyse de ki bu özellikler ayrıca genel olarak bir ülkede yeni oluşacak iş alanlarının sayısını ve niteliklerini de etkiler. Bunların yanında; kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmelerindeki artış, toplumun farklı statülerde çalışanlar ve nüfus gruplarına yönelik istihdam politikalarına sahip olmasına ve bunlara ek olarak bir bütün olarak; bireye koşulsuz çalışma hakkını tanıması, iş güvencesi gibi kişinin hayatın her kademesine entegrasyonunu sağlamasına yönelik, bireylerin hiçbir ayrımcılığa uğramaksızın kullanabilecekleri türden prensiplere sahip olması ile de yakından ilgilidir. Ayrımcılığın önlenmesi ve kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların korunmasına yönelik önemli adımlar hem bölgesel hem de evrensel boyutta atılmıştır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütünün 1994 tarihli 175 sayılı sözleşmesi ve 182 sayılı tavsiye kararı, bu tür girişimlere örnek gösterilebilir ki bunlar özellikle atipik çalışma biçimlerini konu alan ilk UÇÖ belgeleri olarak ayrı bir öneme sahiptirler. Ardından A.B. düzeyinde 6 Haziran 1997 tarihinde; Sosyal Taraflar, Kısmi Süreli Hizmet Sözleşmelerine Yönelik Bir Çerçeve Anlaşma imzalamışlardır. Daha sonra 15 Aralık 1997'de bu anlaşma A.B. Konseyi tarafından direktif haline getirilmiştir. Çerçeve anlaşma; ayrımcılığı önlemek maksadıyla, kısmi süreli hizmet sözleşmesi ile çalışanların çalışma koşullarına ilişkin genel prensipleri ve minimum gereklilikleri belirleme gayesi güder. Anlaşma, A.B. hukukunda ilk kez, kısmi çalışanlar ile tam gün çalışanlara eşit davranılması ilkesini ve ayrımcılık yasağına ilişkin prensipleri getirmiştir. There is no doubt that the flexibility provided by part-time work arrangements is attractive in industrial countries where the desire for greater freedom of individual choice is constantly growing. It must be recognised, however, that any increase in part-time employment will mainly depend on population trends, on economic and technological progress which determine the number and nature of the jobs to be filled, on employment policies in regard to the different classes of workers and population groups, and on the degree to which society as a whole accepts the principles of the right to work, job security and full participation in all spheres of life, both public and private, without discrimination of any kind. To avoid discrimination and protection of part-time employees, vital steps have been taken. Firstly, at the international level Convention (No. 175) and Recommendation (No. 182) on Part-time Work 1994, which are the first ILO instruments specifically dealing with an "atypical" form of work must be recognized. And after on 6 June 1997, the Social Partners signed the European Framework Agreement on Part-time Work. This agreement was transposed into European legislation by the Council Directive 97/81 EC of 15 December 1997. The framework agreement lays down the general principles and minimum requirements relating to the employment conditions of part-time workers so as to eliminate discrimination. The agreement establishes, for the first time in EU law, the principle of non-discrimination and equal treatment for part-time employees in relation to their full-time counterparts.
3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 03-07, 2011 -- Bahcesehir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEY ; WOS: 000466750603111 ; Providing well-qualified educational environments to children in early years of their lives is effective on development levels of countries. In this context, processes followed during preschool teacher training play distinctive role. In this study, it is aimed to examine the preschool teacher training systems in Turkey and European Union countries. To this purpose, currently being implemented in Turkey, preschool teacher training model, educational institutions, training period, programs and entry requirements were evaluated with applications in several EU countries. Although there are some differences in some scopes, as a result of this study there is not a wide inconsistency between preschool teacher training systems of EU countries and Turkey. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. ; Ankara Univ, Near E Univ
Entrepreneurship is considered a significant determinant for the economic development of a country but is also important for new job creation and innovation. Understanding and examining the factors which affect the decision of individuals to become entrepreneurs play a significant role for the decision makers in order to identify the adequate measures that can support and develop the entrepreneurial activity. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key factors that determine entrepreneurial motivations of individuals, but also to analyze empirically the impact of these factors for a sample of 18 countries members of the European Union, for a period between 2002 and 2015. We performed our empirical analysis using data offered by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Bank. We used panel data regression models. As dependent variables for our econometric models, we used, alternatively, total entrepreneurial activity rate, necessity driven entrepreneurial activity, and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity. As regards the independent variables considered, we took into account six macroeconomic indicators and four indicators which measure the perceptions and attitudes regarding entrepreneurship. The results of the panel data regression models show that the entrepreneurial motivations are influenced by the level of economic development of a country and total tax rate (only necessity entrepreneurs), unemployment rates, inflation rates and access to financial resources. Also, all the considered perceptual indicators (fear of failure, entrepreneurial intentions, perceived capabilities, and opportunities) have a significant effect on entrepreneurship according to its motivation, but these effects differ according to the motivation of individuals. Overall, this paper emphasizes that the economic conditions from an EU country but also the perception of entrepreneurs are important determinants of entrepreneurial motivation.
Investing in green facilities is a process of urban renewal that can transform cities by enhancing the quality of life, strengthening the local economy and reducing the environmental impact. Nevertheless, greener cities are not a guarantee for improved adaptive capacity when facing current local or global challenges. In this context, we have taken into account a series of sample cities from Central and Eastern European Union. Using the green cities typology proposed by the European Environment Agency, the present approach studies the statistical relationship between indicators of green infrastructure and different proxies for the resilience capacity and performance. The results distinguish between different types of green cities, indicating which are more resilient and, respectively, which are less resilient. The statistical relationship between the indicators shows that green infrastructures are developed in new urban areas, while the natural areas diminish the flood risk and air pollution and make cities more attractive; however, in older and higher density cities, the green is sacrificed for other uses that are considered more profitable. The conclusions highlight the contradictory characteristics in the territorial distributions of cities in relation to their green infrastructure and resilience features. The present assessment contributes to promoting an integrated vision that could be used in urban planning and in more coherent strategies for sustainable cities.
There are still debates in the scientific literature about the factors influencing countries&rsquo ; sustainable socioeconomic development. Therefore, the current article aims at determining the factors of sustainable socioeconomic development and assessing its level in the EU countries. The following methods were employed for the research: an evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). EDAS was used to reveal which countries have the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development, and which have the lowest. The ranking was done based on the appraisal score, which is an outcome of EDAS. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used for clustering the countries based on the appraisal scores in order to distinguish groups of countries having a similar level of sustainable socioeconomic development. The results revealed that the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development is in Germany, and the lowest in Portugal. Based on HCA, the countries were divided into three groups. The first cluster&rsquo ; s countries have the weakest sustainable socioeconomic development, and countries assigned to the third cluster have the best. In the current research, the third cluster consists of one country, Germany, which supports the results obtained with the EDAS method, i.e., Germany is the country with the highest level of sustainable socioeconomic development in the EU.
A dissertation submitted to the School of Production Engineering and Management at the Technical University of Crete in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; Summarization: The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of energy efficiency in EU countries and industrial sectors over the period 2000-10 and 2000-09, respectively. In the first stage of analysis in which the energy efficiency in 26 EU countries is evaluated, we follow a two-stage approach based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Multicriteria Decision Aiding approach (MCDA). The proposed two-stage DEA/MCDA approach can be easily used for benchmarking purposes, allowing for the formulation of a complete ranking of all countries under consideration, as well as the monitoring of the performance of a country over time using data solely at the country level, without having to resort to relative assessments in comparison to data from a set of peer countries. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that despite the considerable improvements achieved in terms of energy intensity, a more refined view of energy consumption and economic activity data shows that there is still much to be done to improve the actual energy efficiency of European countries. Additionally, the economic crisis of the past few years has had negative effects on energy efficiency. Furthermore, it is has been found that for European countries, the effect due to the consideration of the structure of their economic activity is stronger than the effect due to the introduction of a breakdown by their energy mix. Next, we extend our research to evaluating the energy efficiency trends of ten energy-intensive industries in 23 EU countries. Specifically, the performance of the construction, electricity, mining and quarrying, transport, food and tobacco, textiles and leather, pulp and paper, coke and chemicals, other non-metallic mineral and fabricated metal, machinery and equipment is examined. In the first stage, the DEA combined with the ...
Methods: Sickness absence was measured by questionnaire using the Third European Survey on Working Conditions. Employees were considered to have sickness absence if they reported to be absent at least one day in the past 12 months because of an accident at work, work related problems, or by other health problems.
This paper analyzes the impact of decentralization on overall fiscal performance in the European Union, taking into account fiscal institutional arrangements. We find that spending decentralization has been associated with sizably better fiscal performance, especially when transfer dependency of subnational governments is low. However, subnational fiscal rules do not seem to be associated with better performance
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Abstract This article aims to analyze the school days in European Union countries, systematizing similarities and differences between education systems. The compared analysis involved fifteen member countries and focused on the descriptive and comparative phases of the classical comparative method. School days are socio-historical and cultural constructions, which result in sometimes convergent, sometimes divergent policies in the region. In general, the compulsory school day in European countries is from 5 to 6 hours per day. However, there are many features, including investment in policies that integrate curricular and extracurricular activities, as supervised socio-educational times. Through compared analysis, it was possible to identify perspectives and alternatives to the school day configuration to better answer to the demands and needs of the subjects of education.
The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification includegrandcorruption,pettycorruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect ofgrandcorruption, because it directly affectsFDIinflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect onFDIinflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effectFDIinflows. In order to determine corruption effect onFDIin corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect onFDIcreated.
The authors of the article analyze the effect of corruption on foreign direct investments in most corrupt European Union countries. Corruption in the context of the analysis is understood as an act where government officials enter into an agreement with a foreign investors against the interest of society. It takes place when illegal payments for government are made. Such payments acts as an additional tax on investments in foreign country, thus decreasing attractiveness of investment for foreign investors. There are various types of corruption, but most common classification includegrandcorruption,pettycorruption and public sector corruption. However, this article focuses on the effect ofgrandcorruption, because it directly affectsFDIinflows in particular country. Results of the research made by the authors shows that corruption has adverse effect onFDIinflows, however particular corrupt actions may postively effectFDIinflows. In order to determine corruption effect onFDIin corrupt EU countries statistical analysis of 2000–2014 period has been implemented and conceptual model of effect onFDIcreated.
